The climatology of the seasonal cycle of water mass variation and transformation in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia, is studied using a high resolution three-dimensional sigma-coordinate hydrodynamic model coupled with data from observations and previous studies. Model forcing consists of the principal tidal constituents from the Australian National Tidal Centre and long-term monthly mean atmospheric forcing fields from NCEP reanalysis. The initial density field is established using temperature and salinity means and annual and semi-annual harmonics from the CARS2000 hydrographic atlas. This is also used to prescribe incoming water mass properties at model open-sea boundaries with seasonal variation. Far-field forcing is included with open-sea boundary parameterisation of residual sea-level representing both the South Australian Current and the East Australian Current. Lagrangian and Eulerian tracer methods are used to derive transport timescales, such as age, residence times and flushing times. These are used to examine and summarise model predictions and as a diagnostic tool in sensitivity studies. Currents, sea-level and water mass properties in the model compare favourably with previous studies and observations, despite limitations in the model and in the data used for comparison. The seasonal cycle, in model results, is characterised by formation of a shallow (< 20 m) saltier surface-layer in late spring to summer and subsequent downward mixing and erosion of the salinity field in autumn to winter with water mass from the west. This leaves behind water mass with positive age and salinity anomalies in areas of low flushing. In late winter-early spring most parts of this water mass leave the Strait interior. These areas are thought to be related to the source water of the Bass Strait Cascade. The residual circulation in all model experiments is shown to be related to seasonal-mean sea-level anomalies, arising from both barotropic and baroclinic adjustment, both in and surrounding the Strait.

Douglas was born in London in 1828 and migrated to New South Wales in 1851 where he represented both the Darling Downs and Camden districts in the New South Wales parliament before embarking on a lengthy parliamentary career in Queensland, one that culminated in the premiership from 1877 to 1879. He was subsequently appointed government resident for Thursday Island in 1885, a position he held until his death, nearly 20 years later, aged 76, in 1904. During this period he also served as special commissioner for the protectorate of British New Guinea, administering the territory prior to it being formally proclaimed a crown colony. Douglas’s involvement in Queensland public life was significant and encompassed the entire period from the colony’s formation in 1859 to the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901. In this respect, his career allows, through a study of his long, eventful and varied life, for this thesis to examine aspects of the development and progression of Queensland’s political system as a nascent yet robust, representative democracy, through most of the second half of the nineteenth century until the colony’s incorporation in the newly formed Commonwealth of Australia. This thesis argues that John Douglas was an uncompromising Liberal in an age of Liberalism, a principled politician in an era of pragmatic factionalism and shifting political allegiances. Perhapsbecause of this he was more popular with his electorate than with his parliamentary colleagues. Douglas’s contribution to Queensland life was in large measure shaped by his character and the formative influences on it. This included his aristocratic upbringing, his public school and university education, his abiding religious faith, a profound sense of fair play, and a desire to participate fully and selflessly in the life of the community he lived in, despite the vicissitudes of his personal life. As this thesis further demonstrates, an examination of Douglas’s life affords us an insight into an energetic, accomplished, erudite, and compassionate man. Yet while his intellectual curiosity, thirst for knowledge and wide-ranging interests marked him as a Renaissance man, he also had many failings, most noticeably that of extreme obstinacy. Therefore, this thesis will analyse Douglas’s convictions and beliefs while examining the strengths and flaws inherent in his character. It is because Douglas lived a life characterised by complexity and contradiction, leavened by a mixture of accomplishment and failure, that his life, and the times he lived in, are worthy of examination.

With the recent signing of an economic cooperation pact between Taiwan and China, crossstrait relations have entered a new era that could eventually make rapprochement a peaceful process. The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), which is a free trade agreement in substance if not in name, is initially aimed at normalizing cross-strait economic relations, though it could further raise the issue of a possible freeze on U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. After all, if Taipei and Beijing are actively working on burying the hatchet, should the United States change its long-standing policy of providing weapons to Taiwan? Recall that the U.S. government’s decision to sell more than US$6 billion worth of military equipment to Taiwan earlier this year set off furious reprisals from Chinese authorities who summoned the U.S. ambassador and defense attaché in China and threatened to punish U.S. companies that make and sell weapons to Taiwan.

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Abstract By way of interpreting relevant references, depth interviews, and consulting Public Affairs Management (PAM) (Wang, 2006), there are several opinions as follows: 1. From the macroscopic historic viewpoints, in order to examine the cross-strait communication, cooperation between two straits is not only the basic condition of Taiwan¡¦s development, but also the sequence of Chinese historical development. 2. Within globalization and regional economies conformity, connecting Taiwan with the mainland China is the most convenient way to the world. 3. Permanent civil servants have to get rid of the constraints of personal ideologies in order to realize the current mainland China¡¦s development with open-minded attitudes. Through visiting or traveling mainland China, they can directly experience the uprising big country. 4. The southern local organizations are always influenced by the party politics. Because political civil servants lack precise cross-strait policies, they might influence permanent civil servants¡¦ decisions and positions. 5. Regardless of Internet digital learning or annual institutional training courses in every organization, it is very deficient for our government to comprehend the related information for cross-strait¡¦s transmission and cultivation. Thus, it is faking to portray cross-strait situations in our learning institutions. In other words, we are short of various investigations. Besides, we also lack enticements of rewards and punishments for cross-strait¡¦s relationships. 6. We have to reinforce the combination of theories and practicalities in education. Besides, cross-strait knowledge training courses should match the development of cross-strait policies. The central government should declare the training policies in cross-strait education. And local organizations should follow the rules by implementing the administrative management. Based on questionnaires collecting and data analyses, the major findings of the study are as follows: 1. Permanent civil servants are concerned with relevant affairs of cross-strait communication, but they lack practical experiences of visiting or traveling mainland China. 2. ¡§Trainings by their own organizations¡¨ and ¡§Internet digital learning¡¨ are the major tools for permanent civil servants¡¦ lifelong learning. 3. The educational training institutions of Internet digital learning apparently lack courses about ¡§cross-strait communication.¡¨ 4. Through the educational trainings of lifelong learning, it is still can¡¦t get the amount of related information about mainland China. 5. Recruiting cross-strait professionals through testing is still slow. And it can not catch up with the actual development of cross-strait communication. 6. The percentage for permanent civil servants to browse news via mainland China¡¦s websites (including official and popular websites) is relatively low. 7. Permanent civil servants have inadequate information about the relevant policies of ¡§developing closer relationship of region cooperation between southern Taiwan and the related districts in mainland China.¡¨ 8. The southern local organizations are influenced by the party politics. Because political civil servants lack precise cross-strait policies, they might influence permanent civil servants¡¦ decisions and positions. According to the results of the study, there are several suggestions as follows. 1. The Central Training Organization of Central Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan, should provide precise guidance of cross-strait educational training policies for local organizations in order to reinforce the cross-strait training courses of their own organizations. 2. Central Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan, should fulfill the precise reward measurements of the lifelong learning and emphasize the practical effects of lifelong learning. 3. Civil Service Protection and Training Commission, Examination Yuan, should strengthen the cross-strait training courses for new, intermediate, and advanced civil servants in order to promote the high qualities of public man force. 4. Mainland Affairs Council, Executive Yuan, should offer Internet digital learning courses of cross-strait information to other digital learning websites and organizations, and build its own digital homepage. 5. It is not efficient to satisfy the related departments¡¦ needs for public servants in dealing with cross-strait relationships by the admission members of the national examinations. National Academy of Civil Service should set up cross-strait specialized courses in order to strengthen permanent civil servants¡¦ knowledge and education and solve the problem for the shortage of specialists in cross-strait relationships. 6. NACS e-college which belongs to National Academy of Civil Service should completely plan and design cross-strait courses, actively collect practical cases on cross-strait communication, supply teaching materials on Internet digital learning, and continue to review and reform the way of training and lectures. Besides, it also should offer research classes for civil servants to study cross-strait practical cases and have advanced seminars for administrative leaders, including chiefs and directors in all counties and cities to fully reinforce cross-strait knowledge and comprehension for all public servants in every level. 7. National Academy of Civil Service, right now, launches the ¡§One Book in a Month¡¨ activity. This activity should supply important books and films for people to understand mainland China, broaden the horizon of learning mainland China, and spread cross-strait knowledge toward mainland China. 8. National Academy of Civil Service and mainland China¡¦s training departments should cooperate with one another to train public servants in both sides in order to promote cross-strait substantial communications. 9. Local organizations should, step by step, offer various opportunities for both organizations to train their civil servants. It should start from some uncontroversial departments, such as fire bureaus and public welfare departments. Then, gradually, it can broaden the depth and range of cross-strait communication. 10. The Internet digital lifelong learning courses, designed by related organizations, not only bear the responsibility of training and broadcasting cross-strait communication, but also offer the detail information in current situations. It will be helpful for both sides¡¦ professional specialties. 11. Internet websites outside the public affairs¡¦ system should gradually loosen the restrictions of mainland China¡¦s websites. Thus, permanent civil servants can understand and be familiar with mainland China¡¦s organizations in order for their own improvements. 12. Local organizations should gradually share the experiences of dealing with administrative affairs in both sides by way of interviewing and traveling with one another for the purpose of learning and improvement. 13. Mainland China¡¦s regions would be the alternative choice for public servants to go abroad and study because they can know more about mainland China. 14. Actions speak louder than words. Permanent civil servants should be encouraged to visit or travel mainland China. Thus, they can realize the real situations of mainland China, and decrease misunderstandings because of different customs.

Taiwan has a great frequent interaction with China. Because of individual political policy and without judicial cooperation, many problems such as transnational crimes are aroused. In order to prevent the cross boarder crime and effectively proceed criminal suit in cross- strait, the third Jiang-Chang conference officially signed the contract ¡§Cross- strait cooperation for eliminating crime and agreement of judicial cooperation¡¨in Nanjing on 4/26 in 2009. The agreement made effect on 6/25 in the same year and turned a new leaf for the across- strait cooperation to reduce the crime. According to the agreement, the Cross-strait agrees to support in civil affairs and criminal domain, taking the measure to strike the crime in tune with the emphasis on kidnapping, firearms, drugs, population business and significant cross-strait criminal organization. Deception crime is part of the economic crimes and cross-strait deception crime has run wild in recent years. Hence the topic for the research is cross- strait deception crime. The research is aimed at signing the cross-strait agreement afterward and chooses three single cases on cross-strait cooperation to strike organization of telecommunication deception. On the other hand, supported by the questionnaire from similar cases that Taiwan police investigated, the research can point out the dilemma in eliminating guilt that both sides are faced with. At last, cross-strait police can propose feasible mode of investigating cooperation for striking cross-strait guilt by trying to erect the communication, exchange the information, investigate the crime evidence, repatriate the crime, and wipe out the crime together and the data can be provided for coherent units and follow up research. For the cross-strait cooperation for eliminating crime had made effect, the cross-strait deception organization had escaped from cross- strait to Southeast Asia. In the future, it is possible that the organization will expand to other countries and deceive people in cross-strait, and such situation makes police from cross- strait should inevitably be faced with the challenge of cross- strait and else in 21 century. In other words, except for highly intensive cross- strait cooperation, we must need to cooperate with the third country. Under the globalized structure, the research exerts the viewpoints and characteristics of Global Government and puts emphasis on ¡§Low politic, high function¡¨ cooperation to establish and integrate a cross- strait cooperation platform. The research proposes the strategy of cross- strait cooperation for reducing the crime and then hopes to positively come up with the solution for cross- strait deception crime to defend the safety of people from cross- strait.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is one of the largest pools of carbon in the ocean, and is of the same size as the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Estuaries connecting the land and the ocean are one of the most important DOC sources to the ocean, and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Because of their complex chemical, physical, geological and biological properties, estuaries have become rich ecological environment. In this study, we investigated the seasonal distributions of DOC in the Taiwan Strait (TS) and Taiwanese rivers, aiming to understand the distributions and variations of DOC in different seasons. The results show that DOC concentrations are generally the highest in the upper estuary, and then decrease downstream due to mixing with the low DOC seawater. The process of river flow constantly accumulates terrestrial material, and the DOC shows positive correlations with Chl. a, CH4 and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), suggesting that biological activities and pollutions could be sources of DOC in the estuary. The DOC concentrations (salinity<1) varied in dry (Nov.-Apr.) and wet (May-Oct.) seasons with ranges of 42-1185 £gM (mean=245¡Ó254£gM; n=32) and 18-565 £gM (mean=183¡Ó151£gM; n=24), respectively. The total DOC flux of 25 rivers is 87.8 Gg C/yr, which can be translated to the fluxes of all rivers in Taiwan to be 101.9 Gg C/yr. The amount of DOC flux in Taiwan is only about 0.07% of the tropical area, but the per unit area flux (3.92 gC /m2 /yr) is almost twice those of the tropical rivers (2.13 gC /m2 /yr). In Taiwan, the population density and land use are higher than the world average. Consequently, the impacts of the environment by human activities reveal the utmost export of DOC, and need further investigation. Next, in the TS, the DOC shows significant negative correlations with Sigma-T, and the distributions of DOC are mainly controlled by physical mixing in both winter and summer. In the western TS, DOC concentration is relatively high, compared to the eastern part, and is because of low temperature and salinity, but high DOC coastal China current flowing from north to south. DOC concentration decreases with increasing depth owing to the intrusion at depth by the Kuroshio, which contains relatively low DOC. In winter, the import of coastal China current brings more nutrients from north to south, and supports the growth of bacteria which depletes the DOC and oxygen. As the result, DOC decomposition rate is higher in winter than in summer. The TS¡¦s DOC fluxes in summer (northern TS: 3.85¡Ñ1012mol C/yr¡Fsouthern TS: 3.75¡Ñ1012mol C/yr) are higher than in winter (northern TS: 3.69¡Ñ1012mol C/yr¡Fsouthern TS: 2.84¡Ñ1012mol C/yr). Main differences are due to the prevailing southwest monsoon winds in summer transporting more water from the South China Sea to the TS, and the river discharge brings more terrigenous organic matters into the TS. Therefore, the DOC export in summer is higher than in winter.

The rapid economic development in China has led to increasing freight transport, as well as fierce competition among the hubs in the region, such as Hong Kong, Busan, Kaohsiung Harbor, and new harbors in Shenzhen and Shanghai. The transport not only support the rapid development of harbors in the region but also result in intense port competition. The competitive advantages, such as location, facility, efficiency, and highly concentrated ship routes, possessed by the harbors are not everlasting. In the face of changing environment and competition, the competitive advantages may be lost. When competing in a different niche market, the location advantage may turn into disadvantage, even damaging its leading position in worse cases. In response to changes, harbor administrators should probe into the future trend in changes of the freight transport market, discuss all possible scenarios, sense the potential risks and opportunities, seize the opportunities and utilize the existing advantages to build up the competitive advantages for the future. Compared to Kaohsiung Harbor, harbors in China, such as Shanghai and Shenzhen, as the entry gates to the main economic and trade zone in China and the central region in terms of sources of goods, have developed into regional pivot harbors. Due to the barrier of Cross-Strait direct shipping, some scholars in Taiwan believe that Kaohsiung Harbor is facing the problem of becoming periphery. However, even after the direct route comes into practice, the competition from harbors in China may be a threat to Kaohsiung Harbor, even occur haidding effects to take over its existing transit goods. The position of Kaohsiung Harbor may be challenged. This study investigates the potential influence of Cross-Strait direct shipping and the competition from China on the quantity of containers, route planning, and shipping business investment with questionnaire survey on sea transportation businesses, and constructs possible scenarios in short-term (2004-206), medium term (2007-2010), long-term (2011-2020). Before the Cross-Strait direct shipping into practice, Kaohsiung Harbor will continue to grow due to continuous economic development in the region. If the Cross-Strait direct shipping comes into practice or the Chinese government permits more direct shipping harbor, Southern China, Fukien, and Zhujiang Delta will become the main regions in terms of sources of goods. However, the rate of growth may not meet the expectation. In the long-term (2011-2020), due to the rapid of the quantity of containers in China and the transit ability of harbors in China, the route structure and the shipping business investment in Kaohsiung Harbor will suffer more obvious disadvantageous impact.

The cross-Strait marriages have gradually been increasing since 1987 when the Taiwan government lifted the restrictions on its nationals to travel to China, either as tourist, or to visit their long lost relatives who are living in China. The growing number further increased when in 1992, the government allowed, with restrictions, the Taiwanese businessmen to invest in China. Henceforth, tourism, cultural, economic and social interactions, including intermarriages had an unprecedented increase. Likewise, on the same year, the government allowed Taiwanese men to marry Chinese women and has set out the rules allowing the Chinese spouses to settle down in Taiwan. The cross strait marriages are now considered a social phenomenon, especially when the number of Chinese spouses reached 198,031 in August 2004. They are now considered as one of Taiwan¡¦s minority groups that need special consideration from both the government and society. The Chinese spouses who are mostly women, come from different cultural, social and political environment, thus, are faced with more challenges and difficulty in phasing in, both in their domestic life and the Taiwan community, in general. It is in this context of this vulnerability, that Taiwan society should give preferential attention to the Chinese spouses. This study aims to explore the Chinese female spouses¡¦ family backgrounds, individual personalities, motives for marriage, ways of finding their partners, how they get oriented to Taiwan¡¦s way of life and how these new adaptations affect their life. In the light of these detailed information, the study seeks to further understand the Chinese female spouses¡¦ predicaments both in spiritual and material aspects, and surface their most urgent needs. This study also aims to provide a new perspective of the Chinese female spouses so that Taiwan society can be compassionate and overcome the existing prejudices against them. Further, a better understanding of the Chinese spouses¡¦ predicament would enable the government to draw up policies that will protect their rights and interests as ¡§genuine Taiwanese daughters-in-law.¡¨ The research approach of the study is qualitative and the researcher conducted in-depth interview among 20 Chinese female spouses who live in Taipei County and Taipei City. The conclusions of this study are as follows: I. The structure of Chinese spouse: A. The number of female spouse overwhelmingly outnumbers the number of male spouses. B. The pattern of cross-Strait marriages is that of an ¡§old husband marries a young wife¡¨. More than one-third of cross-strait marriages are second marriages. C. Most of these Chinese spouses are in manual labors or unemployed. D. The cross-Straits marriages are closely related to the cross-Straits businesses, which start from the eastern coast to middle China and goes westward to the inland. E. Most of the Chinese spouses live in big cities after they came to Taiwan and most of them reside in Taipei County and Taipei City. F. Taiwan spouses¡¦ educational backgrounds gradually became better than those of their Chinese female spouses. II. The Chinese women¡¦s motives for marrying Taiwanese men have gradually changed. Chinese women have changed the reasons to choose their partners from better economic standing to better or compatible personalities. The second consideration is whether there is love between the couple. The economic capability is now the last consideration for their marriages. III. The different ways of how they find their partners has a big influence on the Chinese female spouses¡¦ adjustment to Taiwan¡¦s lifestyle. Those who were free to choose their partners have better accommodation in Taiwan, and those who were arranged to know their husbands by their relatives or friends, were mostly disappointed. Some of them even felt they were deceived into marriage, thus they regretted their marriages and are driven to depressions. IV. The major and key factors that influence the Chinese female spouses¡¦ life adaptation in Taiwan are more of the legal issues, more specifically, their rights to residence, rights to status and rights to work. The other problems include: lack of support network or mechanisms in Taiwan society, the unequal treatment between men and women, and the social discrimination against them.

Since the People in Taiwan free from the prohibition to visit their relatives or family members in the Mainland China by the government in 1987, it not just only opens up the cross-strait interaction, but also increases the opportunities for the cross-strait marriage. Although the intenseness and confrontations between the Mainland China and Taiwan lasted for several decades is eased by the interaction of marriage, however, Taiwan still faces new problems and challenges concerning new issues with influences of political atmosphere; meanwhile, the people in Taiwan still have negative images to the spouses from the Mainland China. The reports by media also create a stereotype of spouses from the Mainland China to the people in Taiwan. Nevertheless, the actual perspective is worthy of our attention. Therefore, this article is hereby to discuss the current situation of marriage between the Mainland China and Taiwan by the usage of relevant documents and referring to the immigration policies of America, Canada, Japan, and so on for being as a reference to the cross-strait provisions of our government. This study emphasizes on the cross-strait marriage of veterans, which discovered that it is easier for the spouses from the Mainland China to get used to the life style in Taiwan for the cross-strait culture was originated similarly. Although the age gap exists between the cross-strait couples, their marital life is very harmonious. Presently, the cross-strait immigration policy is affected by the considerations of national politics, economy, social settlement, and national security. And one of the regulations of cross-strait immigration policy in relation to the ¡§residence¡¨ has even stipulated that it has to provide the certificates of financial capability if the spouses want to reside in Taiwan. However, when we look through the thoughts of government for ¡§protecting the rights of the spouses from the Mainland China¡¨, we know it actually has not helped a lot to our nation, society, and the families whose members get married with the people from the Mainland China. On the contrary, we should take the policy seriously to offer the opportunities that the spouses from the Mainland China can work in Taiwan legally for they can recreate new labor force and stale the productive mechanism of domestic low-priced labor force in Taiwan. For the population results from the cross-state immigration has transformed the population structure in Taiwan stealthily, we can discover that the business of immigration has been overlapped and restricted if we evaluate the society and legal system affected by the immigration policy. So, when we work on studying what we should suggest to our government, we should set up one unified institution that possesses jurisdiction to magnify our achievements of execution and expect the cross-strait marriage can be developed normally. Secondly, when we work on planning the immigration policy due to the spouses from the Mainland China, we should look for the balance between the ¡§human rights¡¨ and ¡§legal system¡¨ for the allotment system. Last but not the least, in order to prohibit the marriage frauds from coming to Taiwan effectively, we should establish a complete management system for the introduction agencies of marriage to prevent the businessmen with bad intentions and marriage frauds from dealing in illegal behaviors.