Esta tese aborda o tema da proatividade de mercado, enfocando sua formulação e implementação. De forma específica, engloba a construção de um modelo teórico exibindo os antecedentes, ações e consequências relacionados a uma lógica de negócio proativa. A busca desse objetivo conduziu à realização de duas etapas de pesquisa distintas: uma exploratória qualitativa - abrangendo a revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e a realização de 50 entrevistas em profundidade no contexto empresarial - e outra descritiva quantitativa, traduzida pela realização de pesquisa junto a 260 empresas atuantes no Brasil. A técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar e ajustar o modelo, buscando reconhecer o comportamento das hipóteses a ele atreladas. Os resultados apontaram para a necessidade de reespecificação do modelo original. O ajuste aceitável do modelo foi possível somente após uma simplificação acentuada de sua estrutura, denotando a falta de evidências empíricas para a sustentação de cinco antecedentes dos onze originalmente idealizados. Dezessete hipóteses permaneceram vinculadas ao modelo reespecificado, das quais dezesseis foram confirmadas. Foi rejeitada a hipótese de que a proatividade na dimensão dos clientes influencia de forma positiva a performance do negócio. Considerações finais analisam os resultados da pesquisa e suas implicações em relação ao modelo proposto. / The following thesis deals with Market Proactiveness, focusing your formulation and implementation. Specifically, denotes the construction of a theoretical model with the antecedents, actions and consequences related to a proactive business logic. In order to achieve this objective, it has been formulated a research in two steps: the first, exploratory and qualitative - formed by the bibliographic review about the theme and 50 in-depth interviews realized in the business context. The other, quantitative descriptive, was made through research in 260 Brazilian companies. The Structural Equation Modeling technique was applied to test and adjust the model, looking for the identification of your hypothesis' behavior. The results showed the need of model reespecification. An acceptable adjust was only possible after an accentuated simplification of the original model structure, showing a lack of empirical evidence related to five antecedents on the eleven related to the model in the first draft. Seventeen hypotheses were related to the final model; sixteen was confirmed. The hypothesis about the positive impact of customer proactiveness on business performance was rejected. Final considerations analyze the results and your implications to the proposed model.

Esta tese aborda o tema da proatividade de mercado, enfocando sua formulação e implementação. De forma específica, engloba a construção de um modelo teórico exibindo os antecedentes, ações e consequências relacionados a uma lógica de negócio proativa. A busca desse objetivo conduziu à realização de duas etapas de pesquisa distintas: uma exploratória qualitativa - abrangendo a revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e a realização de 50 entrevistas em profundidade no contexto empresarial - e outra descritiva quantitativa, traduzida pela realização de pesquisa junto a 260 empresas atuantes no Brasil. A técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar e ajustar o modelo, buscando reconhecer o comportamento das hipóteses a ele atreladas. Os resultados apontaram para a necessidade de reespecificação do modelo original. O ajuste aceitável do modelo foi possível somente após uma simplificação acentuada de sua estrutura, denotando a falta de evidências empíricas para a sustentação de cinco antecedentes dos onze originalmente idealizados. Dezessete hipóteses permaneceram vinculadas ao modelo reespecificado, das quais dezesseis foram confirmadas. Foi rejeitada a hipótese de que a proatividade na dimensão dos clientes influencia de forma positiva a performance do negócio. Considerações finais analisam os resultados da pesquisa e suas implicações em relação ao modelo proposto. / The following thesis deals with Market Proactiveness, focusing your formulation and implementation. Specifically, denotes the construction of a theoretical model with the antecedents, actions and consequences related to a proactive business logic. In order to achieve this objective, it has been formulated a research in two steps: the first, exploratory and qualitative - formed by the bibliographic review about the theme and 50 in-depth interviews realized in the business context. The other, quantitative descriptive, was made through research in 260 Brazilian companies. The Structural Equation Modeling technique was applied to test and adjust the model, looking for the identification of your hypothesis' behavior. The results showed the need of model reespecification. An acceptable adjust was only possible after an accentuated simplification of the original model structure, showing a lack of empirical evidence related to five antecedents on the eleven related to the model in the first draft. Seventeen hypotheses were related to the final model; sixteen was confirmed. The hypothesis about the positive impact of customer proactiveness on business performance was rejected. Final considerations analyze the results and your implications to the proposed model.

The literature presents us with two distinct, and at times opposed, approaches to strategic management: the use of strategic choice and determinism. This research shows that these approaches can actually be considered as two distinct variables, which create a space or framework in which it is possible to identify, according to the available different amounts of strategic choice and determinism, the four different ontological perspectives of determinism, hard incompatibilism, libertarianism and compatibilism. According to the literature, within each ontological perspective of the strategic choice/determinism framework, companies use different levels of strategic choice and determinism to produce organizational outcomes. This research provides empirical evidence of the real life existence of these ontological perspectives, in which companies’ performance of revenues is driven by a different amount of strategic choice or determinism according to the perspectives in which companies operate. This research also shows that other important performance indicators, such as EBITDA, depend only on deterministic variables, while ROA depends neither on strategic choice nor on deterministic variables. These findings suggest that future research could increase our knowledge on the internal environment of companies, as it could do from the hard incompatibilist perspective, which was not possible to study thoroughly within this research. The research conclusions provide several contributions to both academic knowledge and practice.

Esta tese aborda o tema da proatividade de mercado, enfocando sua formulação e implementação. De forma específica, engloba a construção de um modelo teórico exibindo os antecedentes, ações e consequências relacionados a uma lógica de negócio proativa. A busca desse objetivo conduziu à realização de duas etapas de pesquisa distintas: uma exploratória qualitativa - abrangendo a revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e a realização de 50 entrevistas em profundidade no contexto empresarial - e outra descritiva quantitativa, traduzida pela realização de pesquisa junto a 260 empresas atuantes no Brasil. A técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar e ajustar o modelo, buscando reconhecer o comportamento das hipóteses a ele atreladas. Os resultados apontaram para a necessidade de reespecificação do modelo original. O ajuste aceitável do modelo foi possível somente após uma simplificação acentuada de sua estrutura, denotando a falta de evidências empíricas para a sustentação de cinco antecedentes dos onze originalmente idealizados. Dezessete hipóteses permaneceram vinculadas ao modelo reespecificado, das quais dezesseis foram confirmadas. Foi rejeitada a hipótese de que a proatividade na dimensão dos clientes influencia de forma positiva a performance do negócio. Considerações finais analisam os resultados da pesquisa e suas implicações em relação ao modelo proposto. / The following thesis deals with Market Proactiveness, focusing your formulation and implementation. Specifically, denotes the construction of a theoretical model with the antecedents, actions and consequences related to a proactive business logic. In order to achieve this objective, it has been formulated a research in two steps: the first, exploratory and qualitative - formed by the bibliographic review about the theme and 50 in-depth interviews realized in the business context. The other, quantitative descriptive, was made through research in 260 Brazilian companies. The Structural Equation Modeling technique was applied to test and adjust the model, looking for the identification of your hypothesis' behavior. The results showed the need of model reespecification. An acceptable adjust was only possible after an accentuated simplification of the original model structure, showing a lack of empirical evidence related to five antecedents on the eleven related to the model in the first draft. Seventeen hypotheses were related to the final model; sixteen was confirmed. The hypothesis about the positive impact of customer proactiveness on business performance was rejected. Final considerations analyze the results and your implications to the proposed model.

The impending NHI will cause a disruptive change in the health care industry in South Africa. For that reason the affected firms need to prepare themselves. Furthermore the current stakeholders in the private health care sector are feeling disenfranchised in terms of how the NHI will turn out.The aim of this study was to understand the response of existing firms whose existence is threatened due to impending disruptive change.The research method that was used was qualitative and exploratory in design. It involved one on one semi structured interviews with 13 respondents from a total of 7 firms who were selected to participate in the study, from the following business groups: pharmaceutical firms, private hospitals, and medical distributors.The findings revealed that the majority of firms would respond by strengthening their relations with the government who is the key stakeholder in the NHI. Secondly, they would build capacity in terms of resources and capabilities in line with the NHI. Lastly, they would innovate their value offering in the current market or new markets. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

The jus in bello proportionality rule establishes an upper boundary on how much collateral damage combatants can cause whilst striking a lawful target and its associated rule on precautions in attack compels them to take all feasible measures to properly understand the situation on the ground and to mitigate civilian harm. Proportionality and precautions in attack have been codified in API for over forty years, but in that time, it has been difficult to hold troops and their leaders accountable for breaches of these rules. In this study, I examine several reasons for why these rules have been difficult to apply ex post by considering the strategic motivations of state officials and prosecutors. Specifically, I propose a game-theoretic model which describes the decisions that state officials and prosecutors have historically made, and I explore what changes to this model would prompt these actors to behave differently. The model was developed using insights gained from legal case studies, archival research and a series of interviews with relevant actors. It suggests, inter alia, that to induce state officials to support a stricter liability standard for unlawful attacks, they must either ascribe much more value to legitimacy than to the success of future military operations, or they must perceive the success of future military operations to be unaffected by the possibility of losing criminal or civil adjudication. State officials may perceive losing a civil case based on state liability as being less likely to affect the success of future military operations compared with criminal liability against individual troops. Therefore, state officials may be inclined to support a stricter civil liability standard, if they believed it would help the state to secure greater legitimacy.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-06T13:55:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita Raquel de Oliveira.pdf: 620682 bytes, checksum: 0741bd806408a24616d66577c7e8a535 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-06T13:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita Raquel de Oliveira.pdf: 620682 bytes, checksum: 0741bd806408a24616d66577c7e8a535 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar e analisar, com base na Dependência de Trajetória e Criação de Trajetória, os eventos críticos ocorridos e as perspectivas futuras que influenciam nas escolhas estratégicas na organização não governamental Parceiros Voluntários. Como principais referências teóricas relativas à Dependência de Trajetória foram resgatados trabalhos de Barney (1991; 1995) e outros autores da VBR, como Teece; Pisano e Shuen (1997), Becker e Ruas (2005), Mahoney (2000) e Balestro et al. (2004), David (2000), Licha (2004), Pierson (2004), Sydow; Schreyogg e Koch (2009). E para a Criação de Trajetória os principais foram Arthur (1989) e Schienstock (2011), Garud e Karnoe (2001), Pham (2007), Henfridsson; Yoo e Svahn (2009) e Garud; Kumaraswamy e Karnoe (2010). A pesquisa ocorreu por meio de um estudo de caso, realizou entrevistas semiestruturadas com os principais atores da organização e utilizou a Análise de Conteúdo por meio do software Nvivo10. Observou-se que as escolhas estratégicas realmente são influenciadas pela trajetória da organização, porém há uma variação de intensidade em cada projeto e parceria analisada, pois não ficaram necessariamente restritas ao que já tinha sido realizado no passado. Neste contexto, as estratégias emergentes ilustram muito bem esta questão, pois a organização recebe muitas solicitações referentes à Responsabilidade Social e todas são avaliadas, de forma que a inovação não fica prejudicada. Observou-se que a organização cria suas próprias metodologias, projetos e parcerias e introduz novos elementos na estrutura existente, confirmando a existência da complementaridade entre os constructos de Dependência e Criação de Trajetória através de eventos críticos como o Projeto Tribos nas Trilhas da Cidadania, Projeto Transparência, a área de "Formação", o auxílio às OSCs na área de gestão e legislação. E entre suas perspectivas futuras estão a expansão de atuação para outros estados brasileiros e países, o atendimento a Micro e Pequenas Empresas e a abertura para estudantes pesquisarem a organização. / The purpose of this study was, based on Path Dependence and Path Creation, to identify and analyze the critical events that have occurred and future prospects that influence the strategic choices for the non-governmental organization, Parceiros Voluntários (Voluntary Partners). As main theoretical references regarding Path Dependence, works by Barney (1991; 1995) and other authors of the VBR, such as Teece; Pisano and Shuen (1997), Becker and Ruas (2005), Mahoney (2000) and Balestro et al. (2004), David (2000), Licha (2004), Pierson (2004), Sydow; Schreyogg and Koch (2009) were used. The main references for Path Creation were . Arthur (1989) e Schienstock (2011), Garud and Karnoe (2001), Pham (2007), Henfridsson; Yoo and Svahn (2009) and Garud; Kumaraswamy and Karnoe (2010). The work was done using a case study, semistructured interview with the principal actors of the organization, and Analysis of Content which was done using Nvivo10 software. It was noted that the strategic choices were really influenced by the trajectory of the organization, but there was a variation of intensity in each project and partnership analyzed, since they were not necessarily restricted to what had already been done in the past. In this context, the emerging strategies clearly illustrate this issue, since the organization receives many requests concerning Social Responsibility, and they are all assessed so that innovation is not hindered. It was observed that the organization creates its own methodologies, projects and partnerships, and introduces new elements into the existing structure, confirming that there is complementarity between the constructs of Dependence and Path Creation through critical events such as Project Tribes on the Trails of Citizenship, Project Transparency, the field of “Training”, the help to CSOs (Civil Society Organizations) in the field of management and legislation. And among its future perspectives are extending action to other Brazilian states and other countries, working with Micro and Small Businesses, and an opening for students to do research on the organization.

Utsläppen från transportsektorn minskar inte i nog snabbt takt trots att hållbarhet är en prioriterad fråga på övergripande nivå genom bland annat Agenda 2030 och Målbild 2030. Åtgärdsvalsstudier (ÅVS), utredningar som tillämpas tidigt i transportinfrastrukturplaneringen, har potential att bidra till en mer hållbar infrastrukturplanering. Samtidigt har hållbarhetsmål idag en begränsad betydelse för val av åtgärder i åtgärdsvalsstudier. Det saknas konkreta direktiv för hur aktörer inom planeringen av transportsystemet ska agera och prioritera i praktiken för att bidra till omställningen mot ett hållbart transportsystem. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för vilka förutsättningar som finns för ökad integrering av hållbarhet i åtgärdsvalsstudier. Målet är att identifiera brister i metoder och processer som bidrar till svårigheter att integrera hållbarhet i åtgärdsvalsstudier samt föreslå hur metoder och processer kan utvecklas för en ökad integrering av hållbarhet i åtgärdsvalsstudier. Studien belyser frågeställningarna främst utifrån perspektivet regionala planerare på Trafikverket i Norrbottens och Västerbottens län. Studien är kvalitativ och baseras på en litteraturstudie och en fokusgrupp. Fokusgrupp valdes som metod för att generera nya idéer för hur ett konkret arbete med hållbarhet i åtgärdsvalsstudier skulle kunna se ut. Fyra planerare som på olika sätt arbetar med åtgärdsvalsstudier på Trafikverket deltog i fokusgruppen. Resultatet från fokusgruppen och litteraturstudien analyserades med koppling till studiens frågeställningar. Studiens resultat visar på att det är komplext att arbeta med övergripande hållbarhetsmål såsom Målbild 2030 i åtgärdsvalsstudier. En orsak till detta är bland annat bristande vägledning i hur målarbetet konkret ska gå till i åtgärdsvalsstudier vilket medför att arbetet med att ta fram mål för den enskilda åtgärdsvalsstudien är tids- och resurskrävande och mindre vikt läggs därmed på hållbarhetsmål. Det råder även bristande vägledning och expertstöd gällande framtagande och genomförandet av icke-fysiska åtgärder, så kallade steg 1 och 2 åtgärder. Planerarna upplever också en hopplöshet i att andra parametrar än hållbarhet värderas högre vid prioritering av åtgärder i planeringsprocesser som följer efter slutförandet av en åtgärdsvalsstudie. Studien har resulterat i ett antal slutsatser kring hur metoder och processer kan utvecklas för en ökad integrering av hållbarhet i åtgärdsvalsstudier. Ett förslag är att identifiera relevanta hållbarhetsmål för en åtgärdsvalsstudie och formulera specifika mål för åtgärdsvalsstudien utifrån nedbrytningen av övergripande mål. Ett annat förslag är att värdera om ett åtgärdsförslag har negativ, positiv eller neutral påverkan på ett hållbarhetsmål för att få en helhetsbild över vilka mål ett åtgärdsförslag bidrar till att uppfylla. Gällande steg 1 och 2 åtgärder finns behov av expertstöd i åtgärdsvalsstudier samt metodutveckling kopplat till framtagandet av icke-fysiska åtgärdsförslag. Det finns också behov av att utveckla ÅVS-handboken och utbildningar inom ÅVS-metodiken, särskilt kopplat till framtagande av mål. Sammanfattningsvis pekar studien på att det krävs uppdaterade handledningar kopplat till åtgärdsvalsstudier. Detta kan ses som en möjlighet till att utveckla arbetet med hållbarhet i åtgärdsvalsstudier genom att hållbarhet integreras mer i den generella handledningen för åtgärdsvalsstudier och därigenom blir en naturlig del av metodiken. Studiens resultat pekar därmed på att det finns goda möjligheter att utveckla arbetet med hållbarhet i åtgärdsvalsstudier. / Emissions from the transport sector are not declining fast enough, even if sustainability is a prioritised issue through for example Agenda 2030. Strategic choice of measures (Åtgärdsvalsstudier), investigations early in transport infrastructure planning, have the potential to contribute to more sustainable infrastructure planning. At the same time, today sustainability goals have a limited significance for the choice of measures in strategic choice of measures. There are no concrete directives for how actors in transport infrastructure planning should act and prioritise in order to contribute to the transition towards a sustainable transport system. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of what prerequisites there are for an increased integration of sustainability in strategic choice of measures. The aim is to identify shortcomings in methods and processes that contribute to difficulties in integrating sustainability in strategic choice of measures. The aim is also to propose how methods and processes can be developed for an increased integration of sustainability in strategic choice of measures. The study illuminates the aim mainly from the perspective of regional planners at the Swedish Transport Administration in the counties of Norrbotten and Västerbotten. The study is qualitative and based on a literature study and a focus group. Focus group was selected as a method to generate new ideas about how a concrete work with sustainability in strategic choice of measures could look like. Four planners who work in different ways with strategic choice of measures at the Swedish Transport Administration participated in the focus group. The results from the focus group and the literature study were analysed based on the research questions. The result of the study indicates that it is complex to work with sustainability goals in strategic choice of measures. One reason for this is a lack of guidance on how the work with targets should be performed, which means that the work of developing goals for the individual strategic choice of measure is time-consuming and resource-intensive. Therefore, less emphasis is placed on sustainability goals. There is also a lack of guidance and expert support regarding the development and implementation of non-physical measures, so-called step 1 and 2 measures. The planers also experience a hopelessness as other parameters than sustainability are valued higher when prioritising measures in planning processes that follow after a strategic choice of measure. The study has resulted in conclusions about how methods and processes can be developed. One proposal is to identify relevant sustainability goals for a strategic choice of measure and formulate specific goals for the strategic choice of measure based on the breakdown of overall goals. Another proposal is to evaluate whether a proposed measure has a negative, positive or neutral impact on a sustainability goal in order to get an overall picture of which goals a proposed measure contributes to fulfil. Regarding step 1 and 2 measures, there is a need for expert support in strategic choice of measures and method development of non-physical measures. There is also a need to develop guidelines and educations in the strategic choice of measures methodology. In summary, the study indicates that updated guidelines about strategic choice of measures are required. This can be an opportunity to develop the work with sustainability in strategic choice of measures by integrating sustainability more into the general guidance. Thus, the results of the study indicate that there are good opportunities to develop the work with sustainability in strategic choice of measures.

近年來，中國大陸的威權政體轉型發展倍受矚目，尤其是台灣威權政體轉型至民主化過程的經驗能否借鑑於中國大陸，一直廣受學界的熱烈討論。本文採用結合宏觀的歷史結構理論與微觀的菁英策略抉擇論，提出影響政體轉型的因素有：經濟的發展、中產階級的崛起、外部因素、選舉的開放、統治者合法性危機的產生、菁英策略的互動抉擇，以及社會運動的發展等，來檢視台灣與中國大陸威權政體轉型發展的異同性。發現採用這些影響政體轉型的因素來探討台灣的政體轉型，是有利於台灣的政體轉型，亦驅動台灣的政體從威權轉型至民主。相對於中國大陸而言，雖然有這些政體轉型的因素產生，但是中國大陸政體發展至目前為止，仍然還沒完成其政體轉型，發現其結果乃是因為這些轉型的關鍵因素缺乏關鍵節點產生作用力，去驅動政體轉型，所以導致中國大陸有轉型的因素產生，卻沒有驅動其政體完成轉型。但是本文的研究結果仍然對於中國大陸的政體轉型抱持著樂觀的看法，尤其是中國大陸面對日漸增長的經濟發展，其政體的轉型是會採漸進發展的。並且在未來中國大陸如果能夠對於黨內民主的推行加強、提升選舉的競爭功能，以及減緩中共內部的權力鬥爭的改善，對於中國大陸的政體轉型是可以期待的。

The aim of this thesis is to identify the key roles of expatriates in a major Japanese MNE and factors influencing formation of their roles. It also examines to what extent expatriates have discretion in forming their roles. The thesis uses empirical data from 109 interviews and 5 years of action research (44 advisory board meetings and 144 Human Resource Management (HRM) workshops, 19 research sites in 9 countries and 17 additional meetings on specific topics) that enabled the researcher to carry out insightful and in-depth analysis with cross-national and multi-layer perspectives. The study applies organisational design theory to unveil the mechanisms of role formation, significantly expanding the understanding of these issues in Japanese business and the international business literature. The findings suggest that the process of role formation of expatriates can be explained by combining contingency theory and strategic choice theory in a framework that argues that the roles of expatriates are the result of a political process of organisational design (Child, 1997). This includes adaptation to the environment (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967) but also the relationship between organisational agents and the environment in the process of strategic choice (Child, 1997). The major contribution of this study is to provide evidence that expatriates are not merely agents of HQs in international business as traditionally understood, but that their role is more complex and multifaceted. The study empirically identifies five key roles of expatriates – two more than previously identified in the literature – and unveils six contingency factors and two strategic choice factors influencing role formation. The thesis demonstrates that expatriates strategically select their roles, although internal and external factors can act either as enhancers or obstacles to their making of choices and role formation.