In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, many of the British government’s attempts to rebuild the social order and improve standards were experienced through design. This was true not only in the home and in the workplace, but also in the everyday civic environment of the street. Ensuring that objects as ubiquitous as lampposts, litterbins and parking meters adopted the visual language of modern design – while at the same time, remaining inconspicuous - was perceived as being vitally important by the authorities concerned. For it was through such objects that Britain’s new social and cultural agenda was given physical expression, and Good Design was deliberately introduced into people’s everyday lives. Yet for a category of object designed to be ignored, postwar street furniture prompted considerable debate. For some members of the public, the new designs were grotesque, and represented a defacement of the country and its landscape’s individual character. While for others, modern street furniture design was a means of civilizing Britain’s streets. The design of these objects also drew strong feelings from the groups involved with its improvement, including central and local government, the Council of Industrial Design and other state-advisory bodies, manufacturers, and civic groups. Sometimes this multi-layered group worked to improve the design of street furniture together, and sometimes in opposition. This thesis is concerned with the critical reception of street furniture design in postwar Britain, and the debate these objects prompted. It emerges out of an interest in the systems and structures underpinning design culture, and a belief that reading the banal built world expands our knowledge of how political power works. Rather than prioritise the designed objects themselves or the intentions of those responsible for producing them – such as the designers and manufacturers – the thesis will expand the debate to include the wide variety of contemporary viewpoints that were expressed, both in public and private, in response to the promotion, dissemination and design of modern street furniture. Extending the discussion beyond the official design narrative to other, equally important voices reflects a more accurate picture of the process through which street furniture was discussed, understood and even determined during this period. Using extensive primary material from archives, contemporary periodicals and newspapers, and interviews with street furniture designers practicing in the postwar period, the five chapters of this thesis address the different arguments employed by the multiplicity of voices active in the debate. While many of these arguments focused on dichotomies - between old and new, local and central, modern and traditional - the thesis contends that postwar dissent over street furniture was informed by wider debates about Good Design, design’s relationship to high and low culture, its social and moral responsibilities, and taste. The dominance of such themes throughout the thesis reflects the wider social context of the period, which witnessed considerable changes to the authority of its institutions and cultural hierarchy, as well as more timely debates about power, influence and class in the shaping of public life.

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This report describes a Bachelor Degree project in product development completed in co-operation with the Royal Parks in London and submitted to the University of Skövde. The aim of the project was to design and develop a removable bollard intended to separate traffic in a bi-direction cycle lane in central London. The goal was to develop a lightweight yet robust removable bollard that complimented the historical surroundings and had a simple storage solution. With thorough background research, established ideation methods and strategic evaluation a suitable solution was found. The final design was an innovative bollard made out of recycled plastic and specially adapted for simple removal and storage. It is a bollard that would successfully mark the cycle lane and is both lightweight and stackable. / Denna rapport beskriver ett examensarbete i produktutveckling som utfört var i samarbete med the Royal Parks i London och inlämnat till Högskolan i Skövde. Syftet med projektet var att utforma och utveckla en borttagbar pollare tilltänkt för att separera trafik i en dubbelriktad cykelbana i centrala London. Målet var att utveckla en lätt men samt robust borttagbar pollare som passar in i Londons historiska miljö och har en enkel lagringslösning. Genom en detaljerad förstudie, kända idégenereringsmetoder och strategisk utvärdering hittades en lämplig lösning. Den slutliga designen var en innovativ pollar gjord av återvunnen plast och speciellt anpassad för enkel flyttning och förvaring. Pollaren är både lätt och stapelbar samt kan användas för att markera cykelbanor.

Los grandes avances científico-tecnológicos, especialmente los que se asocian al campo de la informática y de las comunicaciones han producido cambios en la economía que se globalizado y en los mercados que se han internacionalizado de manera rápida y son actualmente mayoritariamente de oferta. Este nuevo escenario del siglo XXI, ha influenciado a las empresas de productos manufacturados que están obligadas a generar productos que aporten valor apreciado por los clientes/usuarios mediante la incorporación de atributos diferenciadores que generen ventajas competitivas, especialmente en diseño e innovación. En consecuencia la generación de nuevos productos en el actual escenario, obliga a las empresas a contar con una organización y un sistema de gestión eficiente que incorpore un proceso de generación de productos que reduzca incertidumbres y optimice la actividad proyectual. Ante esta nueva situación, las empresas consideran que la creación de productos es un factor estratégico de primer nivel y creen que contar con una buena idea y/o concepto permitirá a través de un proceso organizado y efectivo conseguir el objetivo final: nuevos productos que ofrezcan ventajas competitivas. Algunos sectores de manufactura se han preocupado por optimizar los procesos generales establecidos, adaptándolos a sus necesidades especialmente en las áreas relacionadas con la creación de producto. En la última década el sector del mobiliario urbano ha tenido un crecimiento rápido y sin planificación en consonancia con la expansión del mercado inmobiliario. Actualmente con la situación de crisis económica es necesario mejorar la competitividad del sector, potenciando especialmente el desarrollo de productos y los factores de innovación y diseño, optimizando el proceso proyectual. Todo ello para conseguir reducir tanto los costes e inversiones, como los tiempos de desarrollo así como disminuir la incertidumbre. Por ello, consideramos que ahora es el momento de plantear un proceso singular para el sector que permita mejorar su competitividad. La presente tesis quiere definir un modelo de proceso de desarrollo de producto focalizado en el sector del mobiliario urbano focalizado en las pymes, que facilite la potenciación de la innovación y el diseño, y que tenga como resultado una aportación a la actividad proyectual que permita y un incremento del grado de competitividad. En la investigación desarrollada en la tesis, se han estudiado diferentes campos que configuran la actual complejidad de un proceso de generación de producto, a través de sus interacciones, especialmente las de mercado, las tecnológicas y las de fabricación en el entorno empresarial y teniendo en cuenta los factores competitivos del diseño y la innovación. Esperamos que la tesis aporte, conocimiento y permita generar valor y que sea referente para la actividad proyectual de diseñadores, ingenieros y gestores de producto y que al mismo tiempo sea una herramienta que ayude a las empresas pymes del sector a homologarse en relación a los estándares existentes en otros sectores en lo relativo al proceso de desarrollo de producto. / The scientific and technological advances, especially those associated with computing and communications, have globalized economies and internationalized markets, in which there is currently more supply than demand. This new 21ts century scenario has influenced companies in the manufacturing sector, which are poised to generate products with distinguishing attributes that give them a competitive advantage, especially in design and innovation, and that clients and users value. Consequently, this scenario has obliged companies to implement efficient organization and management systems and to incorporate product generation processes focused on competitive factors. In light of this new situation, companies now view product creation as a strategic factor of the highest order. They believe that having a good idea or concept will lead, through an organized and effective process, to achieving the final goal: new products that offer competitive advantages. Some manufacturing sectors have been eager to optimize established processes and adapt them to their needs, especially in areas related to product development. Over the last decade the street furniture sector has experienced rapid unplanned growth, parallel to the expansion of the property market. Recently, with the onset of the economic crisis, the sector has had to become more competitive, especially through the promotion of product development strategies that incorporate innovation and design factors and optimize the project process. This is required to reduce costs and investments, development times and uncertainty. For these reasons, we believe it is the right time to introduce new processes that will lead to improved competitiveness in the sector. This thesis will focus on SMEs in the street furniture sector to define a product development model that promotes innovation, contributes to project activity and increases competitiveness. The research was focused on different fields to better investigate the complexity of product generation processes, looking at interactions, especially within markets, technology and manufacturing in companies, and taking into account the competitive factors of design and innovation. It is hoped that the thesis will contribute valuable knowledge, and that it will be a reference for designers, engineers and product managers involved in project activity. It is also hoped that it will become a tool to help SMEs in the sector achieve the product development standards of other sectors.

Esta pesquisa aborda, embasada na percepção dos usuários, o mobiliário urbano e a sua relação com a estética da paisagem e com o uso dos espaços abertos públicos. Com relação à estética, foram investigados diferentes modelos de abrigos de transporte, cabines telefônicas e bancas de serviços, considerando os elementos individualmente e inseridos em cenas urbanas. As avaliações foram realizadas com arquitetos, não-arquitetos com curso superior e pessoas sem formação universitária, com o objetivo de verificar as possíveis diferenças nas interpretações desses grupos. Com relação ao uso, foi desenvolvida uma análise relativa ao posicionamento de abrigos de ônibus em diferentes dimensões de calçadas, considerando a percepção de usuários em cadeiras de rodas, pois tais respondentes apresentam maior necessidade de espaço para a sua locomoção. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de levantamentos de arquivo e levantamentos de campo, através da aplicação de questionários pela Internet. A análise dos dados utilizou testes estatísticos não-paramétricos e avaliações qualitativas. Os resultados relativos à estética, de maneira geral, evidenciaram que as características formais do mobiliário urbano mais satisfatórias à maioria das pessoas relacionam-se à neutralidade, a pouca variação entre elementos compositivos e à configuração geométrica simples. Tais constatações foram encontradas na análise dos elementos quando considerados isoladamente e quando inseridos na paisagem. Em relação aos grupos de respondentes, embora tenham sido verificadas diferenças nas avaliações, a pesquisa demonstrou que a formação acadêmica não interfere a ponto de apresentar divergências relevantes quanto às preferências estéticas. A investigação também constatou que as cenas em que o mobiliário se constitui em barreira visual tendem a ser julgadas negativamente. Os resultados relativos ao uso, por sua vez, indicaram que o posicionamento dos abrigos de ônibus que tende a ser mais satisfatório às pessoas em cadeiras de rodas é junto às fachadas das edificações, mantendo uma faixa livre de circulação entre o abrigo e o meio-fio. Por fim, a pesquisa permitiu enaltecer a importância de considerar as opiniões dos usuários no projeto e na implantação do mobiliário urbano para que tais elementos sejam satisfatórios quanto à estética e ao uso. / This research investigates, based on people’s perception, street furniture and its relationship to the aesthetics of the landscape and the use of public open spaces. About the aesthetic, we investigated different models of transport shelters, telephone booths and newstands, considering the elements individually and placed in urban scenes. The evaluations were conducted with architects, non-architects college graduates and people without college graduates, in order to determine possible differences in interpretations of these groups. For use, an analysis was developed on the placement of bus shelters on sidewalks with different dimensions, considering the preferences of users in wheelchairs, as these respondents have greater need for space for its locomotion. Data collection was conducted through archival records and field work with application of questionnaires through the Internet. Data analysis was carried out by means of non-parametric statistical tests and qualitative assessments. The aesthetics’ results, in general, showed that the formal characteristics of street furniture more satisfactory to most people relate to neutrality, little variation between compositional elements and simple geometric configuration. These findings were found in the analysis of the elements when considered separately and when placed in the landscape. Regarding the groups of respondents, although some significant differences in the evaluations, the research showed that education does not interfere as to present relevant differences regarding the aesthetic preferences. The investigation also found that the scenes in which the furniture constitutes visual barrier in the landscape tend to be judged negatively. The use’s results indicated that the placement of bus shelters that tends to be more suitable to people in wheelchairs is along the facades of buildings, keeping free range of movement between the shelter and the curb. Finally, the survey allowed enhance the importance of considering the users’ opinions about the design and implementation of street furniture for such elements as are satisfactory to the aesthetics and use.

Esta pesquisa aborda, embasada na percepção dos usuários, o mobiliário urbano e a sua relação com a estética da paisagem e com o uso dos espaços abertos públicos. Com relação à estética, foram investigados diferentes modelos de abrigos de transporte, cabines telefônicas e bancas de serviços, considerando os elementos individualmente e inseridos em cenas urbanas. As avaliações foram realizadas com arquitetos, não-arquitetos com curso superior e pessoas sem formação universitária, com o objetivo de verificar as possíveis diferenças nas interpretações desses grupos. Com relação ao uso, foi desenvolvida uma análise relativa ao posicionamento de abrigos de ônibus em diferentes dimensões de calçadas, considerando a percepção de usuários em cadeiras de rodas, pois tais respondentes apresentam maior necessidade de espaço para a sua locomoção. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de levantamentos de arquivo e levantamentos de campo, através da aplicação de questionários pela Internet. A análise dos dados utilizou testes estatísticos não-paramétricos e avaliações qualitativas. Os resultados relativos à estética, de maneira geral, evidenciaram que as características formais do mobiliário urbano mais satisfatórias à maioria das pessoas relacionam-se à neutralidade, a pouca variação entre elementos compositivos e à configuração geométrica simples. Tais constatações foram encontradas na análise dos elementos quando considerados isoladamente e quando inseridos na paisagem. Em relação aos grupos de respondentes, embora tenham sido verificadas diferenças nas avaliações, a pesquisa demonstrou que a formação acadêmica não interfere a ponto de apresentar divergências relevantes quanto às preferências estéticas. A investigação também constatou que as cenas em que o mobiliário se constitui em barreira visual tendem a ser julgadas negativamente. Os resultados relativos ao uso, por sua vez, indicaram que o posicionamento dos abrigos de ônibus que tende a ser mais satisfatório às pessoas em cadeiras de rodas é junto às fachadas das edificações, mantendo uma faixa livre de circulação entre o abrigo e o meio-fio. Por fim, a pesquisa permitiu enaltecer a importância de considerar as opiniões dos usuários no projeto e na implantação do mobiliário urbano para que tais elementos sejam satisfatórios quanto à estética e ao uso. / This research investigates, based on people’s perception, street furniture and its relationship to the aesthetics of the landscape and the use of public open spaces. About the aesthetic, we investigated different models of transport shelters, telephone booths and newstands, considering the elements individually and placed in urban scenes. The evaluations were conducted with architects, non-architects college graduates and people without college graduates, in order to determine possible differences in interpretations of these groups. For use, an analysis was developed on the placement of bus shelters on sidewalks with different dimensions, considering the preferences of users in wheelchairs, as these respondents have greater need for space for its locomotion. Data collection was conducted through archival records and field work with application of questionnaires through the Internet. Data analysis was carried out by means of non-parametric statistical tests and qualitative assessments. The aesthetics’ results, in general, showed that the formal characteristics of street furniture more satisfactory to most people relate to neutrality, little variation between compositional elements and simple geometric configuration. These findings were found in the analysis of the elements when considered separately and when placed in the landscape. Regarding the groups of respondents, although some significant differences in the evaluations, the research showed that education does not interfere as to present relevant differences regarding the aesthetic preferences. The investigation also found that the scenes in which the furniture constitutes visual barrier in the landscape tend to be judged negatively. The use’s results indicated that the placement of bus shelters that tends to be more suitable to people in wheelchairs is along the facades of buildings, keeping free range of movement between the shelter and the curb. Finally, the survey allowed enhance the importance of considering the users’ opinions about the design and implementation of street furniture for such elements as are satisfactory to the aesthetics and use.

Esta pesquisa aborda, embasada na percepção dos usuários, o mobiliário urbano e a sua relação com a estética da paisagem e com o uso dos espaços abertos públicos. Com relação à estética, foram investigados diferentes modelos de abrigos de transporte, cabines telefônicas e bancas de serviços, considerando os elementos individualmente e inseridos em cenas urbanas. As avaliações foram realizadas com arquitetos, não-arquitetos com curso superior e pessoas sem formação universitária, com o objetivo de verificar as possíveis diferenças nas interpretações desses grupos. Com relação ao uso, foi desenvolvida uma análise relativa ao posicionamento de abrigos de ônibus em diferentes dimensões de calçadas, considerando a percepção de usuários em cadeiras de rodas, pois tais respondentes apresentam maior necessidade de espaço para a sua locomoção. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de levantamentos de arquivo e levantamentos de campo, através da aplicação de questionários pela Internet. A análise dos dados utilizou testes estatísticos não-paramétricos e avaliações qualitativas. Os resultados relativos à estética, de maneira geral, evidenciaram que as características formais do mobiliário urbano mais satisfatórias à maioria das pessoas relacionam-se à neutralidade, a pouca variação entre elementos compositivos e à configuração geométrica simples. Tais constatações foram encontradas na análise dos elementos quando considerados isoladamente e quando inseridos na paisagem. Em relação aos grupos de respondentes, embora tenham sido verificadas diferenças nas avaliações, a pesquisa demonstrou que a formação acadêmica não interfere a ponto de apresentar divergências relevantes quanto às preferências estéticas. A investigação também constatou que as cenas em que o mobiliário se constitui em barreira visual tendem a ser julgadas negativamente. Os resultados relativos ao uso, por sua vez, indicaram que o posicionamento dos abrigos de ônibus que tende a ser mais satisfatório às pessoas em cadeiras de rodas é junto às fachadas das edificações, mantendo uma faixa livre de circulação entre o abrigo e o meio-fio. Por fim, a pesquisa permitiu enaltecer a importância de considerar as opiniões dos usuários no projeto e na implantação do mobiliário urbano para que tais elementos sejam satisfatórios quanto à estética e ao uso. / This research investigates, based on people’s perception, street furniture and its relationship to the aesthetics of the landscape and the use of public open spaces. About the aesthetic, we investigated different models of transport shelters, telephone booths and newstands, considering the elements individually and placed in urban scenes. The evaluations were conducted with architects, non-architects college graduates and people without college graduates, in order to determine possible differences in interpretations of these groups. For use, an analysis was developed on the placement of bus shelters on sidewalks with different dimensions, considering the preferences of users in wheelchairs, as these respondents have greater need for space for its locomotion. Data collection was conducted through archival records and field work with application of questionnaires through the Internet. Data analysis was carried out by means of non-parametric statistical tests and qualitative assessments. The aesthetics’ results, in general, showed that the formal characteristics of street furniture more satisfactory to most people relate to neutrality, little variation between compositional elements and simple geometric configuration. These findings were found in the analysis of the elements when considered separately and when placed in the landscape. Regarding the groups of respondents, although some significant differences in the evaluations, the research showed that education does not interfere as to present relevant differences regarding the aesthetic preferences. The investigation also found that the scenes in which the furniture constitutes visual barrier in the landscape tend to be judged negatively. The use’s results indicated that the placement of bus shelters that tends to be more suitable to people in wheelchairs is along the facades of buildings, keeping free range of movement between the shelter and the curb. Finally, the survey allowed enhance the importance of considering the users’ opinions about the design and implementation of street furniture for such elements as are satisfactory to the aesthetics and use.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-09T12:28:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Balestra Ferreira de Paiva - 2017.pdf: 56809273 bytes, checksum: 8ff16cebe3ce82e4934fba4473958a9b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-02-09T12:55:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Balestra Ferreira de Paiva - 2017.pdf: 56809273 bytes, checksum: 8ff16cebe3ce82e4934fba4473958a9b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-09T12:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Balestra Ferreira de Paiva - 2017.pdf: 56809273 bytes, checksum: 8ff16cebe3ce82e4934fba4473958a9b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation deals with the different ways of designing a shelter for people for loading and unloading, commonly called a bus shelter or Boarding and Unloading Point – PED, through new strategies and design methodologies, and proposes to analyze also the situation of this urban furniture in the context of the city of Goiânia. It proposes guidelines for future projects that can make this object more symbolic, technological and emotional, helping to establish a greater bond with its users and with the city itself. The PEDs must fulfill their primary functions: guide, inform and protect passengers from the elements, and can also become a highlight in the city landscape. Its immediate surroundings require the attention and care of the authorities to offer accessibility, comfort, efficiency and attributes relevant to the user population. When analyzing its insertion in the metropolitan transport system, there are differences between the conception, implantation and maintenance of bus shelters, and the users' needs regarding the positioning of public managers and system operators. The adoption of new assistive technologies can facilitate the life of the user and also promote the valuation of public transportation, mobility and urban accessibility. These are strategies that qualify the experience and create new business opportunities and the production of new Design products. / Esta dissertação trata das diversas formas de concepção de um abrigo de pessoas para embarque e desembarque, comumente chamado de abrigo de ônibus ou Ponto de Embarque e Desembarque – PED, por intermédio de novas estratégias e metodologias projetuais, e se propõe a analisar também a situação desse mobiliário urbano no contexto da cidade de Goiânia. Propõe diretrizes para futuros projetos que possam tornar esse objeto mais simbólico, tecnológico e emocional, ajudando a estabelecer um maior vínculo com seus usuários e com a própria cidade. Os PEDs devem cumprir com as suas funções primordiais: orientar, informar e proteger os passageiros das intempéries, podendo se tornar, também, um elemento de destaque na paisagem da cidade. Seu entorno imediato exige atenção e cuidado das autoridades para oferecer acessibilidade, conforto, eficiência e atributos relevantes à população usuária. Ao analisar sua inserção no sistema de transporte metropolitano, observase divergências entre a concepção, implantação e manutenção dos abrigos de ônibus, e as necessidades dos usuários frente ao posicionamento dos gestores públicos e operadores do sistema. A adoção de novas tecnologias assistivas pode facilitar a vida do usuário e promover, ainda, a valorização do transporte público, a mobilidade e acessibilidade urbana. Essas são estratégias que qualificam a experiência e criam novas oportunidades de negócio e de produção de novos produtos de Design.

This work is dedicated to development of city furniture (station shed, bench, litter box). The first part contains the analysis of city furniture (historical, technical and design). Second part is dedicated to the design decision in particular. The main goal was to contemplate the design of station shed, which will be totally defending from bad weather; bench design, which would be impossible to be used as a ‘bed for homeless’; litter box, which would be aesthetically matching the shed and the bench. Additional task was to contemplate canopies of various sizes, enabling the city to install same type of canopies regardless of the size. The suggested design has been influenced by aesthetics, ergonomics, technology and other important aspects of industrial design.