The purpose of this thesis research is to describe the availability of social support among street-involved youth and how this longitudinally predicts their substance use, mental health and mental well-being. Data from a panel study of street-involved youth in Victoria, British Columbia were analyzed (N=130). Thematic analysis of responses to open-ended questions and descriptive analyses of survey data were conducted to describe the availability of social support in participants’ lives. Multivariate regression was used to test two prominent theories of the relationship between social support and health (the stress-buffering and main effect theories) and to examine the association between sources of social support and health. The thematic analysis and descriptive analysis results indicate that there is considerable heterogeneity in terms of the availability, sources and types of social support among this population. The regression results provide partial support for the main effect theory; perceived availability of social support predicted reduced alcohol and hard drug use and better overall mental health and well-being, regardless of the stress levels. The stress-buffering theory was not supported. Sources of social support were not significantly related to health outcomes. The thesis concludes with policy and program suggestions and gives direction for further research on the relationship between social support and health among street-involved youth. / Graduate / 0626 / 0347 / 0573 / mary06@uvic.ca

This thesis explores street involved youth friendship in Victoria, Canada. The friendships of street involved youth—that is “young people who may or may not be homeless and spend some time in the social and economic world of ‘the street’” (Perkin 2009)—are regularly thought and talked about as being prone to deviant or risky behaviour, particularly in social scientific literature and by the mainstream media. I conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 street involved youth (ages 16 – 21) who talked about friendships as important relationships offering (among other things) help, protection, support, nurture and meaningful existences not available to them otherwise. Street youth friendships allow youth some escape and respite from damaging neoliberal political-economic policies in Victoria, Canada. In addition, street involved youth friendships bring into question dominant developmentalist discourses and assumptions as youth agentively and expertly negotiate their friendships in careful and nuanced ways. / Graduate / 0326 / twerdal@uvic.ca

This thesis examines the role of structural violence in the contemporary transition to adulthood of street involved youth. Anchored in structural social work, the study understands the origin of social problems and of violence to be structural rather than individual. Conducted in two phases, the study used participatory action and arts-informed methods, group discussions, and semi-structured interviews. Autonomy, a key component of the contemporary transition to adulthood, was central to the research results. The findings demonstrated that structural violence works to misrepresent or to nullify street involved youths’ expressions of autonomy. Structural violence affects how they exercise and manifest their autonomy as well as how their autonomy is represented or socially valued. The findings made visible the invisible structural violence, illuminating social causes of individual problems. Accordingly, to better support street involved youth and the development of their autonomy during their transition to adulthood, the study proposes recommendations for practice, policy, and research that target systems level change.

Grieving Online: Street-Involved Youths’ Use of Social Media After a Death conveys the context and lived experiences of 20 street-involved youth in Victoria BC, who live both on the streets and on line simultaneously (boyd, 2008a). Using a narrative methodology, including poetry, I explore how these realities affect the grief experiences after a death. Youth strategize to find access to computers and cell phones, using free wifi, sharing minutes, or buying or trading devices in the street economy in order to communicate through texting and viewing and posting to Facebook. Dire financial and unstable living situations, the complex and difficult relationships they have with both family and friends and the traumatic circumstances they have endured directly contributes to stress and anxiety and the ways they grieve the losses of people in their lives. This vulnerability, violence and instability is entangled both in their face to face interactions and in private and public communications online. It is also directly connected to the concept of precarity: “that politically induced condition in which certain populations suffer from failing social and economic networks of support and become differentially exposed to injury, violence, and death” (Butler, 2009, p.ii). There are several key findings from youths’ narratives. First, although youth often see themselves as outsiders from “regular society”, they have taken up a normative discourse of a “grieving subject” in their language and stories. This is a discourse of progress that includes stages and tasks and the understanding that to grieve is to do work. I argue that for many youth, this discourse is heightened because the stakes are high: their lives are surveilled by police and child protective services. Sometimes shunned by family of the deceased, or without private spaces to mourn, their expressions of grief are exposed and sometimes criminalized. Second, I argue that throughout their narratives, youth position themselves as moral beings and actors talking about and making sense of death through hierarchies of values and decisions, and framing the death as an opportunity to explore how they want to be in the world or how the world should be. This vision of street-involved youth actively experimenting in the moral laboratory (Mattingly, 2013) of the street and the moral predicaments they faced when grieving challenges the social stereotypes of street-involved youth as delinquent, loners, dysfunctional, refusing to ‘grow up’ and ‘be responsible.’ Third, youth spoke about negotiating and managing relationships both in person and within the affordances of social networking sites (boyd 2009) such as the visibility and persistence of online discussions. My findings demonstrate that these affordances have implications after a death. For example, youth were wrestling with the performances of grief online, trying to make sense “to what extent these declarations of grief are public posturing and to what extent they are genuine, personal expressions of deep feeling” (Dobler, 2006, p.180). Youth caution about posting too quickly about the death online, so that family or close friends would not have to find out online. They value communication that is private, face-to-face, or by phone that is intentional and acknowledges the importance of relationship with the deceased. Their thoughtful expertise can help all of us as we try to navigate the experiences of grieving online. Although they shared a great deal of ambivalence for the place of social media in their lives, for many it is a powerful tool to tell themselves and others about who they are and how they want to be remembered. / Graduate

This study identifies effective practices in the design of alternative education programs; and more specifically, programs that support the positive social engagement and healthy development of adolescents who have left the public education system and are labeled as marginalized or street involved. Effective practices were identified theoretically through a critic of current educational practices within the North-American public system and through the application of an integral systems theory framework of human development that identifies patterns of relationships between seemingly divergent perspectives in order to achieve the broadest breath of understanding through the inclusion of the truths held within each. A case study of a program that applied these practices within a community agricultural context was then analyzed to test their relevancy in the field. Through an analysis applying qualitative descriptive methodologies the following practices were identified as being effective in supporting positive engagement: 1) an experiential curriculum geared towards developing employable skills, 2) program activities that directly contributed to the local community, 3) the provision of a wage for program participants 4) adults facilitating the program trained in providing supportive caring relationships, 5) program peer groups being composed of youth and young adults of mixed ages and socio-economic backgrounds with marginalized youth being a minority, 6) a social co-operative organizational structure to administer the program. Limitations of the study were the small number of youth sampled as a result of the nature of the structure of the program in the case study. / Graduate

Cette étude a pour objectif de comprendre les significations que les jeunes en situation de rue à Montréal accordent à leurs relations intimes. Si la plupart des travaux empiriques misent essentiellement sur les risques que présentent les activités sexuelles pour la santé des jeunes en situation de rue, peu d’entre eux tentent de comprendre, à partir du point de vue des jeunes eux-mêmes, le sens qu’ils donnent à leurs relations intimes. C’est à la lumière de ces travaux que cette étude propose de dépasser une lecture réductrice de l’intimité de ces jeunes en appréhendant l’articulation entre leurs expériences intimes et leurs expériences de rue. Inspirée de la sociologie de l’expérience de Dubet (1994), cette étude s’intéresse à la construction de l’expérience intime des jeunes en situation de rue dans un rapport dynamique entre leur espace d’autonomie et les conditions sociales qui les encadrent. Ce cadre d’analyse permet de rompre avec les travaux qui présentent ces jeunes soit comme des victimes passives des conditions de vie précaires de la situation de rue, soit comme des êtres imprudents ou insouciants en matière de sexualité. S’inscrivant dans une méthodologie qualitative, des entrevues individuelles ont été réalisées auprès de trente-deux jeunes en situation de rue (18 femmes et 14 hommes) âgés de 18 à 27 ans (moyenne = 22 ans). Les témoignages de ces jeunes ont été analysés à partir d’une méthode typologique (Schnapper, 2005) qui a permis d’élaborer des types-idéaux d’expériences intimes en situation de rue, les « figures de l’intimité ». L’analyse des témoignages a permis de dégager cinq figures de l’intimité en situation de rue: la réussite criminelle, le retrait, la survie, l’engagement et l’enfermement. Si chacune de ces figures propose des articulations singulières entre les expériences intimes et les expériences de rue des jeunes à Montréal, cette analyse permet néanmoins de soulever des recoupements théoriques entre les types-idéaux identifiés dans cette étude. Il est possible de constater que les jeunes des figures de la réussite criminelle et de l’engagement tissent une expérience intégrée de la situation de rue par la construction d’un sentiment d’appartenance à un groupe de pairs, tandis que ceux des figures du retrait et de la survie témoignent d’une expérience de rejet où la situation de rue est considérée comme disqualifiante. Également, l’analyse des témoignages illustre que les jeunes des figures du retrait et de l’engagement rapportent une subjectivation des partenaires intimes par un engagement affectif et émotionnel, tandis que ceux des figures de la réussite criminelle et de la survie décrivent une objectivation de la sexualité pour répondre à différents besoins. Cette étude met donc en lumière l’importance d’appréhender l’articulation entre les relations intimes des jeunes et le rapport qu’ils entretiennent à l’égard de la situation de rue afin de saisir la pluralité et la complexité de leurs expériences de vie. / The objective of this study is to understand how street-involved youth in Montreal experience their intimate relationships. Most studies focused on sexual health and HIV infection risks. However, little is known about the meanings they give to their intimate relationships and how they are influenced by the street life. In this study, the relationship between intimate experiences and street experiences of young street-involved people is explored. Inspired by the sociology of experience (Dubet, 1994), this study focuses on the construction of the intimate experience of street-involved youth, assuming a dynamic relationship between their agency and the social and material conditions of the street life. This analytical framework allows us to overcome the empirical works which present these youth as passive victims of precarious living conditions or as careless and reckless when it comes to sexuality. Individual interviews were conducted with thirty-two street-involved youth (18 women and 14 men) aged from 18 to 27 years old (mean = 22 years old). The testimonies were analyzed within a qualitative typological framework (Schnapper, 2005), allowing the construction of ideal types of intimate experiences in the street life, the “figures of intimacy”. Five figures of intimacy in the street life among young people were constructed based on the testimonies analysis: criminal success, withdrawal, survival, commitment and confinement. Each of these figures offers a unique dynamic description between intimate experiences and street experiences of the participants. The analysis shows some overlaps between the figures. Youth from the criminal success and the commitment figures build a sense of belonging to a peer group in the street situation, while youth from the withdrawal and survival figures perceived the street situation as disqualifying and try to stay away from other street-involved young people. Also, participants from the criminal success and survival figures reported a subjectivation of the intimate partner through emotional commitment. In contrast, youth in the withdrawal and the commitment figures showed a tendency to instrumentalize sexuality in order to satisfy various needs. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the dynamic between intimate relationships and the street life to capture the diversity and the complexity of the life experiences of the street-involved young people.

Cette étude a pour objectif de comprendre les significations que les jeunes en situation de rue à Montréal accordent à leurs relations intimes. Si la plupart des travaux empiriques misent essentiellement sur les risques que présentent les activités sexuelles pour la santé des jeunes en situation de rue, peu d’entre eux tentent de comprendre, à partir du point de vue des jeunes eux-mêmes, le sens qu’ils donnent à leurs relations intimes. C’est à la lumière de ces travaux que cette étude propose de dépasser une lecture réductrice de l’intimité de ces jeunes en appréhendant l’articulation entre leurs expériences intimes et leurs expériences de rue. Inspirée de la sociologie de l’expérience de Dubet (1994), cette étude s’intéresse à la construction de l’expérience intime des jeunes en situation de rue dans un rapport dynamique entre leur espace d’autonomie et les conditions sociales qui les encadrent. Ce cadre d’analyse permet de rompre avec les travaux qui présentent ces jeunes soit comme des victimes passives des conditions de vie précaires de la situation de rue, soit comme des êtres imprudents ou insouciants en matière de sexualité. S’inscrivant dans une méthodologie qualitative, des entrevues individuelles ont été réalisées auprès de trente-deux jeunes en situation de rue (18 femmes et 14 hommes) âgés de 18 à 27 ans (moyenne = 22 ans). Les témoignages de ces jeunes ont été analysés à partir d’une méthode typologique (Schnapper, 2005) qui a permis d’élaborer des types-idéaux d’expériences intimes en situation de rue, les « figures de l’intimité ». L’analyse des témoignages a permis de dégager cinq figures de l’intimité en situation de rue: la réussite criminelle, le retrait, la survie, l’engagement et l’enfermement. Si chacune de ces figures propose des articulations singulières entre les expériences intimes et les expériences de rue des jeunes à Montréal, cette analyse permet néanmoins de soulever des recoupements théoriques entre les types-idéaux identifiés dans cette étude. Il est possible de constater que les jeunes des figures de la réussite criminelle et de l’engagement tissent une expérience intégrée de la situation de rue par la construction d’un sentiment d’appartenance à un groupe de pairs, tandis que ceux des figures du retrait et de la survie témoignent d’une expérience de rejet où la situation de rue est considérée comme disqualifiante. Également, l’analyse des témoignages illustre que les jeunes des figures du retrait et de l’engagement rapportent une subjectivation des partenaires intimes par un engagement affectif et émotionnel, tandis que ceux des figures de la réussite criminelle et de la survie décrivent une objectivation de la sexualité pour répondre à différents besoins. Cette étude met donc en lumière l’importance d’appréhender l’articulation entre les relations intimes des jeunes et le rapport qu’ils entretiennent à l’égard de la situation de rue afin de saisir la pluralité et la complexité de leurs expériences de vie. / The objective of this study is to understand how street-involved youth in Montreal experience their intimate relationships. Most studies focused on sexual health and HIV infection risks. However, little is known about the meanings they give to their intimate relationships and how they are influenced by the street life. In this study, the relationship between intimate experiences and street experiences of young street-involved people is explored. Inspired by the sociology of experience (Dubet, 1994), this study focuses on the construction of the intimate experience of street-involved youth, assuming a dynamic relationship between their agency and the social and material conditions of the street life. This analytical framework allows us to overcome the empirical works which present these youth as passive victims of precarious living conditions or as careless and reckless when it comes to sexuality. Individual interviews were conducted with thirty-two street-involved youth (18 women and 14 men) aged from 18 to 27 years old (mean = 22 years old). The testimonies were analyzed within a qualitative typological framework (Schnapper, 2005), allowing the construction of ideal types of intimate experiences in the street life, the “figures of intimacy”. Five figures of intimacy in the street life among young people were constructed based on the testimonies analysis: criminal success, withdrawal, survival, commitment and confinement. Each of these figures offers a unique dynamic description between intimate experiences and street experiences of the participants. The analysis shows some overlaps between the figures. Youth from the criminal success and the commitment figures build a sense of belonging to a peer group in the street situation, while youth from the withdrawal and survival figures perceived the street situation as disqualifying and try to stay away from other street-involved young people. Also, participants from the criminal success and survival figures reported a subjectivation of the intimate partner through emotional commitment. In contrast, youth in the withdrawal and the commitment figures showed a tendency to instrumentalize sexuality in order to satisfy various needs. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the dynamic between intimate relationships and the street life to capture the diversity and the complexity of the life experiences of the street-involved young people.