No description available.

<p>Abstract 1.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects whole body vibrations on maximal strength, power output and neuromuscular activity in m. pectoralis major during bench press.</p><p>Participants consisted of 35 male and 9 female military high school students (m=23, 1 years). On the basis of initial maximal performances in bench press the participants was divided into two experiments groups and one control group. Intervention groups performed a specifically designed push up program on a vibrating plate respectively a step board during 12 weeks</p><p> </p><p>Initial load at 60 % of 1 RM showed an average of 46, 5 kg. All groups showed an average increase of 13 kg for each person after 12 weeks. Initial value for power output showed a mean of 265 watt, which also showed an increase with an average of 7 watt (with a load equivalent of 60 % of 1 RM at the current test occasion), respectively an increase of 41 watt (with the load performed during the first test occasion). A positive correlation existed between the load at 60 % of 1 RM and achieved power output. No significant differences between groups were exposed concerning estimated maximum strength or power output in bench press. </p><p>All participants showed an increase in strength development, indicating that vibration stimuli could be compared to traditional push ups training without vibrations. Vibrations seem to have more effects on the magnitude of recruited motor units, why vibrations training could be a good complement to established strength training.</p><p>Abstract 2. </p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects whole body vibrations on strength development, power output and neuromuscular activity in m. pectoralis major during bench press. The purpose was also to examine what roll self-efficacy plays in strength tasks. </p><p>Participants consisted of 35 male and 9 female military high school students (m=23, 1 years). On the basis of initial maximal performances in bench press the participants was divided into two experiments groups and one control group. Intervention groups performed a specifically designed push up program on a vibrating plate respectively a step board during 12 weeks. All participants answered a battery of questionnaires concerning backgrounds, motives for sport participation, self-efficacy and efficacy sources. </p><p>Initial load at 60 % of 1 RM showed an average of 46, 5 kg (sd = 13, 8). All groups showed an average increase of 13 kg for each person after 12 weeks. Initial value for power output showed a mean of 265 watt, which also showed an increase with an average of 7 watt (with a load equivalent of 60 % of 1 RM at the current test occasion), respectively an increase of 41 watt (with the load performed during the first test occasion). A positive correlation existed between the load at 60 % of 1 RM and achieved power output. No significant differences between groups were exposed concerning estimated maximum strength or power output in bench press. Gender differences showed that men lifted significantly heavier loads at 60 % of 1RM compared to women. </p><p>No significant differences could be seen between the groups concerning self efficacy. Gender differences were exposed concerning self-efficacy to push ups with a pat. The efficacy sources “performance accomplishments” was valuated to be the most influential to form self-efficacy expectations. A strong positive relationship between “performance accomplishments” and achieved self-efficacy to push ups with pats were shown. Self-efficacy to push ups with a pat also correlated positively with power output and performed 60 % of 1 RM in bench press. </p><p>All participants showed an increase in strength development, indicating that vibration stimuli could be compared to traditional push ups training without vibrations. Vibrations seem to have more effects on the magnitude of recruited motor units, why vibrations training could be a good complement to established strength training. Participants relatively high self-efficacy to strength tasks is probably a result of performance accomplishments in there own strength straining rather than the intervention training. Positive relationships between self-efficacy and power output as well as performed 60 % of 1 RM in bench press, indicating that high self-efficacy have a positive influence on strength performance. </p><p>Keywords: estimated maximal strength (1RM), neuromuscular activity, power output, self-efficacy.</p>

Abstract 1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects whole body vibrations on maximal strength, power output and neuromuscular activity in m. pectoralis major during bench press. Participants consisted of 35 male and 9 female military high school students (m=23, 1 years). On the basis of initial maximal performances in bench press the participants was divided into two experiments groups and one control group. Intervention groups performed a specifically designed push up program on a vibrating plate respectively a step board during 12 weeks Initial load at 60 % of 1 RM showed an average of 46, 5 kg. All groups showed an average increase of 13 kg for each person after 12 weeks. Initial value for power output showed a mean of 265 watt, which also showed an increase with an average of 7 watt (with a load equivalent of 60 % of 1 RM at the current test occasion), respectively an increase of 41 watt (with the load performed during the first test occasion). A positive correlation existed between the load at 60 % of 1 RM and achieved power output. No significant differences between groups were exposed concerning estimated maximum strength or power output in bench press. All participants showed an increase in strength development, indicating that vibration stimuli could be compared to traditional push ups training without vibrations. Vibrations seem to have more effects on the magnitude of recruited motor units, why vibrations training could be a good complement to established strength training. Abstract 2. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects whole body vibrations on strength development, power output and neuromuscular activity in m. pectoralis major during bench press. The purpose was also to examine what roll self-efficacy plays in strength tasks. Participants consisted of 35 male and 9 female military high school students (m=23, 1 years). On the basis of initial maximal performances in bench press the participants was divided into two experiments groups and one control group. Intervention groups performed a specifically designed push up program on a vibrating plate respectively a step board during 12 weeks. All participants answered a battery of questionnaires concerning backgrounds, motives for sport participation, self-efficacy and efficacy sources. Initial load at 60 % of 1 RM showed an average of 46, 5 kg (sd = 13, 8). All groups showed an average increase of 13 kg for each person after 12 weeks. Initial value for power output showed a mean of 265 watt, which also showed an increase with an average of 7 watt (with a load equivalent of 60 % of 1 RM at the current test occasion), respectively an increase of 41 watt (with the load performed during the first test occasion). A positive correlation existed between the load at 60 % of 1 RM and achieved power output. No significant differences between groups were exposed concerning estimated maximum strength or power output in bench press. Gender differences showed that men lifted significantly heavier loads at 60 % of 1RM compared to women. No significant differences could be seen between the groups concerning self efficacy. Gender differences were exposed concerning self-efficacy to push ups with a pat. The efficacy sources “performance accomplishments” was valuated to be the most influential to form self-efficacy expectations. A strong positive relationship between “performance accomplishments” and achieved self-efficacy to push ups with pats were shown. Self-efficacy to push ups with a pat also correlated positively with power output and performed 60 % of 1 RM in bench press. All participants showed an increase in strength development, indicating that vibration stimuli could be compared to traditional push ups training without vibrations. Vibrations seem to have more effects on the magnitude of recruited motor units, why vibrations training could be a good complement to established strength training. Participants relatively high self-efficacy to strength tasks is probably a result of performance accomplishments in there own strength straining rather than the intervention training. Positive relationships between self-efficacy and power output as well as performed 60 % of 1 RM in bench press, indicating that high self-efficacy have a positive influence on strength performance. Keywords: estimated maximal strength (1RM), neuromuscular activity, power output, self-efficacy.

No description available.

O treinamento de força promove hipertrofia muscular esquelética e aumento da capacidade de gerar força. É preconizado que a ocorrência dessas adaptações depende da especificidade do estímulo de treinamento. De acordo com esse princípio, é esperado que as respostas adaptativas fossem específicas ao estímulo aplicado. Entretanto, tem sido observado, por exemplo, que os modelos de treinamento de força e treinamento de potência, relacionados especificamente a adaptações centrais, induzem semelhantes ganhos em força e hipertrofia. Diante dessas evidências, surgiram questionamentos sobre a validade desse princípio. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do treinamento de força e potência sobre a expressão do gene da miostatina (MSTN), associada ao controle do tamanho do músculo esquelético, e de genes relacionado a essa via de sinalização: FLST, FL3, GASP-1, ActIIB, SMAD-7 e FOXO-3A. Homens saudáveis, fisicamente ativos, foram randomicamente distribuídos, de forma balanceada, em três grupos: controle, força e potência. Os grupos treinados foram submetidos a oito semanas de intervenção (treinamento de força e treinamento de potência). Foram coletadas amostras de tecido muscular (vasto lateral) via biópsia percutânea nas condições pré e pós-treinamento. Essas amostras foram utilizadas para a análise da expressão de genes envolvidos na sinalização da MSTN por meio da PCR em tempo real. Não foi verificada alteração na expressão gênica de MSTN, ActIIB, GASP-1 e FOXO-3A após o treinamento de força e o treinamento de potência. Porém, foram observadas alterações no conteúdo de RNAm para FLST, FL3 e SMAD-7. Essas alterações foram semelhantes entre os distintos protocolos de treinamento. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que ambos os modelos de treinamento de força são capazes de induzir resposta similar sobre a expressão de genes envolvidos na sinalização da MSTN. A ausência de respostas específicas dentro do período investigado aponta para a necessidade de investigar o curso temporal das adaptações aos diferentes modelos de treinamento de força em longo prazo / Resistance training promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increased ability to generate force. It is recommended that the occurrence of these adaptations depend on the specificity of the training stimulus. According to this principle, it is expected that the adaptive responses were specific to stimuli applied. However, it has been observed, for example, that models of strength training and power training, specifically related to central adaptations, induce similar gains in strength and hypertrophy. Given this evidence, questions arose about the validity of this principle. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of strength training and power on the expression of the myostatin gene (MSTN) associated with the control of skeletal muscle size and genes related to this signaling pathway: FLST, FL3, GASP-1, ActIIB, SMAD-7 and FOXO-7-3A. Men healthy, physically active, were randomly divided into three groups: control, strength and power. The trained groups underwent eight weeks of intervention (strength training and power training). Samples pre-and post-training were collected from muscle tissue by percutaneous biopsy of the vastus lateralis. These samples were used for analysis of the expression of genes involved in signaling MSTN by real time PCR. No change was observed in gene expression of MSTN, ActIIB, GASP-1 and FOXO-3A after strength training and power training. However, changes were observed in the content of mRNA for FLST, FL3 and SMAD-7. These changes were similar among the different training protocols. The results of this study suggest that both models of resistance training are able to induce a similar response on the expression of genes involved in signaling MSTN. The absence of specific responses within the investigated period points to the need to investigate the time course of adaptations to different models of resistance training in the long term

A manutenção da qualidade de vida e da independência dos idosos está diretamente relacionada com a funcionalidade, a qual depende da estrutura e função do sistema musculoesquelético. Entender a relação entre parâmetros musculares e a funcionalidade em idosos possibilita delinear programas de treinamento adequados para prolongar a independência funcional dessa população. Nesse sentido, estudos mostram que o treinamento de força leva a ganhos de estrutura e função muscular, e de funcionalidade. Tarefas funcionais são realizadas utilizando diferentes tipos de contrações musculares. Porém, na literatura não há um consenso sobre a relação entre os parâmetros musculares e a funcionalidade em idosos, nem os efeitos de treinamentos de força utilizando diferentes tipos de contrações sobre a estrutura e função musculares, e a funcionalidade. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivos (1) identificar quais parâmetros estruturais e de função muscular de membros inferiores apresentam melhor relação e podem explicar o desempenho em tarefas funcionais; (2) revisar sistematicamente a literatura quanto aos efeitos de treinos com diferentes tipos de contrações para idosos; e (3) investigar os efeitos de um treinamento de força concêntrico versus um treinamento concêntrico-excêntrico para a musculatura flexora e extensora do joelho sobre parâmetros de estrutura e função muscular e funcionalidade de homens idosos. Para atingir esses objetivos, a presente tese foi dividida em quatro capítulos. No Capítulo 1, verificou-se a relação entre parâmetros de estrutura e função muscular de membros inferiores (arquitetura muscular, eco intensidade e força isométrica) e parâmetros funcionais (testes Timed Up and Go e sentar-e-levantar, marcha no solo e marcha com transposição de obstáculo em velocidade preferida e máxima). No Capítulo 2, investigou-se parâmetros estruturais e de função muscular de flexores e extensores de joelho (torque isométrico, concêntrico e excêntrico, potência, taxa de produção de força, eco intensidade e arquitetura muscular), considerando, assim, além dos parâmetros investigados no Capítulo 1, parâmetros de força dinâmica e os relacionando com diferentes testes funcionais (sentar-e-levantar, Timed Up and Go, equilíbrio, velocidade de marcha, caminhada de seis minutos, subida e descida de degraus e salto vertical). Os principais achados desses estudos demonstram que a estrutura dos músculos vasto lateral e tibial anterior, e o torque concêntrico de extensores de joelho foram os parâmetros com melhor relação com a funcionalidade. Para verificar a influência do treino de força com diferentes tipos de contração sobre parâmetros de estrutura e função muscular e funcionalidade, no Capítulo 3 realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de estudos envolvendo treinamento de força isocinética para membros inferiores em idosos. Verificamos que tanto o treino de força concêntrico quanto o excêntrico apresentam efeitos positivos sobre a função muscular e a funcionalidade. Porém, a capacidade funcional foi investigada em apenas um estudo, e a estrutura muscular em nenhum deles. Além disso, nenhum dos estudos realizou um treino combinando diferentes tipos de contração, o que poderia ser mais benéfico para os idosos. Portanto, no Capítulo 4 são apresentados dados preliminares do estudo envolvendo treinamento de força para homens idosos, onde um grupo realizou treinamento exclusivamente concêntrico e outro treino concêntrico-excêntrico para flexores e extensores de joelho. Os indivíduos foram avaliados quanto aos mesmos parâmetros do Capítulo 2 em três momentos: basal, duas semanas após a avaliação basal e ao final do treinamento. Os dados preliminares demonstram que ambos os grupos de treino apresentaram ganhos tanto musculares quanto funcionais após o treinamento. / Aging with quality of life is the biggest challenge for the elderly. Quality of life and independence maintenance are directly related to functionality, which depends on the musculoskeletal system structure and function. Understanding the relationship between muscular parameters and functionality in the elderly allows designing appropriate training programs to prolong this population’s functional independence. In this sense, studies show that the strength training lead to muscle structure and function and functionality gains. Functional tasks are performed utilizing different types of muscle contraction. However, there is no a consensus in the literature considering the relationship between muscle parameters and functionality in the elderly, nor considering the effects of strength trainings utilizing different contraction types on muscle’s structure and function, and on functionality. Thus, the present study had as objectives (1) to identify which lower limbs structural and muscular function parameters present better relation and can explain performance in functional tasks, (2) systematically review the literature about the effects of trainings with different contraction types for older subjects, and (3) to investigate the effects of concentric strength training versus concentric-eccentric training for knee flexors and extensors muscles on parameters of muscle structure and function and functionality in the elderly. To achieve these objectives, this thesis was divided into four chapters. In Chapter 1, the relationship between structural parameters and lower limb muscle function (muscular architecture, echo intensity and isometric strength) and functional parameters (Timed Up and Go and sit-to-stand tests, gait with and without obstacles at the preferred and maximum speed) was verified. In Chapter 2, the relationship between knee flexors and extensors structural parameters and muscle function (isometric, concentric and eccentric torque, power, rate of force production, echo intensity and muscular architecture) and functionality (sit-to-stand, Timed Up and Go, balance, walking speed, six-minute walk test, stair ascent and descent, and vertical jump) was investigated, considering, in addition to the parameters investigated in the Chapter 1, parameters of dynamic strength. The main findings demonstrate that the vastus lateralis and tibialis anterior muscles structure, and the knee extensor concentric torque were the parameters with better relation with functionality. In order to verify the influence of the strength training with different types of contractions on parameters of structure and muscular function and functionality, a systematic review of studies involving lower limb strength training in the elderly, performed on isokinetic dynamometers, was carried out in Chapter 3. We found that both concentric and eccentric strength training have positive effects on muscle function and functionality. However, functional capacity was investigated in only one study, while muscle structure in none of them. In addition, no studies performed a strength training combining different types of contraction, which could be more beneficial for older individuals. Therefore, Chapter 4 presents preliminary data from the study involving strength training for elderly men where one group performed exclusively concentric training and another concentric-eccentric training for knee flexors and extensors. Subjects were assessed for the same parameters of Chapter 2 at three different times: baseline, two weeks after baseline assessment and after training. Preliminary results indicate that both groups presented muscular and functional gains after the training period.

Bakgrund Styrketräning har många positiva hälsoaspekter, dock är skador vanligt förekommande. Det har inte gjorts någon tidigare forskning där man jämfört skadeprevalensen vid styrketräning på egen hand i gym och vid bodypump, två styrketräningsformer som utförs på lite olika sätt, men båda med fokus på styrka.   Syftet var att undersöka om det fanns skillnader gällande skadeprevalens och typ av skada mellan styrketräning på egen hand i gym och bodypump och om det fanns några skillnader hos män respektive hos kvinnor gällande de två träningsformerna. Studien ämnade även att undersöka och beskriva vilka faktorer som verkade ha orsakat skada vid egen styrketräning i gym och vid bodypump.   Metod Studien hade en deskriptiv och komparativ design. Totalt 60 personer från SATS Sofo deltog i undersökningen, 30 personer som tränade styrketräning på egen hand i gym och 30 personer som tränade bodypump. Data samlades in genom att deltagarna fick svara på en egenkonstruerad enkät med frågor rörande deras träning och eventuell skada och orsak till skada.   Resultat Skillnad i skadeprevalens sågs mellan styrketräning på egen hand i gym och bodypump, p=0,01. Däremot sågs inga skillnader i skadeprevalens hos männen (p=0,09) respektive hos kvinnorna (p=0,06) mellan de två träningsformerna. Det fanns heller inga skillnader gällande skadetyp mellan de två träningsformerna (p=1), inte heller hos män (p=1) eller hos kvinnor (p=1).   Slutsats Det är lägre risk att skada sig vid bodypump än vid styrketräning på egen hand i gym. Fler och större studier behöver göras för att kunna göra några större generaliseringar angående typ av skada, orsak och könsskillnader. / Background Strength training has many positive health aspects, however, injuries are common. There has been no previous research comparing the injury prevalence of strength training on your own in the gym and at bodypump, two strength training exercise performed in slightly different ways, but both focusing on strength.   The aim was to investigate whether there were differences regarding injury prevalence, type of injury between strength training on your own in the gym and bodypump and if there were any differences between men and between women, respectively. The study also aimed at investigating and describing the factors that seemed to have caused injuries in strength training on your own in the gym and at bodypump.   Method The study had a descriptive and comparative design. A total of 60 people from SATS Sofo participated in the survey, 30 people who did strength training on their own in the gym and 30 people participating in bodypump. Data was collected by respondents to a self-designed questionnaire with questions about their training and possible injury and cause of injury.   Results Differences in injury prevalence were seen between strength training on your own in gym and bodypump, p=0,01. On the other hand, no differences were observed regarding men’s injury prevalence (p=0,09) and in women (p=0,06) respectively, between the two types of exercise. There were also no differences regarding the type of injury between the two types of exercise (p=1), nor in men (p=1) or in women (p=1).   Conclusion There is less risk for injuries at bodypump than at strength training on your own in the gym. More and larger studies are needed to be able to generalize the type of injury, cause and gender differences.

A proposta deste estudo foi comparar dois modelos de treinamento resistido em grupos e com música, denominado “ginástica localizada”, sendo eles; treinamento resistido de alta intensidade (GI), e treinamento resistido de alto volume (GV) e seus efeitos sobre a massa corporal (PESO), somatório de dobras cutâneas (DC), percentual de gordura corporal (FAT), consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico), limiar ventilátório (LV), tempo de exaustão (TE), tempo do limiar ventilatório (TLV), percentual do consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2%), e flexibilidade através da extensão horizontal do ombro (EHO), flexão do quadril (FLEXQ), extensão do quadril (EXTQ) e abdução do quadril (ABDQ). Dezenove mulheres adultas (26,5 ± 3,3 anos), foram divididas em três grupos a GI (n = 4), GV (n = 9) e grupo controle GC (n = 6). Os grupos GI e GV treinaram 3 sessões semanais por 22 semanas. Em todos os grupos (GI, GV e GC), as variáveis analisadas foram comparadas através da analise da variância (ANOVA) e em caso de diferenças significativas, foi utilizado o teste post hoc de Tuckey (p< 0,05). Para os casos não paramétricos foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e seu respectivo post hoc. O GV diminuiu significativamente DC (198,7 ± 85,5 para 179,2 ± 81,5 cm), FAT (32,7 ± 9,7 to 30,5 ± 9,9 %), e incrementou significativamente o TE (444,8 ± 110 para 481± 98 sec), TLV (313,5 ± 73,2 para 396,1 ± 86,3) e ABDQ (79,6 ± 9,8 para 86,5 ± 7,9 graus). O grupo GI incrementou significativamente PESO (69,7 ± 9,7 to 70,4 ± 9,0 kg). Os resultados revelam que não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos para VO2pico, LV, VO2%, EHO, FLEXQ e EXTQ. Em suma, ambos os grupos apresentaram significantes efeitos sobre a composição corporal decorrentes de 22 semanas de treinamento. Os resultados mostram que o programa de treinamento resistido de altovolume é mais efetivo para a aptidão cardiorrespiratória no que diz respeito ao tempo de exaustão e tempo do segundo limiar ventilatório, em mulheres adultas. / The purpose of this study is to compare two models of resistance training for groups (with music) named “ginástica localizada”, that consist of high intensity resistance training (GI), and high volume resistance training (GV) for effects in body weight (BW), body fat (BF), skin fold measures (SM), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), gas exchange anaerobic threshold (AT), time to exhaustion (ET), percentile of peak oxygen consumption ( VO2peak), time of gas exchange anaerobic threshold (TAT), and flexibility through shoulder extension (SE), as well as hip flexion (HF), hip extension (HE), and hip abduction (HA). Nineteen adult women (age between 26,5 and 33) were randomly assigned to a GI (n= 4), GV (n= 9) and control group GC (n= 6). The GI and GV trained 3 times a week during 22 weeks. In all groups (GI, GV and GC), the variables analyzed were compared through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if there were significant differences, the Turkey’s post hoc test was used. To non-parametric cases, it was used a Kruskal-Wallis’s test and the respective post hoc. The GV decreased significantly in SM (from 198,7 ± 85,5 to 179,2 ± 81,5 cm), BF (from 32,7 ± 9,7 to 30,5 ± 9,9 %), and increased significantly in ET (from 444,8 ± 110 to 481± 98 sec), TAT (from 313,5 ± 73,2 to 396,1 ± 86,3) and HA (from 79,6 ± 9,8 to 86,5 ± 7,9 degrees). The GI increased significantly BW (from 69,7 ± 9,7 to 70,4 ± 9,0 kg). The results did not show important differences between GI and GV on VO2peak, AT, VO2peak, SE, HF and HE. In summary, both groups increased significantly the improvement in body composition as a result of the 22-weeks of training. The results show that the high volume resistance-training program is more effective to improve cardio respiratory fitness in time to exhaustion and time of gas exchange anaerobic threshold for adult women.

A popularização do treinamento resistido associada a busca pelo corpo perfeito traz consigo uma maior procura por recursos anabolizantes por atletas e amadores. A utilização de anabolizantes geralmente ocorre em associação com outras substâncias, o que pode agravar os seus efeitos colaterais. Apesar de haver vários estudos abordando os efeitos colaterais do decanoato de nandrolona, pouco se conhece sobre a sua associação com treinamento resistido e Lepidium meyenii. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do treinamento resistido associado a decanoato de nandrolona e Lepidium meyenni (Maca) sob o peso corporal, parâmetros comportamentais e hepáticos em ratos wistar. Para isso, foi aplicado um modelo experimental com 60 ratos adultos, divididos em cinco grupos: controle sedentário (SC), treinamento resistido (ST), decanoato de nandrolona sedentário (ND), Lepidium meyenii sedentário (LM) e treinamento resistido decanoato de nandrolona e Lepidium meyenii (STNL). O protocolo de treinamento resistido consta de 3 séries com 10 repetições com 80% 1RM e teve duração de 5 semanas, com freqüência de 3 vezes por semana no aparato proposto por Tamaki et al. (1992). O decanoato de nandrolona intramuscular na dose de 18mg/kg/semana e Lepidium meyenii na dose de 450 mg/kg/semana foi administrado por gavagem. Ao término do treinamento, foram realizados os seguintes testes comportamentais: Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (Plus-Maze), Reconhecimento de Objeto e Residente-Intruso. Para avaliação hepática foram realizadas as seguintes análises bioquímicas: alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e gama glutamiltransferase (GGT). Foram observado efeitos positivos da administração de decanoato de nandrolona, Lepidium meyenii e treinamento resistido sob o peso (SC 490,0 g ± 2,9 g; ST 450,0 g ± 1,3 g; ND 410 g ± 1,0 g; LM 430 g ± 1,4 g e STNL 390 g ± 0,7 g). Os testes comportamentais apresentaram alterações em um ou mais grupos para os parâmetros de agressividade, ansiedade e memória. No Labirinto em Cruz Elevado encontrou-se menor número de entradas no braços abertos do grupo ST (SC 2,50 ± 0,62; ST 1,42 ± 0,26; ND 1,58 ± 0,39; LM 1,57 ± 0,33 e STNL 1,58 ± 0,19), menor número de entradas nos braços fechados nos grupos ST e STNL (SC 6,13 ± 0,93; ST 2,75 ± 0,67; ND 3,25 ± 0,52; LM 4,17 ± 0,45 e STNL 2,33 ± 0,33) e menor tempo de permanência no grupo ST (SC 42,88 s ± 13,88 s; ST 17,67 s ± 70 s; ND 28,50 s ± 12,50 s; LM 20,42 s ± 5,8 s e STNL 34,25 s ± 15,24 s). No teste residente intruso observou-se menor número de ataques nos grupos ST e LM (SC 9,13 ± 2,31; ST 6,00 ± 1,38; ND 8,50 ± 1,25; LM 5,75 ± 1,01 e STNL 8,75 ± 1,46). No teste para memória verificou-se menor índice de reconhecimento de objeto nos grupos ND e LM (SC 0,27 ± 0,20; ST 0,01 ± 0,20; ND -0,35 ± 0,16; LM -0,23 ± 0,16 e STNL -0,23 ± 0,21). Apesar de não terem sido encontradas variações significativas nas análises bioquímicas (AST, ALT, FAL e GGT), houve uma diminuição significativa no peso do fígado nos grupos ND e STNL, (SC 14,4 g ± 0,4 g; ST 14,62 g ± 1,0 g; ND 11,61 g ± 04 g; LM 13,7 g ± 0,5 g e STNL 11,82 g ± 0,5 g), sugerindo lesão hepática. Com base nestes resultados não recomenda-se o uso de esteróides anabolizantes ou a sua associação com Lepidium meyenii. / The popularization of strength training associated with the search for the perfect body increases the demand for anabolic resources for athletes and amateurs. The use of anabolic steroids often occurs in combination with other substances, which may worsen the side effects. Although there are several studies addressing the side effects of nandrolone decanoate, little is known about its association with strength training and Lepidium meyenii. This study aims to evaluate the effect of strength training associated with nandrolone decanoate and Lepidium meyenni (Maca) on body mass, behavioral and liver parameter in Wistar rats. For this, an experimental model was applied to 60 adult rats were divided into five groups: sedentary control (SC), strength training (ST), nandrolone decanoate sedentary (ND), Lepidium meyenii sedentary (LM) and strength training, nandrolone decanoate and Lepidium meyenii (STNL). The strength training protocol consist of 3 series 10 repetitions 80% 1RM and was performed three times a week for five weeks in the apparatus proposed by Tamaki et al. (1992). The nandrolone decanoate intramuscular injection at a dose of 18 mg/kg/week and Lepidium meyenii at 450 mg/kg/week was administered by gavage. At the end of training, the following behavioral tests were performed: Plus-Maze Test, Object Recognition Test and Resident-Intruder. For liver evaluation were made biochemical analysis: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). It was observed positive effects of administration of nandrolone decanoate, Lepidium meyenii and strength training on body mass (SC 490,0 g ± 2,9 g; ST 450,0 g ± 1,3 g; ND 410 g ± 1,0 g; LM 430 g ± 1,4g and STNL 390 g ± 0,7 g). Behavioral tests showed alterations at one or more groups for the aggressiveness parameters, anxiety and memory. In the Plus-Maze Test it found smaller number of entries in the open arms in ST group (SC 2,50 ± 0,62; ST 1,42 ± 0,26; ND 1,58 ± 0,39; LM 1,57 ± 0,33 and STNL 1,58 ± 0,19), smaller number of entries in ST e STNL groups (SC 6,13 ± 0,93; ST 2,75 ± 0,67; ND 3,25 ± 0,52; LM 4,17 ± 0,45 and STNL 2,33 ± 0,33) and shorter permanence in the open arms in ST group (SC 42,88 s ± 13,88 s; ST 17,67 s ± 70 s; ND 28,50 s ± 12,50 s; LM 20,42 s ± 5,8 s and STNL 34,25 s ± 15,24 s). In the Resident Intruder it was observed smaller number of attacks in ST and LM groups (SC 9,13 ± 2,31; ST 6,00 ± 1,38; ND 8,50 ± 1,25; LM 5,75 ± 1,01 and STNL 8,75 ± 1,46). In the Object Recognition Test it was verified lower object recognition índex in ND and LM groups (SC 0,27 ± 0,20; ST 0,01 ± 0,20; ND - 0,35 ± 0,16; LM -0,23 ± 0,16 e STNL -0,23 ± 0,21). Despite not having been found significant variations in biochemical analysis (AST, ALT, FAL and GGT), there was a significant decrease in liver weight in ND and STNL groups (SC 14,4 g ± 0,4 g; ST 14,62 g ± 1,0 g; ND 11,61 g ± 04 g; LM 13,7 g ± 0,5 g e STNL 11,82 g ± 0,5 g)., suggesting liver damage. Based on these results, the use of anabolic steroids is not recommended, as well as its association with Lepidium meyenii.

A manutenção da qualidade de vida e da independência dos idosos está diretamente relacionada com a funcionalidade, a qual depende da estrutura e função do sistema musculoesquelético. Entender a relação entre parâmetros musculares e a funcionalidade em idosos possibilita delinear programas de treinamento adequados para prolongar a independência funcional dessa população. Nesse sentido, estudos mostram que o treinamento de força leva a ganhos de estrutura e função muscular, e de funcionalidade. Tarefas funcionais são realizadas utilizando diferentes tipos de contrações musculares. Porém, na literatura não há um consenso sobre a relação entre os parâmetros musculares e a funcionalidade em idosos, nem os efeitos de treinamentos de força utilizando diferentes tipos de contrações sobre a estrutura e função musculares, e a funcionalidade. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivos (1) identificar quais parâmetros estruturais e de função muscular de membros inferiores apresentam melhor relação e podem explicar o desempenho em tarefas funcionais; (2) revisar sistematicamente a literatura quanto aos efeitos de treinos com diferentes tipos de contrações para idosos; e (3) investigar os efeitos de um treinamento de força concêntrico versus um treinamento concêntrico-excêntrico para a musculatura flexora e extensora do joelho sobre parâmetros de estrutura e função muscular e funcionalidade de homens idosos. Para atingir esses objetivos, a presente tese foi dividida em quatro capítulos. No Capítulo 1, verificou-se a relação entre parâmetros de estrutura e função muscular de membros inferiores (arquitetura muscular, eco intensidade e força isométrica) e parâmetros funcionais (testes Timed Up and Go e sentar-e-levantar, marcha no solo e marcha com transposição de obstáculo em velocidade preferida e máxima). No Capítulo 2, investigou-se parâmetros estruturais e de função muscular de flexores e extensores de joelho (torque isométrico, concêntrico e excêntrico, potência, taxa de produção de força, eco intensidade e arquitetura muscular), considerando, assim, além dos parâmetros investigados no Capítulo 1, parâmetros de força dinâmica e os relacionando com diferentes testes funcionais (sentar-e-levantar, Timed Up and Go, equilíbrio, velocidade de marcha, caminhada de seis minutos, subida e descida de degraus e salto vertical). Os principais achados desses estudos demonstram que a estrutura dos músculos vasto lateral e tibial anterior, e o torque concêntrico de extensores de joelho foram os parâmetros com melhor relação com a funcionalidade. Para verificar a influência do treino de força com diferentes tipos de contração sobre parâmetros de estrutura e função muscular e funcionalidade, no Capítulo 3 realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de estudos envolvendo treinamento de força isocinética para membros inferiores em idosos. Verificamos que tanto o treino de força concêntrico quanto o excêntrico apresentam efeitos positivos sobre a função muscular e a funcionalidade. Porém, a capacidade funcional foi investigada em apenas um estudo, e a estrutura muscular em nenhum deles. Além disso, nenhum dos estudos realizou um treino combinando diferentes tipos de contração, o que poderia ser mais benéfico para os idosos. Portanto, no Capítulo 4 são apresentados dados preliminares do estudo envolvendo treinamento de força para homens idosos, onde um grupo realizou treinamento exclusivamente concêntrico e outro treino concêntrico-excêntrico para flexores e extensores de joelho. Os indivíduos foram avaliados quanto aos mesmos parâmetros do Capítulo 2 em três momentos: basal, duas semanas após a avaliação basal e ao final do treinamento. Os dados preliminares demonstram que ambos os grupos de treino apresentaram ganhos tanto musculares quanto funcionais após o treinamento. / Aging with quality of life is the biggest challenge for the elderly. Quality of life and independence maintenance are directly related to functionality, which depends on the musculoskeletal system structure and function. Understanding the relationship between muscular parameters and functionality in the elderly allows designing appropriate training programs to prolong this population’s functional independence. In this sense, studies show that the strength training lead to muscle structure and function and functionality gains. Functional tasks are performed utilizing different types of muscle contraction. However, there is no a consensus in the literature considering the relationship between muscle parameters and functionality in the elderly, nor considering the effects of strength trainings utilizing different contraction types on muscle’s structure and function, and on functionality. Thus, the present study had as objectives (1) to identify which lower limbs structural and muscular function parameters present better relation and can explain performance in functional tasks, (2) systematically review the literature about the effects of trainings with different contraction types for older subjects, and (3) to investigate the effects of concentric strength training versus concentric-eccentric training for knee flexors and extensors muscles on parameters of muscle structure and function and functionality in the elderly. To achieve these objectives, this thesis was divided into four chapters. In Chapter 1, the relationship between structural parameters and lower limb muscle function (muscular architecture, echo intensity and isometric strength) and functional parameters (Timed Up and Go and sit-to-stand tests, gait with and without obstacles at the preferred and maximum speed) was verified. In Chapter 2, the relationship between knee flexors and extensors structural parameters and muscle function (isometric, concentric and eccentric torque, power, rate of force production, echo intensity and muscular architecture) and functionality (sit-to-stand, Timed Up and Go, balance, walking speed, six-minute walk test, stair ascent and descent, and vertical jump) was investigated, considering, in addition to the parameters investigated in the Chapter 1, parameters of dynamic strength. The main findings demonstrate that the vastus lateralis and tibialis anterior muscles structure, and the knee extensor concentric torque were the parameters with better relation with functionality. In order to verify the influence of the strength training with different types of contractions on parameters of structure and muscular function and functionality, a systematic review of studies involving lower limb strength training in the elderly, performed on isokinetic dynamometers, was carried out in Chapter 3. We found that both concentric and eccentric strength training have positive effects on muscle function and functionality. However, functional capacity was investigated in only one study, while muscle structure in none of them. In addition, no studies performed a strength training combining different types of contraction, which could be more beneficial for older individuals. Therefore, Chapter 4 presents preliminary data from the study involving strength training for elderly men where one group performed exclusively concentric training and another concentric-eccentric training for knee flexors and extensors. Subjects were assessed for the same parameters of Chapter 2 at three different times: baseline, two weeks after baseline assessment and after training. Preliminary results indicate that both groups presented muscular and functional gains after the training period.