Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto inhibitorio de la terapia fotodinámica (TPD) con Diodo Emisor de Luz (LED) azul sobre Streptococcus mutans y Streptococcus sanguinis en presencia y ausencia de riboflavina (E - 101). Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron cuatro tratamientos en presencia y ausencia de la exposición de luz LED azul y riboflavina al 0.5% sobre Streptococcus mutans y Streptococcus sanguinis. Las bacterias fueron cultivadas en medio BHI y la unidad de medida utilizada fue las unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/ml). Resultados: La fotoactivación con luz LED azul a 40 segundos no tuvo efecto inhibitorio sobre S. mutans y S. sanguinis. Sin embargo, al realizar la terapia fotodinámica en presencia de riboflavina, se observó que el crecimiento bacteriano fue menor (p<0.05). Asimismo, se identificó que la viabilidad bacteriana de S. sanguinis es menor que la de S. mutans, con un 40% y 66% respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la riboflavina tiene un efecto inhibitorio significativo sobre la viabilidad bacteriana de S. mutans y S. sanguinis. / Objective: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of photodynamic therapy (TPD) with blue Light Emitting Diode (LED) on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis in presence and absence of riboflavin (E-101). Materials and methods: Four treatments were performed in presence and absence of blue LED and riboflavin (0.5%) exposure on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. The bacteria were grown in BHI medium and the unit of measurement used was the colony forming units (CFU / ml). Results: Photoactivation with blue LED light at 40 seconds had no inhibitory effect on S. mutans and S. sanguinis. However, when performing photodynamic therapy in presence of riboflavin, it was observed that bacterial growth was lower (p <0.05). Likewise, it was identified that bacterial viability of S. sanguinis is lower than S. mutans, with 40% and 66% respectively. Conclusions: It is concluded that riboflavin has a significant inhibitory effect on the bacterial viability of S. mutans and S. sanguinis. / Tesis

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Camellia sinensis (green tea) on Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC10556). Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract of green tea (commercial and bulk) was examined on Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC10556), using the well assay method. A total of 24 plates for the first extract (Commercial) and the same amount for the extract No. 2 (Bulk) were used and were divided into groups of 12 disks for each bacterium, with a total of 4 disks per group. In addition, each plate contained 3 disks embedded with tea and 1 disc with 0.12% chlorhexidine as a control group. Results: It was found antibacterial effect in both methanolic extracts of green tea. No statistically significant differences when comparing the natural green tea with the other extract, in every single microorganism. A p value of 0.18 and 0.63 respectively were obtained. The methanol extract of the commercial green tea had better antibacterial effect than the second extract with an average of 19.72 mm, for the second extract of green tea was 18.1 mm against Streptococcus mutans, whereas for Streptococcus sanguinis was 17.94mm and 16.46 mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the commercial and bulk extract was 0.08 gr/ml against Streptococcus mutans and 0.08 gr/ml and 0.25 gr/ml against the strains of Streptococcus sanguinis respectively. Conclusions: Both methanolics extracts, commercial and bulk have anti Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC10556) activity in vitro. The activity of commercial tea had better effects than the bulk methanolic extract. / Objetivo: Evaluar in vitro el efecto antibacteriano de la Camellia sinensis (té verde) frente al Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) y al Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC10556). Materiales y métodos: Se probaron dos extractos de té verde, uno comercial y otro a granel. Se utilizaron 24 discos para el primer extracto (Comercial) y la misma cantidad para el segundo extracto metanólico (Granel), se dividieron en grupos de 12 discos para cada bacteria, con un total de 4 placas petri por cada uno. Además, cada placa contenía 3 discos embebidos de té y 1 disco con Clorhexidina al 0.12% como grupo control. Estas muestras fueron analizadas con el método de difusión en agar con discos y los halos de inhibición se midieron a las 72 horas. Resultados: Se encontró efecto antibacteriano para ambos extractos probados. El promedio del halo de inhibición para el extracto de té verde comercial fue de 19.72 mm y para el extracto de té verde a granel fue de 18.1 mm frente al Streptococcus mutans, mientras que para el Streptococcus sanguinis la media obtenida fue de 17.94 mm y 16.46 mm respectivamente. Con respecto a la Concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI), para el caso de Streptococcus mutans se determinó una CMI de 0.08 gr/ml para el extracto comercial y al extracto a granel. Mientras que para el caso de Streptococcus sanguinis la CMI fue de 0.08 gr/ml para el extracto comercial y de 0.25 gr/ml para el extracto a granel. Conclusiones: Ambos extractos metanólicos de té verde presentaron efecto antibacteriano contra las cepas del Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) y Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC10556). El té verde comercial fue el que presentó mayor efecto antibacteriano que el extracto a granel. / Tesis

The target was evaluate the “in vitro” antibacterial effect about five peruvian propolis on strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556), Having an experimental study design “in vitro” made in laboratorie of Microbiology of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences. Materials and Methods: Sample size were about ten holes for each of the five extracts of propolis, either for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis individualy. The antibacterial effect was developed with the technical “Agar overlay interference test”, which is used 200ml of Agar BHI homogenized with bacteria indispensably (a bottle for bacteria). This agar is distributed in the plates, once solidified the holes are made with 150μL of different kinds of propolis and the control group called Clorhexidine 0.12%. Completed this process is placed in the anaerobiosis chamber on 37º C, for 72 hours. Finally, the measurement of the inhibitory halo is made. Results: The methanolic extract of propolis of Oxapampa-Perú present inhibition halos in larger averaging of 33.15 + 3.26 mm against strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556), their average was about 23.23 + 0.82mm. In case of 4 extracts of commercial, just 3 of them (tincture of propolis Farmagel, Madre Nature y Kaita®), had bacterian activity in front of the studies strains. In all cases the antibacterian activity is less than positive control. Conclusions: The methanolic extract of propolis of Oxapampa-Peru, made in the laboratory has better antibacterian activity than commercial extracts against strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATTC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). About the four commercial propolis evaluated on this study, propolis tincture Farmagel, Kaita®, Madre Natura and Max propolis tincture, only three of this have antibacterial activity against strains of de Streptococcus mutants (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). / El objetivo fue evaluar in vitro el efecto antibacteriano de cinco propóleos peruanos sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) y Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556) teniendo un diseño de estudio experimental in vitro, realizado en el laboratorio de Microbiología de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. Materiales y métodos: se comparó el efecto antibacteriano de cuatro marcas comerciales de propóleo Tintura de propóleo Farmagel, Tintura de propóleo Max, Madre Natura, Kaita® y un extracto metanólico de propóleo de Oxapampa, el cual se elaboró en el laboratorio de Bioquímica de la UPC, como control (+) la clorhexidina al 0.12%. Para este estudio se utilizó 10 pocillos por cada extracto de propóleo, para el Streptococcus mutans y para el Streptococcus sanguinis individualmente. Se desarrolló con la técnica “Agar overlay interference test”, para lo cual se utilizó 200ml de Agar BHI homogenizado con las bacterias de manera independiente (un frasco por bacteria). Se distribuyó este agar en las placas, una vez solidificado se realizaron los pocillos con 150μL de los distintos tipos de propóleo y para el grupo control, se utilizó clorhexidina al 0.12%. Terminado este proceso se colocó en la cámara de anaerobiosis a 37°C, durante 72 horas. Por último, se realizó la medición del halo inhibitorio con una regla Vernier. Resultados: El extracto metanólico de propóleo de Oxapampa presentó halos de inhibición de mayor tamaño con una media de 33.15 + 3.26 mm frente a las cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), para el Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556) su media fue de 23.23 + 0.82 mm. En el caso de los 4 extractos de propóleo comerciales, sólo 3 de ellos (Tintura de propóleo Farmagel, Madre Natura y Kaita®), tuvieron actividad antibacteriana frente a las cepas estudiadas, en todos los casos la actividad antibacteriana es menor que el control (+). Conclusiones: El extracto metanólico de propóleo de Oxapampa elaborado en el laboratorio tiene mayor actividad antibacteriana que los extractos comerciales frente a las cepas Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) y Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). De los 4 propóleos comerciales evaluados en el estudio, Tintura de propóleo Farmagel, Kaita®, Madre Natura y Tintura de propóleo Max, sólo tres de ellos tiene actividad antibacteriana frente a las cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) y Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). / The target was evaluate the “in vitro” antibacterial effect about five peruvian propolis on strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556), Having an experimental study design “in vitro” made in laboratorie of Microbiology of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences. Materials and Methods: Sample size were about ten holes for each of the five extracts of propolis, either for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis individualy. The antibacterial effect was developed with the technical “Agar overlay interference test”, which is used 200ml of Agar BHI homogenized with bacteria indispensably (a bottle for bacteria). This agar is distributed in the plates, once solidified the holes are made with 150μL of different kinds of propolis and the control group called Clorhexidine 0.12%. Completed this process is placed in the anaerobiosis chamber on 37º C, for 72 hours. Finally, the measurement of the inhibitory halo is made. Results: The methanolic extract of propolis of Oxapampa-Perú present inhibition halos in larger averaging of 33.15 + 3.26 mm against strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556), their average was about 23.23 + 0.82mm. In case of 4 extracts of commercial, just 3 of them (tincture of propolis Farmagel, Madre Nature y Kaita® ), had bacterian activity in front of the studies strains. In all cases the antibacterian activity is less than positive control. Conclusions: The methanolic extract of propolis of Oxapampa-Peru, made in the laboratory has better antibacterian activity than commercial extracts against strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATTC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). About the four commercial propolis evaluated on this study, propolis tincture Farmagel, Kaita® , Madre Natura and Max propolis tincture, only three of this have antibacterial activity against strains of de Streptococcus mutants (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). / Tesis

Background: The antibacterial activity of restorative materials has an important role in the prevention of recurrent caries. Objectives: To compare the antibacterial activity of three glass ionomer cements Ketac Molar®, Fuji II® and Maxxion R® against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Materials and methods: The study was experimental in vitro and consisted of the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of three glass ionomer cements: Ketac Molar®, Fuji II LC ® and Maxxion R®. he which were prepared in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and was inserted into wells made with sterile disposable tips using the CENTRIX® system in petris plaques with agar BHI. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity was evaluated by using a caliper to measure the diameter of the growth inhibition zones of strains tested; also, tested; Also, the survival and proliferation of bacteria on ionomers was evaluated by the method of the reduction of 3- (4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis. As the viability of Streptococcus mutans was 1.221nm for Ketac Molar®, 0.457nm for Maxxion R® and 0.804nm for Fuji II®. Also the viability of Streptococcus sanguinis was Ketac 0.3175nm for Molar®, for 1.195nm and 0.276nm Maxxion R® for Fuji II®. Results: Ketac Molar®, Fuji II® and Maxxion R® showed inhibition halos 16.27mm ± 1.62, 11.95 ± 1.51 mm and 12.38 mm ± 2.55 against strains of Streptococcus mutans respectively with p = 0.0001, which means that there statistically significant difference. Furthermore, inhibition halos Ketac Molar®, Fuji II® and Maxxion R® against Streptococcus sanguinis were 10.11mm ± 1.42, 2.34 ± 13.51mm and 10.83mm ± 1.22 respectively with p =0.0008, demonstrating that there is also significant difference. Conclusion: The three GIC under evaluation showed halos of growth inhibition of cariogenic bacteria assayed. However, Ketac Molar® had greater antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans; while the Fuji II® had greater antibacterial activity against Streptococcus sanguinis. / Introducción: la actividad antibacteriana de los materiales de restauración tiene un papel importante en la prevención de caries recidivante. Objetivos: comparar la actividad antibacteriana de tres ionómeros de vidrio Ketac Molar®, Fuji II LC® y Maxxion R® contra cepas Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) y Streptococcus sanguinis Materiales y métodos: el estudio fue experimental in vitro y consistió en la evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana de tres ionómeros de vidrio: Ketac Molar®, Fuji II LC® y Maxxion R®, los cuáles fueron preparados en cumplimiento de las recomendaciones del fabricante y se insertaron en pozos confeccionados con puntas desechables estériles utilizando el sistema Centrix® en placas de petri con agar BHI. Por otro lado, la actividad antibacteriana se evaluó mediante el uso de un vernier para medir el diámetro de los halos de inhibición del crecimiento de las cepas ensayadas; asimismo, se evaluó la supervivencia y proliferación de las bacterias sobre los ionómeros mediante el método de la reducción de 3-(4,5-Dimetiltiazol-2-yl)-2,5-difenil tetrazolio bromuro (MTT).En cuanto al análisis de la viabilidad del Streptococcus mutans fue de 1.221nm para el Ketac Molar®, 0.457nm para el Maxxion R® y 0.804nm para el Fuji II®. Asimismo, la viabilidad del Streptococcus sanguinis fue de 0.3175nm para el Ketac Molar®, 1.195nm para el Maxxion R® y 0.276nm para el Fuji II®. El estudio se realizó por triplicado y el análisis estadístico utilizó la prueba de ANOVA a 3 criterios. Resultados: el Ketac Molar®, Fuji II® y Maxxion R® mostraron halos de inhibición de 16.27mm ± 1.62, 11.95 mm ± 1.51 y 12.38 mm ±2.55 contra cepas de Streptococcus mutans respectivamente con un p= 0.0001, lo que significa que existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Asimismo, se encontraron halos de inhibición del Ketac Molar®, Fuji II® y Maxxion R® contra cepas de Streptococcus sanguinis de 10.11mm ±1.42, 13.51mm ±2.34 y 10.83m m ±1.22 respectivamente con un p= 0.0008, lo que demuestra que también existe diferencia significativa. Conclusión: los tres cementos de ionómero de vidrios evaluados, presentaron halos de inhibición del crecimiento de las bacterias cariogénicas ensayadas. Sin embargo, el Ketac Molar® tuvo mayor actividad antibacteriana contra el Streptococcus mutans ; mientras que el Fuji II® tuvo mayor actividad antibacteriana contra el Streptococcus sanguinis. / Tesis

Orientador: Luiz Gonzaga Gandini Junior / Resumo: Aparelhos ortodônticos fixos criam áreas de estagnação para biofilmes dentários e dificultam a limpeza dos dentes; portanto, existe o risco de desenvolver lesões incipientes de cárie durante o tratamento ortodôntico. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se a aplicação de luz azul antes da clorexidina 0,12% no esmalte, bráquete e elástico ortodôntico reduziria ou inibiria os biofilmes maduros de Streptococcus mutans e seu crescimento nesses substratos 24 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos; e se esse tratamento interfere na adesão do bráquete ao esmalte. Biofilmes de S. mutans UA159 foram formados por 5 dias sobre amostras compostas por esmalte bovino, bráquete ortodôntico e elástico ortodôntico. Em seguida, as amostras foram tratadas com NaCl 0,89% por 1 minuto (NaCl), luz azul por 12 minutos (BL), clorexidina 0,12% por 1 minuto (CHX) e luz azul por 12 minutos seguido da aplicação de clorexidina 0,12% por 1 minuto (BL+CHX). O acúmulo de biofilme imediatamente após os tratamentos e 24 horas após os tratamentos foram avaliados por unidades formadoras de colônias (CFU) e peso seco (DW). O pH do meio foi medido no quinto dia e sexto dia. A formação de biofilme nas amostras após os tratamentos (Imediato) e no recrescimento (Regrowth) foi avaliada visualmente por microscopia confocal de varredura a laser (CLSM). O teste de adesão (SBS) entre o bráquete e o esmalte foi feito após as amostras serem termocicladas por 500 ciclos (5°C e 55°C), tratadas e termocicladas novamente nas me... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fixed orthodontic appliances create areas of stagnation for dental biofilms and make it difficult to clean the teeth; therefore, there is a risk of developing incipient lesions of caries during the orthodontic treatment. The objective of this study is to verify if the application of blue light prior to 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) on enamel, orthodontic brackets and elastics would reduce or inhibit mature Streptococcus mutans biofilms and their regrowth on these substrates 24 h after the application of the treatment; and if this treatment would interfere with bracket adhesion to the enamel. Biofilms of S. mutans UA159 were formed for 5-days over samples composed by a bovine enamel, an orthodontic bracket and an orthodontic elastic. Then, the samples were treated with 0.89% NaCl for 1 minute (NaCl), blue light for 12 minutes (BL), 0.12% chlorhexidine for 1 minute (CHX) and BL for 12 min + 0.12% CHX for 1 min (BL+CHX). Biofilm accumulation immediately after treatments and 24-h after treatments (regrowth) were evaluated by colonies forming units (CFU) and dry weight (DW). The pH of the spent media was measured on the 5th and 6th day. Biofilm formation on the samples after the treatments and on the regrowth was visually evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Shear bond strength (SBS) between bracket and enamel was evaluated after specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles (5° and 55 °C), treated and thermocycled again in the same conditions. Shear forces (N/mm2 ) we... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Includes bibliographical references / Asymptomatic children can be a major reservoir of pharyngeal Group A Streptococcus (GAS) with reported figures ranging from <10% to >20% in developing countries. There is a need to document GAS carriage in school children, which, together with the molecular characterisation (M-typing) of strains harboured in the pharynx of carriers, will help to ascertain the extent to which disease strains are prevalent amongst carriers. This background information would serve to assist healthcare providers in diagnosing symptomatic GAS pharyngitis, as well as could potentially contribute to the development of a GAS vaccine. Currently, data on GAS carriage prevalence and M-type distribution in African countries are largely scant. We therefore undertook to perform a systematic review to determine the prevalence and type distribution of asymptomatic streptococcus carriage in children aged 5 -15years, residing in African countries. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search among a number of databases, using an African search filter to identify GAS prevalence studies that report on children between the ages of 5 - 15 years who reside in African countries. Electronic searches were complemented by a hand search performed on reference lists of potentially included studies. The search was not limited by year of publication and language. Two evaluators independently reviewed, rated, and abstracted data from each article. Prevalence estimates were pooled in a meta-analysis and stratified according to region and study design using Stata®. Specifically, we applied the random effects metaprop routine to aggregate prevalence estimates and account for between study variability in calculating the overall pooled estimates and 95% CI for GAS carriage prevalence.

No / Streptococcus equi is the aetiological agent of strangles, one of the most prevalent diseases of the horse. The animal suffering and economic burden associated with this disease necessitate effective treatment. Current antibiotic therapy is often ineffective and thus recent attention has focused on vaccine development. A systematic understanding of S. equi virulence, leading to the identification of targets to which protective immunity can be directed, is a prerequisite of the development of such a vaccine. Here, the virulence factors of S. equi are reviewed.

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Doctor of Medicine

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive bacterium that can be found in both healthy carriers as well as in people that have developed disease. One of the major virulence factors of pneumococci is their polysaccharide capsule. Based on the capsule that surrounds the bacteria, pneumococci are divided into at least 90 different serotypes. Some serotypes seem to be more related to virulence than others.</p><p>I have with comparative genome hybridization microarray technique, studied gene differences between 18 epidemiological well-characterised pneumococcal strains with different potential to cause disease. A microarray chip based on two sequenced pneumococcal genomes, R6 and TIGR4, has already been designed. According to Hierarchical clustering, both the serotype and the genetic type as assessed by MLST (sequence type or ST) seem to have impact on the relationship of clinical isolates. Most clinical isolates of the same serotype are clustered together except for serotype 14 isolates that seem to be more divergent. Further more the number of genes that are divergent between clinical isolates compared to R6 and TIGR4 differ from 65 to 289. Preliminary results indicate that although there is diversity among clinical isolates some are more closely related to each other then others. Absent genes seem to be evenly distributed among all 18 clinical isolates tested but hypothetical genes and genes for cell envelope are two groups of role categories that are absent to the largest extent in all isolates.</p><p>According to results from microarray analysis, a gene region, spr0112-spr1015- is present in all type 9V isolates and absent in many isolates of serotype 14, 19F and 7F. These results have been confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p>Conserved genes in a region around the capsule genes have been sequenced to identify marker genes for a capsulular switch between serotype 9V and 14. Preliminary results of the sequencing showed that as much as 750kb might have been transferred in the event of capsular switch.</p>

The biochemical activity of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in a 1:1 ratio (Chr. Hansen's Lab - CH-III) were studied at 43 C in goat and cow milk during the manufacture and storage of yogurt. Determination of pH, titratable acidity, lactose content, proteolytic activity, and enumeration of the starters were performed on samples taken at hourly intervals until the yogurt became set, and after 8, 16, 24 hours, 11 and 22 days of storage at 4 C. In goat milk the number of starter culture organisms showed higher values than those in cow milk. Fermentation was considered to be finished when the pH decreased to 4.7 and 0.7% of lactic acid was produced. Those values were reached after 3 and 4 hours for goat and cow milk respectively. The values for pH in both milks were stable at 4.7 during storage at 4 C. Goat milk and goat milk yogurt had higher levels of free amino acids (12.65 mg/dl and 24.39 mg/dl respectively) than cow milk (10.31 mg/dl) or cow milk yogurt (20.20 mg/dl). During storage at 4 C free amino acids in goat milk decreased by 20%, in cow milk they increased by 70% from values found in fresh yogurt. The proteinase activity in goat milk during elaboration of yogurt was from 2 to 3 hours after incubation, was then stable until 24 hours of storage at 4 C and then decreased. No change in the proteinase activity in cow milk yogurt was seen until 4 hours of incubation for experiments 1 and 2 and 3 hours in experiment 3. During the storage at 4 C, proteinase activity in cow milk yogurt was stable. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of caseins failed to reveal marked changes during the manufacture of yogurt and storage after 22 days at 4 C. However, a scanning gel densitometer showed that the area corresponding to alpha-casein decreased by 22% and for beta-casein 13.32% during the elaboration of goat milk yogurt. After 22 days of storage at 4 C, the alpha-casein fraction decreased an additional 14%, but no change was observed in beta-casein. The area corresponding to alpha- and beta-caseins decreased by 7.16 and 14.48% respectively during yogurt manufacture and an additional 6.74 and 8% during storage of cow milk yogurt. The overall results found in this study suggest that the metabolic activity of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus is greater in goat milk than in cow milk during elaboration and storage of yogurt.