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Studies have investigated the physical and emotional wellbeing of family members and spouses who care for persons with stroke (Bakas, et al. 2006). Literature shows burden of care is high in role reversal and depression is frequent. Variables that affect the caregiver burden with persons with aphasia (PWA) have not been identified prior to this study. Results from caregiver interviews found six themes, some which have not been identified prior, such as feelings of optimism.

In moderation, stress is a normal response to a perceived challenge which can motivate an individual to perform at their best. Nursing students consistently report a significant amount of stress which has been found to be greater than their non-nursing peers. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of stress reported by second-semester freshman and sophomore students who have declared nursing as a major, compared with the level of stress experienced by junior and senior students who are enrolled in the university's nursing program. Through this comparison, a conclusion can be drawn as to the level of stress experienced while enrolled in a nursing program, with the level of stress prior to being exposed to the challenges presented by the program. It is intended that the outcomes from this study can be utilized to address stress as it relates to a nursing student from pre-admission through graduation.

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Bakgrund: Stress är ett återkommande dilemma inom hälso- och sjukvården. Stressreaktionens utveckling delas in i tre huvudfaser. Sjuksköterskeyrket är en stressfylld profession där stressupplevelsen är individuell. Copingstrategier inbegriper Problemfokuserad coping, Emotionsfokuserad coping samt Undvikandestrategier. Den legitimerade sjuksköterskans arbete ska oavsett vårdform och verksamhetsområde utmärkas av ett etiskt förhållningssätt och bygga på evidens. I sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete innefattas kärnkompetensen Förbättringskunskap för kvalitetsutveckling.Syfte: Att belysa vilka arbetsrelaterade stressorer och copingstrategier som förekommer i sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete.Metod: Litteraturstudie som innefattar tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Databassökningen skedde genom en blocksökning i CINAHL, PsycINFO och PubMed. En kvalitetsgranskning av artiklar genomfördes med hjälp av en av författarna modifierad granskningsmall utformad av Willman et al (2011). Analys av samtliga artiklar skedde utifrån Fribergs (2012) trestegsmodell.Resultat: De mest förekommande arbetsrelaterade stressorerna hos yrkesverksamma sjuksköterskor var arbetsbelastning, höga arbetskrav, konflikter samt död och att arbeta med patienter i livets slutskede. Vid hanteringen av dessa arbetsrelaterade stressorer förekom fyra olika copingstrategier, vilka var positiv omvärdering, emotionsfokuserad coping, problemfokuserad coping och undvikande/fly.Konklusion: Det förekom olika arbetsrelaterade stressorer inom sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete. Vid hantering av dessa arbetsrelaterade stressorer förekom fyra olika copingstrategier. / Background: Stress is recurring dilemma in the healthcare. The development of stressreaction is divided in three main phases. The nursing profession is stressful and the experience of stress is individual. Coping strategies includes Problemfocused coping, Emotionfocused coping and Avoidancestrategies. The registered nurse’s work should regardless of form of care and unit be characterized of ethical approach and built on evidence. The nursing care includes the core competence Inprovement knowledge for development of quality.Aim: To enlighten nurses’ workrelated stressors and coping strategies in the nursing care.Method: The literature review includes ten scientific articles with a quantitative approach. The database searches were conducted by building block strategy in the databases CINAHL, PsycINFO and PubMed. The quality of the articles were appraised with a modified review by the authors, designed by Willman et al (2011). The analysis of the articles were conducted by Friberg’s (2012) three steps-model.Results: The most common work-related stressors among professional nurses was workload, high work demands, conflicts and death and dealing with patients that were dying. The handling of these work-related stressors where by using four various copingstrategies, which were positive revaluation, emotion focused coping, problem focused coping and avoid/escape. Conclusion: There were different work-related stressors in the nursing care work. When handling these work-related stressors, four different coping strategies occurred.

Each data chapter within this dissertation, while distinct in the stressor/combination of stressors, species under examination, and the purpose of the research effort, contributes to the unified objective of the dissertation: answering critical questions regarding the physiological effects of various environmental stressors on freshwater species. Results from data Chapter 2 indicate that adult Daphnia magna are more sensitive to lead exposure when co-exposed to percent air saturation approaching lethal levels of hypoxia. Moreover, increased hypoxia under control (no lead) conditions induced increased hemoglobin protein and mRNA expression, regardless of isoform transcript and typically in a dose-dependent manner for the latter. In Chapter 3 the maximum sustained swimming speeds (Ucrit) of several fish species of greatest conservation need at different temperatures (15, 22.5, and 30 °C) is assessed, providing valuable insights for site-specific calculations of culvert water velocities (Vf). Additional physiological endpoints of relevance to overall swimming performance were also measured, including maximum burst swimming (Umax), aerobic scope and cost of transport (COT). In Chapter 4 ammonia toxicity at different salinities to juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii is determined and real-time metabolic assessments as an effective detection method for perturbations in systems such as recirculating aquaculture systems is conducted. Although these chapters address distinct research topics, they collectively demonstrate the pivotal role of physiology in addressing complex issues related to human activity and environmental impacts. The dissertation's findings contribute novel information emphasizing the importance of understanding physiological responses in mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic activities on freshwater ecosystems.