Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan specifika personlighetsegenskaper, copingresurser, tidigare stressorer och uppkomsten av idrottsskador hos aktiva lagidrottare i åldrarna 16-20. Insamlingen av data skede via ett icke slumpmässigt urval då idrottsgymnasium och idrottsföreningar blev utvalt kontaktade. Sammanlagt utfördes två mätningar där första mätningen utfördes 4-5 veckor efter första tillfället där tränare och ledare skulle rapporta de idrottsskador som uppkommit sen den första mätningen genomfördes. Det slutgiltiga urvalet bestod av 94 idrottare varav 61 manliga (M=16.74, SD=0.83) och 33 kvinnliga (M=17.40, SD=1.31). De idrotter som inkluderades var fotboll (n=36), handboll (n=27), ishockey (n=23) och baseboll/softboll (n=8). Resultatet visade att negativa livshändelsestressorer var den enda psykologiska riskfaktorn som hade ett signifikant samband med idrottsskador. Baserat på resultatet från föreliggande studie rekommenderas fortsatt forskning inom området för att kunna kartlägga hur psykologiska faktorer förhåller sig till uppkomsten av idrottsskador för att bättre kunna förebygga idrottsskador genom exempelvis utbilda idrottare och tränare. / The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there was a relationship between specific personalitytraits, coping resources, history of stressors and the occurrence of sports injuries in active team athletesaged 16–20. The data was collected from a non-random sample due to sport high schools and sportassociations were selectively contacted. A total of two measurements were performed where the firstmeasurement was in form of a questionnaire that the participants would answer while the secondmeasurement was performed 4–5 weeks afterwards where the coaches/leaders would report the sportinjuries that had occurred since the first measurement was performed. The final sample consisted of 94athletes, of which 61 were male (M = 16.74, SD = 0.83) and 33 were female (M = 17.40, SD = 1.31). Theteam sports included were football (n = 36), handball (n = 27), ice hockey (n = 23) and baseball/softball(n = 8). The results showed that negative history of stressors was the only psychological risk factor thathad a significant relationship with sport injuries. Based on the results from the present study furtherresearch is recommended in the field, to be able to address how psychological factors relate to theoccurrence of sport injuries to better prevent sport injuries, for example by educating athletes andcoaches.

Discourses on trauma in the South African Police Service (SAPS) focus primarily on the experience of traumatic events as the primary reason for the emotional difficulties that members experience. This study questions this dominant discourse and examines additional discourses that may contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of trauma in the SAPS. The research entailed a qualitative analysis of 15 essays written by members of the SAPS, with the aim of exploring alternative discourses on the experience of trauma by police officers. The participants included fifteen male, officers from three units in the Gauteng region. The data were analysed within a psychodynamic frame, and findings suggest that police officers’ reactions to trauma are significantly influenced by factors other than mere exposure to traumatic events. The history of psychological trauma indicates that constructions of traumatic stress are strongly connected with cultural, social and political circumstances. Current psychodynamic thinking emphasises the meaning of the real traumatic occurrence, which causes trauma by changing a person’s experience of the self in relation to selfobjects. The research results suggest that the sociohistorical circumstances in South Africa, the transformation effected in the police service, and political and structural uncertainty play an important role in contributing to an overwhelming sense of loss and uncertainty. Perceived losses include the loss of the supportive police subculture, loss of meaning in their work, loss of a sense of masculinity as well as loss of a sense of competence and agency. Findings further reveal that officers’ experience a sense of being overwhelmed, powerless and helpless in the face of these historical and organisational changes. These feelings generate significant anxiety and impact negatively on officers’ self-esteem. Feelings of omnipotence and invulnerability, which are necessary for effective coping in the policing environment, are negatively affected. Furthermore, without the existence of a supportive social group, this anxiety becomes uncontained and unmanageable. / Thesis (PhD (Psychotherapy))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Psychology / PhD / unrestricted

Dagens IT-område är tungt mansdominerad trots att det arbetas med att introducera fler kvinnor till fältet och det arbetas för att behålla dessa kvinnliga anställda [2, 3, 5]. Denna forskning visar hur Virtual Reality (VR) tekniker kan användas som verktyg för att identifiera en av de faktorer som kan vara orsaken till att kvinnor lämnar, nämligen de fysiska miljöstressorerna som påverkar kvinnliga anställda inom IT-branschen. Målet med denna studie var att utvärdera genomförbarheten av ett VR-baserat tillvägagångssätt för att testa faktorer som miljöstressorer. Studien försöker också introducera mer information om VR-baserad testning och observation och vilka fördelar det kan medföra samt ge information till IT-baserade företag där fysiska miljöstressorer kan orsaka missnöje på arbetsplatsen bland kvinnliga anställda. Studien gjordes i fyra steg, en litteraturstudie för att samla in information om situationen för kvinnliga medarbetare samt aktuell forskning inom VR, ett design and creation steg för att skapa en prototyp för att identifiera stressorer på en arbetsplats, en pilotstudie för att bekräfta designbeslut och allmän testbarhet och slutligen ett fallstudie-experiment av kvinnliga anställda på ett IT-konsultföretag för att samla in data och utvärdera VR-lösningen som ett verktyg för att identifiera och utvärdera stressorer på kvinnliga anställda. Uppgifterna från experimentet samlades in genom inspelning av användarinteraktioner med den virtuella miljön och via enkäter. Två enkäter användes, en före VR-upplevelsen och en efter. Detta gjordes för att ta reda på hur VR-upplevelsen påverkat deltagarna och om de kunde identifiera olika stressorer. Resultaten av studien visar att alla fem av de utvärderade miljöstressorerna kunde identifieras med hjälp av VR-lösningen och att man kan potentiellt hitta sätt att minska stress som kvinnliga anställda upplever. Detta genom att tillämpa det som har hittats med en studie som denna studie. Lösningen kan också potentiellt anpassas för att vara tillämplig på andra områden än IT. / The Information Technology field of today is heavily male-dominated despite work to introduce more women to the field and work to retain these female employees [2, 3, 5]. This research shows how Virtual Reality (VR) techniques can be used as a tool to identify one of the factors that could be the cause of women leaving, namely the physical environmental stressors that affect female employees who work in IT industries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the viability of a VR based approach to testing real-life factors such as environmental stressors. The study also tries to introduce more information about VR based testing and observation and what advantages it may bring as well as provide information to IT-based companies on which physical environmental stressors could cause workplace dissatisfaction among their female employees. The study was done in four steps, a literature review to gather information about the situation for female employees and the current research in the field VR, a design and creation step to generate a prototype to gauge the viability of a VR based approach to identifying stressors in a workplace, a pilot study to confirm design decisions and general viability of testing and finally a case study experiment of female employees from one IT consultancy company to collect data and evaluate the VR solution as a tool for identifying and evaluating stressors on female employees. The data from the experiment was collected by recording the user interactions with the virtual environment and by questionnaires. Two questionnaires were used, one before the VR experience and one after. This was done in order to find out how the VR experience influenced the participants and whether they were able to identify various stressors. The results of the study show that all five of the evaluated environmental stressors could be identified using the VR solution and that one could potentially find ways of reducing stress experienced by female employees by applying what was learned using a solution such as this one. The solution could also potentially be further modified to be applicable to other fields than IT.

Orientador: Hugo Ferrari Cardoso / Resumo: Esta dissertação foi dividida em dois artigos. O primeiro se refere a um estudo, cujo objetivo geral foi analisar a literatura nacional acerca de estressores ocupacionais na área da enfermagem, nas bases de dados eletrônicas PePSIC e SciELO, entre 2008 e 2017. Com base nos critérios de inclusão, 42 artigos foram analisados. Dos principais resultados, a maioria dos artigos investigou os estressores fazendo uso de amostras pequenas, com prevalência do gênero feminino, principalmente em adultos-jovens e adultos, de trabalhadores de hospitais gerais. A maioria dos artigos foram publicados em português, tendo profissionais da área de enfermagem e de psicologia como primeiros autores. A maior frequência de publicações foi em 2016, nos periódicos Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem e Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. Também se analisou os construtos associados aos estressores nas pesquisas e observou-se que burnout e qualidade de vida no trabalho foram os mais frequentes. Os instrumentos mais utilizados para investigar os estressores ocupacionais foram a Job Stress Scale e a Escala de Estresse no Trabalho. O segundo artigo diz respeito a uma pesquisa empírica, cujo objetivo geral foi avaliar os estressores ocupacionais, sintomatologia depressiva, ansiedade cognitiva, percepção de suporte laboral e burnout a partir de variáveis sociodemográficas, em uma amostra de 584 trabalhadores da enfermagem do contexto hospitalar. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados seis instrumento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation was divided into two articles. The first refers to a study, whose general objective was to analyze the national literature on occupational stressors in the field of nursing, in the electronic databases PePSIC and SciELO, between 2008 and 2017. Based on the inclusion classification, 42 articles were analyzed. The main results, most of the articles investigated by stressors who use small amounts, with a prevalence of females, mainly in adults and young people and in hospitals of general hospitals. Most articles published in portuguese, with nursing and psychology professionals as the first authors. The highest frequency of publications was in 2016, in the journals Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem and Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. It also analyzed the builders associated with stressors in the research and those who burned and the quality of life at work were the most frequent. The most used instruments to investigate occupational stressors were the Job Stress Scale and Escala de Estresse no Trabalho. The second article concerns an empirical research, whose general objective was assessed as occupational stressors, depressive symptoms, cognitive anxiety, perception of work support and burnout from sociodemographic variables, in a sample of 584 nursing students from the hospital context. For data collection, six instruments were used: Sociodemographic Questionary, Escala de Vulnerabilidade ao Estresse no Trabalho (EVENT), Escala Baptista de Depress... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The frequency, duration, and co-occurrence of several environmental stressors are increasing globally. Multiple stressors may have compounding or interactive effects on animals, resulting in either additive or non-additive costs, but animals may mitigate these costs through various strategies of resource conservation or shifts in resource allocation. Thus, through two related factorial experiments, I measured a range of traits—from those related to life history and behavior to underlying physiology— to investigate the nature of costs (additive, non-additive, or neither additive nor non-additive), cost-mitigating strategies (resource conservation or allocation), and life-history strategy related to multiple stressors. First, I leveraged life-history strategy differences in the sand field cricket, Gryllus firmus, to investigate the individual and interactive effects of food and water limitation on fitness-related traits. Gryllus crickets exhibit a wing dimorphism mediating two distinct life-history strategies—long-winged crickets invest into flight capability while short-winged crickets do not. My results indicate that traits vary in their sensitivity to environmental stressors and stressor-stressor interactions (e.g., flight muscle). I only found support for non-additive costs or single-stressor costs of water and food limitation to fitness-related traits. Water availability had a larger effect on traits than food availability, affected more traits than food availability (wing dimorphism), and mediated the effects of food availability. Second, I investigated the role of life-history strategy in cost-mitigating strategies and further examined the costs (additive or non-additive) of multiple stressors to fitness-related traits, physiology, and behavior. I used the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, to examine the costs of a simulated heat wave and water limitation. These stressors resulted primarily in single-stressor or non-additive costs to important traits (e.g., survival, final body mass, and total water content), extensive shifts in resource allocation priorities (e.g., reduced prioritization of body mass), and a limited capacity to conserve resources (heat wave reduced energy use only when water was available). Further, life-history strategy influenced the emergency life history stage (ELHS) because wing morphology and stressor(s) interacted to influence gonad and body mass, boldness behavior, and immunocompetence. Together, these two studies demonstrate that water availability and life-history strategy should be incorporated into future studies integrating important conceptual frameworks of stress (multiple-stressor framework and ELHS) across a suite of traits—from survival and life history to behavior and physiology.

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The response of aquatic species to contaminants is often context dependent as illustrated by the influence that predation cues can have on the toxicity of some chemicals. We sought to gain additional insight into this interaction by examining how predation cues (alarm cue and fish kairomone) influence metabolic rate and the acute toxicity of sodium chloride and cadmium to fathead minnow larvae (Pimephales promelas) and sodium chloride to Daphnia pulex neonates. Consistent with a “flight or fight” response, the metabolic rate of fish larvae was elevated in the presence of alarm cue and growth of the minnows was also significantly reduced when exposed to alarm cue. The average 48-h LC50 for fathead minnows exposed to sodium chloride was significantly lower in the presence of alarm cue and kairomone combined as compared to tests with the salt alone. Analysis of the dose and survival response indicated alarm cue increased sensitivity of the fish to mid-range salt concentrations in particular. These results suggest an energetic cost of exposure to predation cues that resulted in enhanced toxicity of NaCl. Exposure to kairomone alone had no significant effect on salt toxicity to the minnows, which could be related to a lack of previous exposure to that cue. The acute toxicity of cadmium to the fish larvae was also not affected by the presence of predation cues which could be due to a metal-induced sensory system dysfunction or reduced bioavailability of the metal due to organic exudates from the predation cues. In contrast to the fathead minnow results, the metabolic rate of D. pulex and toxicity of NaCl to the daphnids were reduced in the presence of certain predator kairomones. This suggests an anti-predator response that enhanced tolerance to the salt. This study illustrates that the effect of predation cues on toxicity of aquatic contaminants can vary significantly based on the prey species, type of cue, and chemical stressor.

Bakgrund: Stress påverkar både personen, patienten och organisationen. En akutmottagning präglas av ett snabbt arbetssätt och många möten med medarbetare, patienter och anhöriga. Stress kan påverka sjuksköterskan både fysikt, psykiskt och socialt. Den kognitiva förmågan försämras av stress vilket i sin tur påverkar patientsäkerheten. Långvarig eller svår stress kan leda till compassion fatigue eller post – traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka det vetenskapliga underlaget gällande orsaker till stress hos akutsjuksköterskor.. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes med systematisk ansats enligt SBU:s sju steg och resulterade i en analys av 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. För granskning av kvantitativa studier användes granskningsprotokoll hämtat från SBU (1999) och för granskning av kvalitativa studier samt för att sammanställa bevisvärden användes protokoll hämtade från Willman m fl (2006). Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fem teman; Akutmottagningens natur, Hot, våld och aggressivitet, Traumatiska händelser, Samarbete/konflikter och Organisatoriska faktorer och ledarskap. Slutsats: Att handla och bli behandlad med respekt är av stor vikt. Det är viktigt att uppleva socialt stöd från kollegor och chefer vid speciella situationer t ex vid traumatiska händelser (speciellt då barn och unga är inblandade) eller vid hot och våldssituationer. Mindre erfarna sjuksköterskor är extra utsatta och kan behöva extra stöttning. Sjuksköterskan måste ha utbildning för de uppgifter som utförs. / Background: Stress has an effect on the person, the patient and on the whole organization. The work in an emergency department is characterized by a fast pace and the nurse meets a lot of co - workers, patients and relatives during one day. Stress effects the nurse physically, psychologically and socially. Stress also has an effect on the cognitive ability which influences the patient safety.Long term or severe stress could lead to compassion fatigue or post – traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the scientific support regarding the causes for stress in emergency care nurses.Method: A literature study with a systematic approach according to the SBU: s seven steps (Willman m fl, 2006) was conducted which resulted in an analyses of 15 research studies. To review the quantitative studies a validation protocol was used according to SBU (1999). To review the qualitative studies and to weigh the evidence, protocols from Willman m fl (2006) was used.Result: The analyses resulted in five themes; The nature of an emergency department, Threats, violence and aggression, Traumatic events, Cooperation/ conflicts and Organizational factors and leadership. Conclusion; To act and to be treated with respect is vital. It is important to experience social support from colleagues and leaders during difficult situations for example traumatic events (especially when children and young people are involved) or during verbal and physical abuse. Less experienced nurses are vulnerable and might need extra support. The nurse must have proper education for the tasks performed.