Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti patiriamų patyčių darbe, psichosocialinių stresorių darbe ir darbuotojų subjektyviai vertinamos sveikatos sąsajas. Tyrime dalyvavo 167 vieno didžiojo Lietuvos miesto įmonės, susijusios su prekių gamyba, darbuotojos moterys. Patiriamoms patyčioms darbe įvertinti buvo naudojamas Patikslintas negatyvių veiksmų klausimynas (NAQ-R) (Einarsen, Hoel, Notelaers, 2009). Klausimynas sudarytas iš 22 klausimų. Psichosocialinius stresorius darbe įvertinti buvo naudojamas trumpasis klausimynas įvertinti psichosocialinius rizikos veiksnius (SIMPH) (Notelares, De Witte, Van Veldhoven, &Vermunt, 2007). Klausimynas sudarytas iš 36 klausimų. Darbuotojų subjektyviai vertinamai sveikatai įvertinti buvo naudojamas klausimynas, kurį sudaro 20 klausimų, susijusisų su nusiskundimais sveikata (Smith, Johal, Wadsworth et al., 2000). Tyrimo metu buvo atlikta faktorinė analizė ir išskirti šeši faktoriai, iš kurių penki buvo naudoti duomenų analizėje (nusiskundimai, susiję su peršalimu, su nuovargiu ir stresu, galvos ir nugaros skausmai, nusiskundimais, susiję su virškinimo ir kvėpavimo sistema). Taip pat buvo įtrauktas klausimas apie asmens subjektyvų savo sveikatos vertinimą – „Kaip įvertintumėte savo bendrą sveikatos būklę?“ (McDowell, 2006). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad tam tikri psichosocialiniai stresoriai darbe yra susiję su patyčiomis darbe, taip pat su nusiskundimais sveikata ir prasčiau subjektyviai vertinama darbuotojų sveikata bei vyresniu amžiumi. Dažniau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess the relationships among women‘s bullying at work, psychosocial stressors at work and subjectively assessed health. The subjects of the study were 167 women who work in an organization related to production of goods in one of the biggest cities of Lithuania. For the assessment of bullying at work, Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) was used (Einarsen, Hoel, Notelaers, 2009). It consists of 22 items. For the assessment of psychosocial stressors at work, Short Inventory to Monitor Psychosocial Hazards (SIMPH) was used (Notelares, De Witte, Van Veldhoven, &Vermunt, 2007). It consists of 36 items. The questionnaire of health symptoms was used for the assessment of subjective health (Smith, Johal, Wadsworth et al., 2000). It consists of 20 items. Factor analysis was done, six factors were developed, five factors were used for the further data analysis. Factors were named as follows: symptoms of cold, symptoms of tiredness and stress, headaches and back pain, symptoms of the digestive system and symptoms of the respiratory system, an additional question was used: „In general, how would you rate your overall health now?“. The results of the study showed that some psychosocial stressors at work are related to bullying at work, health symptoms, lower assessment of subjective health, and older age. More frequent bullying at work is related to some health symptoms, lower assessment of subjective health, also older age and lower education level... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslai - įvertinti psichosocialinių stresorių išreikštumą darbuotojų grupėse atsižvelgiant į sociademografinius rodiklius ir nustatyti psichosocialinių stresorių darbe ir psichologinio atsparumo ryšį su darbuotojų sveikatai palankiu elgesiu. Tyrimo metodas - anketinė apklausa. Darbuotojų psichosocialiniams stresoriams nustatyti naudotas ilgasis COPSOQ II (2004-2005) klausimynas. Nustatant darbuotojų psichologinį atsparumą, panaudota dispozicinio psichologinio atsparumo skalė (angl. Dispositional Resilience Scale, DRS15-R, Bartone, 2007). Tyrime dalyvavo 151 biuro darbuotojai, kurių amžius yra nuo 23 iki 55 metų. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, jog darbuotojų psichosocialinių stresorių vertinimas skiriasi skirtingose socialinėse demografinėse grupėse: darbuotojai vyrai labiau nei moterys linkę teigti, kad darbe turi dirbti dideliu tempu; vyresni darbuotojai labiau nei jaunesni patiria nesaugumo jausmą dėl darbo vietos, jaučia didesnį darbo-šeimos disbalansą ir konfliktą. Kuo labiau darbuotojai subjektyviai vertina, kad darbo vietoje patiria didelį darbo krūvį, jų darbas reikalauja daug kognityvinių resursų, kuo labiau jie linkę manyti, kad turi slėpti savo emocijas darbo vietoje ir patiria didesni darbo-šeimos vaidmenų pusiausvyros konfliktą, mažiau jaučia savo įtaką darbo vietoje, mažesnes vystymosi galimybes, turi mažesnį darbo prasmės pojūtį, mažiau jaučiasi patenkinti savo atlygiu už darbą, mažiau aiškiai suvokia savo vaidmenį organizacijoje, prasčiau vertina... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aims of the study were to assess the severity of psychosocial stressors employee groups according to sociodemographic indicators and to assess the relationship of psychosocial stressors at work employees‘ hardiness and health-promoting behaviour. Methodological instrument – questionnaire. It was used The Copenhagen Psychosocial questionnaire COPSOQ II (2004-2005) to determine psychosocial stressors of employees. It was used Dispositional Resilience Scale, DRS15-R, Bartone, 2007 to determine psychological resistance of employees. The subjects of the study were 151 of different gender, educational level, age (from 23 to 55), length. The research results have shown that psychosocial stressors of employees is differ in different social demographic groups: man employees are more as women employees tend to suggest an opinion that the rate of work is high: older employees more as young suffer insecurity about working place, feel bigger work-family imbalance and conflict. The more subjective the employees that work at a significant workload, they require a great deal of cognitive resources, the more they tend to believe that they have to hide their emotions in the workplace and are more work-family conflict, less feel their influence in the workplace, lower development opportunities, have lower sense of the meaning of work, the less feel satisfied with their rewards for the work, less understand their role clarity in the organization, value worse the quality of leadership, feel... [to full text]

Lake Winnipeg has been subject to intense eutrophication and invasive species such as Rainbow Smelt and Eubosmina coregoni for the last 40 years. This study demonstrated significant increases in total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, overall zooplankton abundance, and specifically Cladocera, between 1969 and the first decade of the 21st century. There were specific basin differences in the long-term changes of the Cladocera community, with the species Chydorus sphaericus and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula negatively affected by high levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a. Moreover, long-term change in the Cladocera community composition and abundance throughout the years (1969-2011) during summer was correlated with intensifying eutrophication. Additionally, weak diel vertical migration in the zooplankton community was observed for the first time in Lake Winnipeg.

The research of glider pilot’s flying quality influencing personal stressors Aim of the study:To estimate the personal stressors influence to the flying quality of glider pilot’s. Methods:The instantaneous analytic research using questionnaires was made during the European gliding championship. Two types of questionnaires were created in English and given for the participants (n = 90) to fill every day, 90 before the flight and 90 after. All together 1.260 questionnaires were given and 742 were returned (58.9%). Statistical analysis was made with „Statistica for Windows“ and Microsoft Excel programs. Results:Subjective pilots fatigue average increased 18.57% during the flight (stdev. 25.02%). At first fatigue increased, later decreased and at the end of the championship increased. Fatigue were increased by personal stressors, like the rest (r = 0.19, p<0.05), sleep duration (r = 0.15, p<0.05), coffee usage (r = 0.17, p<0.05). Fatigue decreased with tea usage (r = -0.19, p<0.05), short time of awake (r = -0.18, p<0.05). Most glider pilot’s noted that various health changes didn’t influence flying, but sweating importuned little. That was approved by objective measurements. Final results were determined by every day points (r = 0.57, p<0.05), pilot’s experience (r = 0.29, p<0.05), total flight time (r = 0.25, p<0.05), flight’s distance (r = 0.25, p<0.05), tea usage (r = 0.16, p<0.05), rest (r = 0.14, p<0.05). Negative influence to the results were made by sweating (r = -0.21... [to full text]

Lake Winnipeg has been subject to intense eutrophication and invasive species such as Rainbow Smelt and Eubosmina coregoni for the last 40 years. This study demonstrated significant increases in total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, overall zooplankton abundance, and specifically Cladocera, between 1969 and the first decade of the 21st century. There were specific basin differences in the long-term changes of the Cladocera community, with the species Chydorus sphaericus and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula negatively affected by high levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a. Moreover, long-term change in the Cladocera community composition and abundance throughout the years (1969-2011) during summer was correlated with intensifying eutrophication. Additionally, weak diel vertical migration in the zooplankton community was observed for the first time in Lake Winnipeg.

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Burnout is reflected in pathological emotional depletion and maladaptive detachment that is a secondary result of exposure prolonged occupational stress. It is comprised of three dimensions, namely, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. It is becoming increasingly recognized as one of the most serious occupational hazards for nurses who work in critical care units. The objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence of burnout among a sample of nurses who worked in the critical care units in a particular hospital in Kenya, to analyze factors that contributed to the development of burnout and to identify measures for the mitigation of burnout. For this study, the researcher utilized a mixed methods research design in two phases. Phase one assessed the prevalence of burnout in nurses working in the critical care units by making use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey. Focus groups discussions were then held in Phase two to investigate the factors that the nurses perceived as the main causes of burnout and to solicit their ideas about it could be mitigated. Convenience sampling and purposive sampling were used in the two phases of the study respectively. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between life stressors, resources, and psychological symptomatology of 20 family caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. Stressors were categorized as stressors specific to the caregiving role and general life stressors. Resources were also categorized as resources specific to the caregiving role and general life resources. Multiple regression determined which stressors, resources, and demographic variables predicted psychological symptomatology. Specific stressors that were significant predictors included: caregiving events, caregiving event chronicity, and mean burden scores. Significant general stressors included: size of caregivers' household, non-caregiving events and non-caregiving event chronicity. Significant resources included: other caregivers, the duties other caregivers provided, and caregiver's educational level. No Other Demographic Variables were found to be significant predictors.

The increasing globalization of elite soccer match-play means that soccer players are likely to compete in hot, hypoxic and hot-hypoxic environments over a season. Soccer match-play studies have identified a marked decline in soccer-specific physical performance in the heat and hypoxia due to increasing body temperatures and a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), respectively. As hot environments are more prevalent in elite soccer match-play, cooling strategies have been assessed within the literature in an attempt to alleviate these heat-induced- decrements. However, utilising a soccer match-play design makes environmental and interventional inferences difficult to ascertain, as a plethora of match factors and adaptive pacing strategies cause high variability in key physical performance measures within soccer match-play. Therefore, the three experiments within thesis aimed to assess the reliability and validity of a non-motorised treadmill (NMT) based soccer-specific simulation [intermittent Soccer Performance Test - (iSPT)], to enable the reliable investigation of environmental stress on soccer performance and the efficacy of pre- and half-time-cooling to attenuate any heat- induced-decrements. The purpose of experiment 1 was to investigate the reliability and validity of iSPT which utilised a novel speed component called a ‘variable run’. This speed component quantified the distance covered at a self-selected speed above the second ventilatory threshold (VT2speed), which attempted to delimit a ‘high-intensity’ threshold. Twenty male University soccer players completed one maximal oxygen (O2) uptake (V̇ O2max ) test, three familiarisation (FAM) sessions and one peak speed assessment (PSA) on the NMT, before completing the iSPT twice (iSPT1 and iSPT2). The total distance, sprint distance and high-speed distance covered were 8,952 ± 476 m, 1,000 ± 74 m and 2156 ± 140 m, respectively. No significant difference (p>0.05) was found between repeated trials of the iSPT for all physical performance measures and physiological responses. Reliability measures between iSPT1 and iSPT2 showed good agreement [Coefficient of variation: <4.6%; Intraclass correlation: >0.80] compared with statistical guidelines. Furthermore, the variable run phase showed high speed running capacity was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the last 15 min compared to the first 15 min, showing parity with previous match-play data. Experiment 1 validated the iSPT as a NMT based soccer- specific simulation compared to previous match-play data, and is a reliable tool for assessing and monitoring the physical performance and physiological responses in soccer players. Successfully completing the aim of experiment 1 facilitated the quantification of hot (HOT), hypoxia (HYP) and hot-hypoxia (HH) mediated decrements on maximal soccer-specific performance in experiment 2. Twelve male University soccer players completed three FAM sessions, one PSA and four randomised crossover experimental trials of the intermittent Soccer Performance Test (iSPT) in normoxic-temperate (CON: 18oC 50% rH), HOT (30oC; 50% rH), HYP (1,000m; 18oC 50% rH) and HH (1,000m; 30oC; 50% rH). Physical performance and its performance decrements, body temperatures [rectal (Tre), skin (Tsk) and estimated muscle temperature (Tmu)], heart rate (HR), arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2), perceived exertion, thermal sensation (TS), body mass changes, blood lactate (Bla) and plasma volume were all measured. Performance decrements were similar in HOT and HYP [total distance (-4%), high- speed distance (~-8%) and variable run distance (~-12%) covered] and exacerbated in HH [total distance (-9%), high-speed distance (-15%) and variable run distance (-15%)] compared to CON. A 4% increase in peak sprint speed was present in HOT compared with CON and HYP and 7% greater in HH. The sprint distance covered was unchanged (p > 0.05) in HOT and HYP and only decreased in HH (-8%) compared with CON. Body mass (-2%), temperatures (+2- 5%) and TS (+18%) were altered in HOT. Furthermore, SaO2 (-8%) and HR (+3%) were changed in HYP. Similar changes in body mass and temperatures, HR, TS and SaO2 were evident in HH compared to HOT and HYP, however, Bla (p < 0.001) and plasma volume (p <0.001) were only significantly altered in HH. Perceived exertion was elevated (p < 0.05) by 7% in all conditions compared with CON. Regression analysis identified that absolute TS and absolute rise in Tsk and estimated Tmu (r = 0.82, r = 0.84 r = 0.82, respectively; p <0.05) predicted the hot-mediated-decrements in HOT. The hot, hypoxic and hot-hypoxic environments impaired physical performance during iSPT. Future interventions should address the increases in TS and body temperatures, to attenuate these decrements in physical performance. Experiment 3 of this thesis aimed to identify three pre- and half-time-cooling strategies to attenuate the heat-induced-decrements previously seen in experiment 2. Eight male University soccer players completed four randomised experimental trials of iSPT, three with cooling and one control (i.e. No pre- or half-time cooling: CON). The pre- and half-time-cooling interventions involved were 30-min or 15 min in duration, respectively. Ice slurry ingestion (SLURRY), ice packs (PACKS) covering the upper legs and mixed-methods (MM: PACKS and SLURRY) were utilised as the three cooling interventions. Physical performance and its performance decrements, body temperatures (Tre, Tsk and estimated Tmu), HR, perceived exertion, TS, body mass changes and Bla were all measured. Compared with CON, both PACKS and SLURRY pre-cooling significantly reduced (p > 0.05) central (Tre) and peripheral (Tsk and estimated Tmu) body temperatures prior to iSPT, respectively. However, body temperature and physical performance were unchanged during the first half of PACKS and SLURRY compared with CON. The MM pre-cooling significantly reduced all body temperatures and TS both prior to and during the first half which coincided with an improvement in total distance (+3%), high-speed distance (+4%) and variable run distance (+5%) covered. Half-time-cooling via PACKS, SLURRY and MM had no ergogenic effect (p> 0.05) upon physical performance in the second half, compared with CON. The 30 min of mixed-method pre-cooling, via ice packs placed upon the upper legs and ice slurry ingestion, significantly improved simulated soccer performance during the first half, however, future research should identify a valid half-time-cooling strategy to offer further improvements to physical performance in the second half. The main findings within this thesis revealed that the iSPT showed validity with previous soccer match-play data and strong reproducibility between two tests (iSPT1 and iSPT2). Furthermore, the variable run component showed efficacy as sensitive measure of the decrements in high-speed running capability. As the iSPT demonstrated low test-retest error compared with the statistical guidelines and previous NMT based soccer-specific simulations, any changes to physical performance can be attributed to an intervention and not the variability of the measure, unlike in soccer match-play situations. No difference was seen for all physical performance measures in both HOT and HYP, however, the heat and hypoxic-induced- decrements stem from increasing body temperatures and changes to both SaO2 and HR, respectively. Such decrements may have a detrimental effect upon the match outcome. These heat-induced-decrements were attenuated in the first half after 30 min of mixed-methods pre- cooling, however, the 15 min of mixed-methods half-time-cooling did not significantly improve any physical performance measure in the second half. The mixed-method pre-cooling strategy tested within this thesis could go some way in maintaining physical performance during the first half of soccer match-play in hot environments (~30oC). However, future laboratory based research within a controlled environment should look to assess different combinations, times and strategies of cooling which may be applicable to the time constraints associated with elite soccer.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo Identificar os principais fatores estressores que afetam os professores no ambiente de trabalho, seus níveis de resiliência e comportamentos apresentados no enfrentamento das adversidades. A pesquisa classifica-se quanto à forma de abordagem como quantitativa e qualitativa, quanto aos objetivos, como exploratória e quanto aos meios como bibliográfica e de campo. O estudo fora realizado com 71 professores da zona urbana atuantes no Ensino Fundamental da cidade de Buriti-MA mediante à aplicação de questionários, análise da escala de resiliência e uma entrevista semiestruturada com dez destes professores. A entrevista teve como objetivo identificar fatores que facilitam e dificultam a resiliência. Os resultados apontaram como principais fatores estressores a falta de interesse e a indisciplina dos alunos; a falta de estrutura; a falta de diálogo e o autoritarismo tanto da coordenação quanto da direção da escola; o individualismo por parte de alguns professores e os baixos salários. Quanto à escala de resiliência, esta apontou que 84,51% dos professores apresentam alta resiliência e 15,49% média resiliência. A entrevista semiestruturada apontou a falta de apoio como fator que dificulta a resiliência e o apoio de todos os envolvidos no processo educativo como fator facilitador da resiliência. Nesse contexto, ressalta-se a importância de se realizar propostas que tenham como prioridade a saúde do professor para que este possa ajudar no processo de aprendizagem de seus alunos de forma efetiva, eficaz e eficiente. Corrobora-se com a ideia da promoção da resiliência na educação escolar uma vez que, a resiliência vem sendo vista como um elemento importante na superação das adversidades o que promove uma educação de melhor qualidade. / This study aimed to identify the main stressors that affect teachers in the workplace, their levels of resilience and coping behaviors in adversity. The survey classified themselves as to how to approach and quantitative and qualitative, about the objectives, as exploratory and the means to bibliographic and field. The study was conducted with 71 teachers working in urban elementary school in the city of Buriti-MA through the use of questionnaires, analysis of the resilience scale and semistructured interviews with ten of these teachers. The interview aimed to identify factors that facilitate and hinder resilience. The results showed as major stressors lack of interest and lack of discipline of students, lack of structure, lack of dialogue and coordination in both authoritarianism of the school; individualism by some teachers and low wages. Regarding resilience scale, this indicated that 84.51% of teachers have high resilience and 15.49% average resilience. A semistructured interview pointed out the lack of support as a factor that hinders resilience and support of everyone involved in the educational process as a facilitating factor of resilience. In this context, it emphasizes the importance of conducting tenders which have as a priority the health of teachers so that they can help in the learning process of their students effectively, efficiently and effectively. Corroborates with the idea of promoting resilience in school education since resilience has been seen as an important element in overcoming the adversities which promotes a better quality education.