The impact of occupational stress on physiological and psychological well-being of employees is well documented, as well as the adverse effects of occupational stress on organisational functioning. Nursing occupational stressors are divided in nursing-specific demands, job demands and lack of organisational support. If unattended, occupational stress may progress to burnout. Burnout is a type of response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job and it is conceptualised as emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. It has been an issue particularly prominent in the human service occupations. The nursing profession specifically meets these criteria. Individuals who work under these circumstances are at greater risk of developing burnout. 53 nurses completed a biographical questionnaire, the Nursing Stress Survey (NSS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Results indicate that trauma unit nursing staff experience moderate levels of occupational stress and average levels of burnout. Various stressors were identified that nursing staff experienced relatively severely. Emotional exhaustion is related to nursing-specific demands, job demands and lack of organisational support with large effect, indicating the importance of occupational stress in the development of burnout. It is important that management take cognizance of the relationships in order to have a pro-active approach to organisational stress management with the implementation of preventative interventions. / Dissertation (MCom (Human Resources Management))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Forskning tyder på att stress är ett vanligt förekommande problem inom sjuksköterskeyrket idag. Det finns positiv och negativ stress där den negativa och framförallt den långvariga stressen kan leda till negativa konsekvenser både fysiskt och psykiskt.   Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av arbetsrelaterad stress i slutenvården.  Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på elva vetenskapliga artiklar som har granskats och inkluderats i resultatet.   Huvudresultat: Sjuksköterskans upplevelse av arbetsrelaterad stress i grundades i två huvudrubriker; Upplevda orsaker till arbetsrelaterad stress samt upplevda faktorer som kan reducera stress på arbetet samt tio underrubriker. Resultatet identifierade upplevda orsaker till arbetsrelaterad stress i form av; hög arbetsbelastning, osäkerhet i arbetsrollen, bristande stöd från chefer, kontakt med anhöriga, bristande kommunikation och samarbete samt våld och hot. Resultatet identifierade upplevda faktorer som kan reducera stress i form av; anpassning av arbetsbelastning, individuella strategier för stresshantering, återhämtning samt utbildning och digitala verktyg.  Slutsats: Stress på arbetet verkar vara ett problem som förekommer i hela världen då resultatet påvisar samma problematik i olika länder. Sjuksköterskor upplever arbetsrelaterad stress baserad på en mängd olika faktorer såsom hög arbetsbelastning som överensstämmer med varandra inom forskningen. Även upplevda faktorer för stressreducering överensstämmer med varandra vid jämförelse mellan olika länder. / Background: Research indicates that stress is a common problem within the nursing profession today. There are positive and negative stress where the negative and above all the long-term stress can lead to negative consequences both physically and mentally. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe nurses experiences of work related stress in hospitals.  Method: A descriptive literature study where eleven scientific articles were analyzed and included in the result.   Main result: The nurse's experience of work-related stress was founded in two main headings; Experienced causes of work-related stress and Experienced factors that can reduce stress at work and ten sub-headings. The result identified perceived causes of work-related stress in the form of; high workload, insecurity in the work role, lack of support from managers, contact with the relatives, lack of communication and cooperation, and violence and threats. The result identified perceived factors that can reduce stress in the form of; adaptation of workload, individual strategies for stress management, recovery and training and digital tools. Conclusion: Stress at work seems to be a problem that occurs throughout the world as the result shows the same problem in different countries. Nurses experience work-related stress based on a variety of factors like heavy workload that are consistent with each other in research. Experienced stress reduction factors are also consistent in comparison between countries.

The theoretical part of this diploma thesis focuses on defining psychohygiene. The principles of psychohygiene are presented, such as efficient use of time, healthy diet, sufficient exercise, etc. Furthermore, the term stress is defined and explained in more detail by stressors that can burden teachers in a kindergarten. The position of a teacher in a kindergarten, his personality and competences are scrutinized here. The practical part is focused on a qualitative research. Using the case study defined here, the workplace of a private kindergarten is examined in detail using an observation method. Another method in the research is a questionnaire for pedagogical staff in two branches of kindergartens and nurseries. Based on the findings, a conclusion is drawn regarding the psychohygiene of teachers. The aim of the work is to reveal the positives and negatives that affect teachers in this kindergarten and to find out how aware they are about psychohygiene. The research shows that the kindergarten supports employees in healthy eating, exercise, effectively planned working hours and in constantly possible communication with parents. One of the biggest stressors resulting from the questionnaire is, above all, excessive noise and voice strain as well as communication with parents. The biggest stressor...

Background: The daily nursing work includes managing of peripheral intravenous catheter, PIVC. It is the most widely used medical device and often the cause of healthcare associated infections. The most common procedure for inpatients care and used to provide fluid, medication, nutrition, or blood products. Aim: Describe nurses practice of use and management of PIVC. Method: Literature study based on 10 scientific articles worldwide. Results: Presents two themes: “Preparation and inplacement” and “Maintenance and aftercare”. Conclusion: The authors concluded that there were consistent shortcomings in the nursing of PIVC management. The aspects that the study data could demonstrate as factors for lack of care were stress, finances/availability of materials, and knowledge. / Bakgrund: I det dagliga omvårdnadsarbetet ingår hantering av perifer venkateter, PVK. Det är den mest använda medicintekniska produkten och ofta orsak till vårdrelaterade infektioner. Det vanligaste ingreppet för patienter som vårdas i slutenvården och används för att ge vätska, läkemedel, näring eller blodprodukter. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskors hantering av PVK. Metod: Litterarutstudie baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar världen runt. Resultat: Redovisar två teman: ”Förberedande och insättning” och ”Underhåll och eftervård” Slutsats: Författarna kom fram till att det fanns genomgående brister inom omvårdnaden av PVK hantering. De aspekter som studiens data kunde påvisa som faktorer för bristande omvårdnaden var stress, ekonomi/tillgänglighet till material, samt kunskap.

Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga om och vilka kopplingar som finns mellan våldsutsatthet, psykisk ohälsa samt de sociala konsekvenser som våldet samt den psykiska ohälsan har. Studien är formulerad som en enkät och frågorna är formulerade efter en tematisk analys av tidigare forskning i ämnet samt genom KASAM frågor. För att svara på uppsatsens syfte och frågeställningar konstruerades en digital enkät som skapades via easy quest och publicerades på diverse intressegrupper för våld och psykisk ohälsa. Totalt deltog 70 respondenter. Frågorna berörde även sociala konsekvenser som uppkommit av våld och psykisk ohälsa. Svaren på enkäten analyserades statistiskt via SPSS version 28. Huvud resultatet pekar på att våldets frekvens samt antalet erfarna våldsformer är av betydelse för utvecklandet av psykisk ohälsa samt att dessa leder till sociala konsekvenser främst som arbetslöshet, dålig ekonomi och social isolering. Med tanke på våldets omfattande konsekvenser på flera plan är slutsatsen att mer behöver göras för att förebygga att våldet ens utövas, särskilt för barn och unga. / The overall purpose of this paper is to map if and what links exist between violence, mental illness and the social consequences of violence and mental illness. The study is formulated as a questionnaire and the questions are formulated after a thematic analysis of previous research on the subject as well as through KASAM questions. To answer the purpose and questions of the thesis, a digital questionnaire was constructed that was created via easy quest and published on various interest groups for violence and mental illness. A total of 70 respondents participated. The questions also touched on social consequences arising from violence and mental illness. The answers to the questionnaire were statistically analyzed via SPSS version 28. The main results indicate that the frequency of violence and the number of experienced forms of violence are of importance for the development of mental illness and that these lead to social consequences such as unemployment, poor economy, and social isolation. Given the wide-ranging consequences of violence on several levels, it is concluded that more needs to be done to prevent violence from even being perpetrated, especially for children and young people.

Background: Nurses’ responsibility is complex and primarily aimed at promoting health, prevent disease and patient’s suffering as well as restore health. In addition, nurses are in contact with the patient’s relatives as well as they are team leaders. Stress is a clear element in today's society and common in the caring professions and it can have a negative effect on the care. Psychological illness is common among nursing students and it might be due to concerns about their future profession. Aim: The aim was to describe the newly graduated nurses' experience of work-related stress. Method: A literature review has been conducted in which 14 scientific articles have been analyzed by similarities and differences. The key findings were identified, put under main headings and subheadings and is presented in the result. Results: Newly graduated nurses experienced a lack of clinical and academic knowledge during the first three years of their professional career. These were the most common work related stress factors. Nurses were also stressed about the responsibilities and requirements that follows the professional role. Time management and work overload were two other factors that contributed to work related stress.  Discussion: Nurses felt they have difficulties coping with the demands that followed their professional role. Heavy workload, time constraints and lack of knowledge were factors that contributed to nurse´s experience of not being able to exert control of their work. When the demands are high and there is little ability to exert control, the risk of unhealthy stress will increase. Support from employees and managers can reduce stress in working life.

Syftet är att beskriva faktorer som skapar och lindrar stress utifrån hur eleveri en förskoleklass resonerar kring stress i grundskolan. En kvalitativ ansatsanvändes för att undersöka hur elever resonerar kring stress. Studien omfattarsemistrukturerade intervjuer med tio informanter som alla går i enförskoleklass. Inför studien lade jag vikt vid att både vårdnadshavare ocheleverna kunde göra ett informerat samtycke. För att skapa godaförutsättningar för intervjun så valde jag för ett inglasat rum där annanpersonal hade insyn och eleverna sedan tidigare kände sig bekväma, för attsäkerställa ett tryggt rum under intervjun.Resultatet visar att eleverna kunde redogöra för sådant som skapar stress ochsådant som lindrar och motverkar stress. I resultatet framkommer att miljönsoch vuxna i skolan har betydelse för barnens upplevelse av stress i skolan.Resultatet är relevant då stress påverkar barns lärande. Det framkommer iresultatet hur viktigt det är att vi uppmärksammar elevers tankar kring stress.Genom att låta lek och glädje vara en ledstjärna i undervisningen, skapastrygga miljöer, där eleverna lär sig att hantera olika stressituationer. Målet äratt lärare och annan skolpersonal som förstår vilka faktorer som stressar kanmöta elevernas behov, samt motverka och lindra stress.

Bakgrund: Stress klassificeras idag som en folksjukdom och har blivit ett omtalat ämne inom sjukvården då stressen inom sjuksköterskeyrket blir ett allt vanligare problem­­ dagligen. Stress kan visa sig som positiv eller negativ där den positiva kan vara till nytta medan den negativa i längden kan bli skadlig. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser, hantering och konsekvenser av arbetsrelaterad stress inom slutenvården.   Metod: Elva granskade vetenskapliga artiklar skapade grund för denna litteraturstudie som genomfördes med en deskriptiv design.  Huvudresultat: Tre huvudteman samt nio subteman identifierades relaterat till sjuksköterskors upplevelser av arbetsrelaterad stress. De tre huvudtemana var upplevda faktorer som orsakar arbetsrelaterad stress, strategier för hantering av arbetsrelaterad stress och konsekvenser av arbetsrelaterad stress. Det framkom i resultatet att hög arbetsbelastning, otillgängliga läkare, patienter och dess anhöriga, arbetstiden, dåligt stöd från ledningen var faktorer som upplevdes orsaka arbetsrelaterad stress. Resultatet visar även på att sjuksköterskorna upplevde att stödjande ledarskap och arbetsmiljö, korta pauser, samarbete och kommunikation samt privatlivet underlättade hanteringen av den arbetsrelaterade stressen. Resultatet visar även att arbetsrelaterad stress i längden kan leda till konsekvenser som bland annat negativ påverkan i familjelivet samt vårdkvalitén, fysisk och mental utmattning så som kronisk trötthet, irritabilitet, isolering, otålighet med mera.   Slutsats: Det finns ett stort underlag av forskning gällande stress sjuksköterskor utsätts för inom arbetet i hela världen. Trots den kunskap som redan finns kring detta och att flertal studier visar återkommande faktorer kring upplevda orsaker till arbetsrelaterad stress, förbättras ej sjuksköterskornas situation. Den forskning som redan finns visar även gemensamma faktorer till upplevda hanteringsstrategier samt vilka konsekvenser stressen kan leda till om dessa strategier inte nyttjas. / Background: Stress today is classified as a public disease and has become a popular topic in healthcare. In the nursing profession stress has become a common problem on a daily basis. Stress can turn out to be positive or negative where the positive can be helpful while the negative in the long run can be harmful. Aim: The purpose of this literature study was to describe nurses' experiences, management and consequences of work-related stress in inpatient care.  Method: Eleven reviewed scientific articles formed the basis purpose of this literature study, which was implemented with a descriptive design.  Main result: Three main themes and nine sub-themes were identified related to nurses' experiences of work-related stress. The three main themes were perceived factors that cause work-related stress, strategies for managing work-related stress and consequences of work-related stress. They result showed that high workload, inaccessible doctors, patients and their relatives, working hours, poor support from management were factors that were perceived to cause work-related stress. The results also show that the nurses experienced that supportive leadership and work environment, short breaks, cooperation and communication as well as private life facilitated the management of work-related stress. The results also show that work-related stress in the long run can lead to consequences such as negative impact on family life and quality of care, physical and mental exhaustion such as chronic fatigue, irritability, isolation, impatience and more.  Conclusion: There is a large basis of research regarding stress that nurses are exposed to within work worldwide. Despite the knowledge that already exist about this and that several studies show recurring factors around perceived causes of work-related stress, the nurses' situation does not improve. The research that already exist also show common factors to perceived management strategies and what consequences stress can lead to if these strategies are not used.

The diploma thesis addresses the Possibilities of stress minimazition for pupils at the lower secondary school with regard to pupils with special educational needs during distance education. It designs the tools and strategies that a regular city school can provide students with coping with stress and stressful situations in the ongoing distance education. The theoretical part defines the main concept associated with stress, stressors and strategies used in coping with stress and the concept of distance education. The practical part finds out what possibilities a regular city school has in reducing stress for pupils in the lower secondary school, including pupils with special educational needs in distance education based on the finding of the main stressors and strategies the pupils use to cope with stress and support. The method of the research survey is conducted in the form of structural interview. Based on the obtained research data it was found out which, in the opinion of pupils, are the main stressors in distance education and what strategies pupils use for processing workload and stress, including pupils with special educational needs. From this information it is possible to design certain methods and procedures that define possibilities of minimizing stress for a given school. Key words...

A plethora of extant research focuses on the positive outcomes of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). However, there has been a relatively recent shift of focus that sheds light on the changing parameters and workplace perceptions of what such behaviors entail, as well as their adverse outcomes. As organizations and their employees endure changes, work expectations have consequently changed through differing perceptions of job tasks that individuals feel required or obligated to do, even when it is not included in their formal job description. Such feelings point to the concept of citizenship pressure (CP), which this thesis further explores and adds to the relatively little, but growing, research on the construct. Specifically, this thesis explores the relationship between OCB and job-related affective well-being (JAW), and the impact of CP on that relationship. A survey study was conducted to test the hypothesized moderation of CP on the relationship between OCB and JAW. The participants included 59 individuals over the age of 18 who were employed part-time or full-time, either at the time of their participation or within the preceding six months. While the hypothesized model was not significant, supplemental analyses were run on variations of this model. The additional models provided some significant findings that may lead to viable paths for further research. Future research directions, limitations, and practical implications are included.