The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recently passed new legislation highlighting the critical role coaches play in student-athlete success called the Head Coach’s Academic Progress Rate (APR). The APR measure does not calculate the actions of the head coach and is therefore an inadequate measure of coaches’ influence. There are numerous verbal accounts of the influence of the coach on student-athlete success, but there is little quantitative data to support this claim. As a result, this correlational study explored the relationship between head coaches’ influence and student engagement among a sample of 135 women basketball players at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (DI) institutions. The Student-Athlete Perception of Coaches’ Influence, Student Engagement and Student Athlete Success Survey (SAPCISESASS), an instrument developed by the researcher, was used to measure coaches’ influence and engagement. Results revealed that overall student-athletes perceived an overall positive relationship with their head coach, were satisfied with their relationship, and would choose to return to attend the same institution if the same coach were employed with the institution. Student-athletes reported being heavily engaged in community service and engaged in 16 or more hours per week in athletic-related activities. Student-athletes perceived the overall campus climate to be supportive and relationships with various campus constituencies were positive. Student-athletes reported a strong belief in their head coaches’ influence on their personal and social development. A strong relationship was found between coaches’ influence and personal and social development (adjusted R2 = .62, p

La structure des pôles espoirs se caractérise par l’hébergement d’une formation sportive de haut niveau au sein même de la formation scolaire. Si les travaux sur la formation d’un sportif d’élite sont nombreux, l’essentiel des études est focalisé sur la socialisation à la performance sportive indépendamment de la socialisation scolaire. La présente recherche vise à équilibrer le regard entre le travail scolaire et le travail sportif dans le cadre d’une approche interactionniste des mondes sociaux en référence aux travaux de Becker (1982) et Strauss (1988). Elle s’appuie sur une enquête ethnographique de plus de trois ans réalisée dans deux pôles espoirs (rugby et natation synchronisée) choisis pour leurs structures similaires (internat, implantation urbaine) et surtout leurs caractéristiques différenciées (marquage genré, cultures sportives contrastées). Elle est complétée par 18 entretiens de recherche approfondis auprès d’élèves-sportifs, entraîneurs, professeurs et médecins. Il s’agit d’étudier ce que font concrètement les acteurs pour articuler le monde sportif au monde scolaire. Le pôle espoir est ainsi appréhendé comme une organisation dynamique et négociée au sein de laquelle le monde du sport de haut niveau et le monde de l’école sont amenés à interagir, à s’entrecroiser, voire à se chevaucher. Faire l’hypothèse de l’existence de mondes différenciés au sein d’un pôle espoir permet de saisir au travers de heurts et de négociations des conceptions singulières des situations dans lesquelles les acteurs sont engagés. Outre les temps ordinaires, la recherche accorde une attention particulière aux temps d’épreuve : blessures, contre-performances sportives, difficultés scolaires. En suspendant le rapport à l’évidence, ces temps d’épreuve vont permettre de mettre en exergue les logiques habituellement à l’œuvre, de révéler les ajustements mis en place par les différents acteurs (professeurs, directeur d’établissement, entraîneurs, mais aussi élèves-sportifs). L’ordre au sein d’un pôle espoir n’est pas seulement déterminé par les rôles dévolus à chacun et les règles qui les encadrent, mais par des interactions complexes, des négociations, des types de figuration (Goffman, 2003) des acteurs. La thèse donne accès à une représentation moins mécaniste et plus dynamique du fonctionnement des pôles espoirs, et met en lumière les investissements et négociations par lesquels s’instaure un déséquilibre au profit des activités sportives, que ce soit dans les temps ordinaires, comme dans les temps d’épreuve. L’approche en termes de mondes sociaux conduit à prendre en compte le travail de la famille et à introduire le monde de la santé pour comprendre l’articulation des activités étudiées. Par leur circulation entre les mondes et les différents types de figuration auxquelles ils sont contraints, les jeunes élèves-sportifs, s’avèrent des acteurs majeurs dans l’articulation des activités scolaires et sportives. Enfin les perspectives professionnelles et les systèmes de valeurs des disciplines sportives entraînent des ajustements différents auxquels l’étude approfondie des deux cas permet d’accéder. / The structure of the « pôle espoir » is characterized by hosting a training of elite sport within school education. There are many researches about the formation of an elite athlete, but most of the studies are focused on the socialization to athletic performance regardless of school socialization. This research aims to balance the look between school work and sports work as part of an interactionist approach of the social worlds in reference to the work of Becker (1982) and Strauss (1988). It relies on an ethnographic survey of more than three years, conducted in two “pôles espoirs” (rugby and synchronized swimming) chosen for their similar structures (boarding school, urban settlement) and especially their differentiated characteristics (gendered marking, contrasting sports cultures). It is supplemented by 18 in-depth research interviews with students-athletes, coaches, teachers and doctors. We want to study what the actors actually do to articulate the sport world and the school world. The “pôle espoir” is understood as a dynamic and negotiated organization in which the world of elite sport and the school world interact, intersect and even overlap. We make the hypothesis that there are differentiated worlds in a “pôle espoir”, it allow us to capture, through clashes and negotiations, singular designs of the situations in which actors are engaged. In addition to ordinary time, the research pays particular attention to the time of trial: injuries, poor performances, academic difficulties. These times of trial help to highlight the usual logic and reveal the adjustments implemented by the different actors (teachers, school director, coaches, but also students-athletes). The social order in a “pôle espoir” is not only determined by gender roles and the rules governing them, but by complex interactions, negotiations, types of figuration (Goffman, 2003). The thesis shows a representation less mechanistic and more dynamic of “pôles espoirs”. It highlights the investments and negotiations that create an imbalance in favour of the sport world, in ordinary times, as well as in time of trial. The social worlds approach allows us to take into account the work of the family and introduce the world of health to understand the articulation of the activities. By their movement between the worlds and the different types of representation to which they are forced, young students-athletes are major players in the articulation between school and sports activities. The career prospects and values of sports systems result in different adjustments.

Darbe nagrinėjama sportininkų dvejopo pobūdžio profesinė veikla, jos įgyvendinimas Europos Sąjungoje ir Lietuvos universitetuose. Analizuojamos priežastys, paskatinusios tokios veiklos atsiradimą, taip pat tokios veiklos nauda sportininkams. Pateikiama Lietuvos universitetų, remiančių sportininkus- studentus, analizė. / The present research focuses on the athletes' dual careers and its implementation in the European Union and Lithuanian universities. It also analyzes the main reasons which caused the rise of such phenomenon, as well as the profit of the dual careers for athletes. The analysis of Lithuanian universities which support student- athletes is presented in the research.

This study replicated and extended previous research I had performed that suggested that a student success course is an effective intervention to assist student-athletes in the adjustment to college. Participants in the current study included 4 groups of students, including (1) non-athletes and (2) student-athletes who were mandated and enrolled in the student success course, and (3) non-athletes and (4) student-athletes who were not mandated and did not enroll in the student success course. Overall, results from the current study suggested that the student success course was effective in helping non-athletes and student-athletes learn key cognitive strategies that are necessary for college success. In addition, results indicated that after taking the student success course, academically at-risk students earned equivalent grades, percentage of hours passed, and retention rates compared to their peers who were not classified as being academically underprepared. Finally, adjustment patterns of all groups were examined, with particular emphasis on the decrease in adjustment over the course of the semester that was demonstrated by the student-athletes. Intervention implications and future research directions are discussed, specifically in terms of how to address the unique needs of college freshmen student-athletes.

The following executive summary provides high level findings of a student-athlete mental health program (SAMHP) at a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I mid-major university. Various elements of the SAMHP were evaluated to create a well-rounded understanding of the program to determine sustainability, goals, and stakeholder expectations. Findings from this study provided insight on stakeholder needs, program successes, and implications for program improvements.

This descriptive study examines whether high school counselors are equipped to advise potential recruits on new NCAA academic eligibility regulations. It highlights the NCAA’s new Division I academic eligibility regulations in effect for current seniors in high school (entering collegiate class of 2016) and gives an overview of academic rule changes within the national governing body. The enhanced academic eligibility rules increase minimum GPA and test score as well as mandates strict core course requirements, prioritizing the role of a high school counselor in the entire process. The study will seek to examine the knowledge of high school counselors on new NCAA academic eligibility rules, the resources available to them and those needed to better assist potential recruits from underserved backgrounds. This study will focus on high school counselors employed in California at underserved schools characterized by those receiving Title I wide funding from the federal government. The majority of students at Title I wide institutions are minorities and first generation students and these populations rely heavily on their high school counselors for college knowledge. In many cases, athletic scholarships are these student’s only means of obtaining a collegiate degree; highlighting the need to examine the knowledge and resources high school counselors have and need to properly advise potential NCAA student-athletes. High school counselors need information and resources specific to NCAA academic eligibility regulations to help student-athletes from underserved backgrounds keep their collegiate dreams alive.

This study was developed to explore the intercultural interactions among college student-athletes at a Division IA university. The primary research question of this study was: How do individual cultural identities contribute to the experience of diversity and inclusion on a sports team? This study was designed to examine how athletes feel included in their teams and whether they can express--or feel the need to suppress--their other social identities in order to fit into the collegiate athletic realm. The following academic areas were relevant to the study: identity development and negotiation, intercultural interaction and contact, athletics, and multicultural education. The data and discussion suggested that the strong sense of team identity may downplay other identities on a team, and student-athletes may negotiate their other identities to fit into the team. Although teams are perceived to be welcoming, there is an underlying need for further multicultural training for the population. This study helped to bridge the gap in research about college sports and intercultural interaction.

Sverige finns det Riksidrottsgymnasier och Nationella idrottsutbildningar som erbjuder ett utbildningsprogram med specialidrott för att elitidrottande ungdomar ska kunna kombinera idrott och studier. Ungdomarna ska få möjlighet att utvecklas både inom sin idrott och inom sin utbildning och på så sätt bli ”vinnare i långa loppet” med både en idrottskarriär och sedan även en yrkeskarriär som de lagt grunden till med studier under idrottsåren. För att ungdomar ska lyckas med elitidrott och studier är det viktigt att se till helheten. Tidigare forskning inom ”dubbla karriärer” tar utgångspunkt från det holistiska perspektivet som beskriver betydelsen av balans mellan idrott, skola och privatliv. Studierna nämner helheten som viktig för ungdomar ska må bra och kunna prestera i sin idrott och i sin utbildning. De olika forskningsstudierna utgår och lägger tyngdpunkten på idrottsdelen, idrottsmiljöerna och tränare. De pekar på betydelsen av skolan och på betydelsen av helheten idrott, skola och privatliv men går ej på djupet med hur lärarens undervisning eller elevens lärande ska utformas för bästa resultat. Diskursen som analyseras i detta arbete är ”matematikundervisning på ett idrottsgymnasium”. Forskningsfrågan som ställs och som formar diskursen lyder: Vilka är de didaktiska perspektiven i idrottselevernas utbildningsmiljö, specifikt inom matematikundervisning och vad görs viktigt i matematikundervisningen sedd som diskurs? Matematiklärarna och idrottseleverna sätts i fokus och studien undersöker, hur de beskriver olika företeelser när de ger sin bild av matematikundervisningen på skolan. Studien tar utgångspunkt från det didaktiska perspektivet/lärarperspektivet i idrottselevernas utbildningsmiljö. Data samlades in genom intervjuer med matematiklärare och en enkät till idrottselever på ett Riksidrottsgymnasium med cirka 60 idrottselever, under vårterminen 2019. I analysresultatet framstår diskursens normer, högt värderade ståndpunkter och dilemma som fem teman: ”det viktiga matematikämnet”, ”den goda idrottseleven”, ”dilemmat runt idrottselevens frånvaro”, ”strategier för stöd” och ”studieformens otydlighet”. Slutsatsen pekar på att det så tydligt frammanas en ideal bild av en framgångsrik elev, att matematikämnet värderas så viktigt och svårt utifrån sin tradition och att den specifikastudieformen för matematikundervisning för idrottselever saknar tydlig form. Studieformen kan beskrivas som lärarledd klassrumsundervisning kompletterad med olika anpassningar för att underlätta för idrottselevernas självstudier. Studiens diskursiva analys beskriver också vad som ses som framgångsfaktorer, vilket sammanfattas i idrottselevernas stora egna ansvar, motivation och förmåga att planera in och genomföra självstudier samt matematiklärarnas olika anpassningar och stöd för att underlätta idrottselevernas självstudier. / The Swedish model of elite sports secondary schools consist of Riksidrottsgymnasium, RIG,and National Sports Education Programs, NIU, which offer a training program with specialized sports to student-athletes in order for them to combine sport and study. The underlying philosophy for the model is seen as creating “winners in the long run” in preparingstudent-athletes for a post-athletic career, as well as coping with current demands to optimise development in an elite sporting career. For young student-athletes to successfully combine elite sport and study, it is important tohave a holistic perspective. Previous research in “dual careers” is based on the holistic perspective that describes the importance of a balance between sport, school and private life. The studies point out that the student-athlete has a challenging life situation to manage andit is important for the young student-athlete to feel good to be able to perform both in sportand study. The various research studies are based on and emphasize the sport, the sportenvironments and coaches. They put focus on the importance of the education and theimportance of the holistic perspective of sport, school and private life but do not go into depthhow the teacher's teaching or the student's way of learning should be designed for best results. This discourse analysis is defined as “mathematics at an elite sport secondary school”. The research question which shapes the given discourse reads: “What are the didactic perspectives in the student-athlete's educational environment, especially in mathematics teaching, seen as discourse?” The math teachers and the student-athletes are put into focus and the study investigates how they describe the math education at the RIG-school. The study is based onthe didactic perspective/teaching perspective in the student-athlete's educational environment. Data for the study was collected through interviews with math teachers and a questionnairefor student-athletes, at a RIG-school with approximately 60 student-athletes, during thespring of 2019.In the results of the analysis, the norms of the discourse, highly valued positions and dilemmaappear as five themes: “the important math-subject”, “the good student-athlete”, “thedilemma of the student-athlete's absence”, “strategies for support” and “the ambiguity of theform of the mathematics education”. These findings point to the fact that an ideal image of a successful student-athlete is clearly presented, that the math-subject is valued important and difficult based on its tradition and that the specific study form for mathematics education for student-athletes lacks a clear form. The model that is applied for the mathematics education at the RIG-school can be describedas teacher-led classroom education supplemented with various adaptations to facilitate the student-athletes' self-studies. In this study the discursive analysis also point out the success factors, which are summarized as the student-athletes' high responsibility, motivation and ability to plan and carry out self studies as well as the math teachers' various adaptations and support to facilitate the student athletes' self-studies.

Att ta steget in i en dubbel karriär genom ett Riksidrottsuniversitet eller Elitidrottsvänligt lärosäte innebär att en elitidrottare kombinerar deras idrott med akademiskastudier. Föreliggande studies syftade till att undersöka studentidrottares upplevelser av att ha en dubbel karriär och vilka krav, barriärer och resurser de upplever samt hur de hanterarkraven. Den kvalitativa studien bestod av åtta deltagare fördelat på sju kvinnor och en man, i åldrarna 20–35 (M=24,25) som utövade olika idrotter. Studentidrottarnas upplevelser samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med en intervjuguide utifrån Karriärövergångsmodellen (Stambulova, 2003) och Holistiska idrottsligakarriärutvecklingsmodellen (Wylleman, 2019). Resultatet sammanfattas genom fyra huvudteman: studentidrottares upplevda krav, barriärer, resurser och effektiv hantering. Resultatet visade att studentidrottarna bland annat upplevde höga interna krav från sig själva där de vill lyckas och maximalt prestera i allt de tar sig ann vilket upplevs krävande och stressande. Vidare upplevde de barriärer i form av externa barriärer, begränsad tid och Covid-19 pandemins negativa konsekvenser. Interna tillgångar var målmedvetenhet, erfarenhet och externa tillgångar i bland annat ekonomiskt stöd, dra nytta av andra studenter och ökad flexibilitet med distansstudier. Tre hanteringsstrategier som hjälpte studentidrottarna att hantera denna kombination var problemfokuserad hantering som innebär noggrannplanering för att få ihop livspusslet, undvikande hantering och till sist emotionsfokuserad hantering där personer i deras närhet har störst betydelse men även återhämtning. / Taking the step into a dual career through a National Sports University or Elite SportsFriendly University means that an elite athlete combines their sport with academic studies.The present study aimed to investigate student-athletes' experiences of having a dual careerand what demands, barriers and resources they experience and how they manage the demands.The qualitative study consisted of eight participants divided into seven women and one man,aged 20–35 (M=24.25) who practiced different sports. The student-athletes' experiences werecollected through semi-structured interviews with an interview guide based on The athletictransition model (Stambulova, 2003) and The holistic athletic career model (Wylleman,2019). The results are summarized through four main themes: student-athletes' perceiveddemands, barriers, resources and effective coping. The results showed that the student-athletesexperienced high internal demands from themselves where they want to succeed and performmaximally in everything they do, which is experienced as stressful. Furthermore, theyexperienced barriers in the form of external barriers, limited time and negative consequencesof the Covid-19 pandemic. Internal assets were determination, experience and external assetsin, among other things, financial support, taking advantage of other students and increasedflexibility with distance learning. Three coping strategies that helped the student-athletes dealwith this combination were problem-focused coping which involved planning,avoidant-coping and finally emotion-focused coping.

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