Firstly, I will introduce the thought experiments known as the Frankfurt-style cases. Secondly,I will present the flicker of freedom defense. Thirdly, I will clarify why Stump rejects the flicker of freedom defense. Then I will present Capes’s response to Stump’s assessment of the 2flicker of freedom defense. Next, I will analyze Capes’s and Stump’s positions and argue that Capes successfully shows that Stump’s rejection fails. Lastly, I will discuss an implication the flicker of freedom defense has for the Frankfurt-style cases, which has not been addressed to my knowledge.

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Harvesting practices in the southern Appalachians have moved away from clearcutting in favor of variable retention harvesting systems. A study was initiated in 1995-8 to investigate the effects of retaining varying numbers of residual trees on regeneration in seven silvicultural treatments. A second study specifically focused on stump sprouting in only three of those treatments. The treatments for first study included: a clearcut, commercial harvest, leave-tree, shelterwood, group selection, midstory treatment, and an uncut control. The second only focused on the clearcut, leave-tree, and shelterwood. These treatments were implemented in seven stands in Virginia and West Virginia over two physiographic provinces, the Appalachian plateau and Ridge and Valley. The stands were even-aged oak dominated Appalachian hardwood stands on fair quality sites with average ages ranging from 63 to 100 yrs. Permanent plots were randomly located in each stand and all overstory trees (>5m tall) were inventoried and tagged prior to harvest. Regeneration was also quantified. Harvest occurred between 1995-8. For the current studies the plots were re-inventoried 9-11 years post-harvest and all regeneration in all treatments as well as stump sprouts in the selected treatments were quantified. The first study utilized a mixed model ANOVA to analyze five species groups: oak, maple, black cherry-yellow-poplar, miscellaneous, and midstory. Response variables included importance value, average height, and density compared within species group and among treatments. Differences between sprout and seedling origin regeneration were also investigated within species group among treatment. Results indicated that oak densities were similar in all of the treatments, and stump sprouts were larger and more frequent than seedlings. Maple exhibited an increase from pre-harvest overstory importance and exhibited competitive sprouting. The black cherry-yellow-poplar group had few but highly competitive sprouts and a considerable increase in seedling origin regeneration in all treatments. The miscellaneous species densities increased as well with more competitive sprouting in some treatments. The midstory species were excluded from the analysis as it was assumed these species would not occupy canopy positions in a mature stand. The second study investigated differences in the percent of stumps that sprouted and the number of sprouts per stump. The percent data were analyzed using a non-parametric one-way ANOVA and regression analysis, while the sprouts per stump data were compared in a mixed model ANOVA and regression. Species were combined into six groups: the red oak group, chestnut oak, red maple, white oak/hickory group, mixed mesic group, and midstory group. The plateau tended to have reduced sprouting compared to the Ridge and Valley for most species groups and treatments. The red oak group, chestnut oak, and red maple exhibited reduced sprouting with increased residual basal area. The mixed mesic group did not show any effect in sprouting related to residual basal area. Only chestnut oak showed fewer sprouts per stump as residual basal area increased. / Master of Science

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram, em indivíduos com câncer de coto gástrico: identificar o padrão de disseminação de linfonodos acometidos, quantificar a invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose, correlacionar a invasão da linha de anastomose com o comprometimento linfonodal e mesenterial, correlacionar o acometimento linfonodal com sobrevivência e correlacionar o acometimento da linha de anastomose com sobrevivência. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários, peças cirúrgicas e exames anátomo-patológicos de 113 pacientes. O câncer de coto gástrico não tem um padrão de disseminação linfonodal específico; 75% dos pacientes apresentaram invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose; em 66,7% dos casos ocorreu invasão da linha anastomótica e linfonodal concomitantes; menos de 10% dos casos exibiam invasão mesenterial; houve óbito em 86,5% dos casos com invasão linfonodal e 64,7% com invasão da linha de anastomose e em 100% com invasão mesenterial. / The objectives of this study are to identify the metastatic pattern of lymph node for gastric stump cancer; to quantify the invasion of anastomotic site by tumor; to relate the invasion of anastomotic site with metastasis lymph node or mesenterial lymph node and these parameters with the survival of patients with gastric stump cancer. One hundred and thirteen patients with gastric stump cancer were retrospectively analyzed along with their medical records, surgical pieces and histopathologic exam. The metastatic pattern of lymph node isnt specific to gastric stump cancer. 75% of patients had tumoral invasion in the anastomotic site. In 66.7% of the cases there was an invasion of the anastomotic site with metastatic lymph nodes. 9% of patients had mesenterial lymph node invasion by tumor. Fatal cases occurred in 86,5% of the patients with metastatic lymph node, 64,7% with invasion of the anastomotic site and 100% with mesenterial lymph node invasion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 negrao_dr_me_botfca.pdf: 3707396 bytes, checksum: a86257bbc964f1d5be2cd0c00ddf6c80 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O eucalipto é a arbórea mais plantada no Brasil, devido ao seu amplo uso e após seu corte, os tocos e raízes que permanecem no local, dificultam o manejo da cultura. Com base nessa necessidade, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as características fisiológicas e funcionais de fungos basidiomicotas, isolados de campos de reflorestamento de Eucalyptus spp., com vistas à possibilidade do uso destes na destoca natural. Os fungos Pycnoporus sanguineus, Lentinus bertieri, Xylaria sp. e Lentinula edodes e um isolado não identificado foram estudados. No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se a patogenicidade dos mesmos em plantas de eucalipto urograndis (10 meses de idade), através da inoculação de disco de meio de cultura colonizado e não colonizado (Testemunha). As avaliações foram feitas aos 30 e 60 dias após a inoculação, com base no tamanho das lesões internas e externas. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial dos fungos P. sanguineus, L. bertieri, Xylaria sp., L. edodes e S. ostrea, em substrato à base de serragem enriquecida com farelos, e em três composições de meios de cultura, Batata-Dextrose-Ágar (BDA); Malte-Ágar (MA) e Serragem-Dextrose-Ágar (SDA), e incubados a 23, 27 e 31ºC. No terceiro experimento, avaliou-se a produção das enzimas ligninocelulolíticas lacase e celulase, e outras ligadas à degradação de tecidos vegetais, as proteases, pectinases e lipase, em meios de cultura específicos. No quarto experimento, estudou-se, pelo método “soil block”, a perda de massa (%) de corpos-de-prova de eucalipto urograndis, inoculados com os fungos P. sanguineus, L. bertieri, Xylaria sp. e L. edodes, mantidos sob dois regimes de umidade (50 e 100%), e avaliados aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 após inoculação. Estudaram-se também as características químicas da madeira, após 120 dias da inoculação / The Eucalyptus spp. tree is the most planted in Brazil, due to its widespread use and after its use, the stumps and roots that remains in the area, hinder crop management. Based on this need, the purpose of this work was evaluate the physiological and functional characteristics of basidiomycetes fungi, obtained in reforestation fields of Eucalyptus spp., with the possibility of using the fungi in natural stump removal. Pycnoporus sanguineus, Lentinus bertieri, Xylaria sp., Stereum ostrea and a unidentified isolate, were studied. In the first, was evaluate the fungi pathogenicity in eucalipt urograndis plants (10 months old), by means of disk inoculation into culture medium colonized and non-colonized (control) by fungi. Evaluations were performed at 30 and 60 days after inoculation based on the external and internal size of lesions. In experiment 2, the mycelial growth of P. sanguineus, L. bertieri, Xylaria sp., L. edodes and S. ostrea was evaluated in bran and sawdust-based substrate, as well as in three culture media: Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA), Malt-Agar (MA) and Sawdust-Dextrose-Agar (SDA), and at three incubation temperatures, at 23, 27 and 31ºC. In experiment 3, the production of lignolytic enzymes lacase and cellulase, and other enzymes related to degradation of plant tissues, like protease, pectinases and lipase was assessed in specific culture media. In experiment 4, mass loss (%) and chemical features of eucalipt urograndis wood degraded by the soil block method were evaluated by the P. sanguineus, L. bertieri, Xylaria sp. and L. edodes fungi. Thus, test specimens were inoculated with the fungi and kept under two moisture regimes, 50 and 100%, and incubated at 25 ±2ºC. Mass loss was assessed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after inoculation. The chemical features of eucalipt urograndis test specimens were only analyzed at 120 days

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram, em indivíduos com câncer de coto gástrico: identificar o padrão de disseminação de linfonodos acometidos, quantificar a invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose, correlacionar a invasão da linha de anastomose com o comprometimento linfonodal e mesenterial, correlacionar o acometimento linfonodal com sobrevivência e correlacionar o acometimento da linha de anastomose com sobrevivência. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários, peças cirúrgicas e exames anátomo-patológicos de 113 pacientes. O câncer de coto gástrico não tem um padrão de disseminação linfonodal específico; 75% dos pacientes apresentaram invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose; em 66,7% dos casos ocorreu invasão da linha anastomótica e linfonodal concomitantes; menos de 10% dos casos exibiam invasão mesenterial; houve óbito em 86,5% dos casos com invasão linfonodal e 64,7% com invasão da linha de anastomose e em 100% com invasão mesenterial. / The objectives of this study are to identify the metastatic pattern of lymph node for gastric stump cancer; to quantify the invasion of anastomotic site by tumor; to relate the invasion of anastomotic site with metastasis lymph node or mesenterial lymph node and these parameters with the survival of patients with gastric stump cancer. One hundred and thirteen patients with gastric stump cancer were retrospectively analyzed along with their medical records, surgical pieces and histopathologic exam. The metastatic pattern of lymph node isnt specific to gastric stump cancer. 75% of patients had tumoral invasion in the anastomotic site. In 66.7% of the cases there was an invasion of the anastomotic site with metastatic lymph nodes. 9% of patients had mesenterial lymph node invasion by tumor. Fatal cases occurred in 86,5% of the patients with metastatic lymph node, 64,7% with invasion of the anastomotic site and 100% with mesenterial lymph node invasion.

Goal of this work is to make acquaintance and study meta-learningu methods, program algorithm and compare with other machine learning methods.

No description available.

The aim of my extended essay is to evaluate some social aspects after amputations of extremities with children and adults. The work is divided into several parts. In the first theoretical part, the attention is paid to a history of amputations and some indications for an extremity amputation. At the same time, the summary of amputation lines of upper and lower extremities is set up here as well. In this part, there is a list of some indications leading to an amputation of an extremity, too. Besides, here is some theoretical imformation on the comprehensive rehabilitation, especially on therapeutic, social and working one. Some data obtained by evaluating my own research are presented in the practical part of this extended essay. The research was carried out with a quantitative questionnaire method. After the evaluation, all three determined hypotheses were confirmed. Hypothesis No. 1: I suppose the children and adolescents do not feel being seen at a disadvantage after the amputation of an extremity, which is brought by this treatment. Hypothesis No. 2: Women come to terms with the amputation of an extremity psychically worse than men do. Hypothesis No. 3: I suppose the amputation of an upper extremity is a greater handicap than a loss of a lower one, in consideration of one's asserting at the labour market. The practical evaluation contains all the comparisons of the research results with some specialized literature, too. The main contribution of my extended essay is the summarization of the certain points at issue and the facilitation of an easier orientation in a social situation after the amputation of an extremity.

No description available.