Diss.--Münster, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 197-231.

Thesis--Leipzig. / Cover title. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Leipzig. / Cover title. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Divinity School, August 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

The essay has its beginning in the source material that deal with ancient Norse religion before the people in the Nordic countries became Christian. The fact that there are no contemporary written or authentic sources available that can tell us something about the Norse religion during the Viking age is problematic. Archeological source materials is available, but tend to talk more about power relationships and social status than the old Norse religion and the way people practiced their faith. Medieval Christian writers are a source of knowledge of the Norse religion; however, they can only highlight the Norse religion from a Christian point of view and ways of evaluating the pagan faith, making them less reliable. The written sources of this paper are based on the written by two medieval Christian writers, Saxo Grammaticus and Snorri Sturluson. These sources are among the first to treat the Norse religion process after the introduction of Christianity in Scandinavia. The survey is based on the Saxo Grammaticus history work "Gesta Danorum" as in the ninth book "Ragnar Lodbrok story" portrays the Amazon Ladgerd, the figure which the thesis directs its focus against, and Snorri Sturluson written collection of ”Heimskringla" which deals with Earl Haakon and his patron goddess Torgerd Holgabrud in battle of Hjoerungavaag year 986. The survey is also influenced by the Icelandic poetry from which Saxo Grammaticus' and Snorri Sturluson´s history writing originates. In this essay, I use source criticism and a comparative method to study the relationships between the two sources and the way they depict the Amazon Ladgerd and Torgerd Holgabrud in the historic context. The essay can help to give a better understanding of the Amazon and the role women warriors have had in the ancient Norse religion, which future research can benefit from. With the support from earlier research on the ancient Norse religion, I can show that there is a connection between the two sources Saxo Grammaticus' “Gesta Danorum” and Snorri Sturluson’s "Heimskringla ". Both sources depict the Amazon and women warriors’ role in the ancient Norse religion - based on a Christian world view and feminine ideal. The study shows several similarities between the Amazon Ladgerd and Torgerd Holgabrud, which can indicate that the two women warriors is the same History fairytale figure. The sources lead me on the track by another female, giantess Gerd, which proves Ladgerd´s and Torgerd Holgabrud's real character and origin. Saxo Grammaticus, Snorri Sturluson and the Icelandic poetry depictions of Ladgerd, Torgerd Holgabrud and Gerd is simultaneously a reflection of a pre-Norse ritual, the "blot", and a Norse royal ideology.

This thesis compares Homer’s Odyssey and Iliad with the Norse Sagas, the Young and Elder Edda. More specifically, it analyses, whether the Odyssey and Iliad should indeed derive from the Norse Sagas, which is a claim brought forth by Felice Vinci. Throughout the thesis, passages, sentences and words from both the Greek and Norse texts have been singled out through the process of text analysis tools from Python and Orange3. Similar passages or words from both texts were filtered out by building a program that would print sentences with given key words. These were then analysed and studied, in order to compare the texts to each other and for the most part, to see if the Greek texts should indeed have derived from the Nordic texts. Finally, no proof has been found that the Norse Sagas should have predated the Greek Myths. However, this was a very interesting theory, that I am glad to have examined.

This dissertation focuses on the eddic poetry in the Codex Upsaliensis DG 11 4to, the Uppsala Edda. The manuscript has long been considered too far removed from the assumed original of the text to be of much use to editors, with the result that it was largely neglected by philologists during the last century. The eddic poetry in DG 11 differs in many instances from the other main manuscripts, and this study aims to examine these variants from the point of view of the 14th century scribe and reader of the manuscript. The dissertation’s framework comes close to what is known as New or Material Philology, but since the focus is more on the abstract than the material sides of the manuscript, the study’s theoretical framework is tentatively called descriptive reception philology. In all, 57 stanzas of eddic poetry are examined. The study does not include variation in names or metrics other than alliteration, which means that 10 stanzas consisting almost entirely of names have been excluded. The remaining 57 stanzas contain 137 variants that DG 11 shares with half or fewer of the other manuscripts. These variants are analysed with the aim of deciding whether they were consciously written by the scribe and to what extent the reader could have understood them. Consciously produced variants are said to belong to the sender witness, and if they were probably understood, they are also placed in the receiver witness. Variants not immediately understood by the readers are called incongruities and need to be reinterpreted in order to become part of the receiver witness. If they cannot be interpreted, they are categorised as actual errors. The analysis shows that the vast majority of deviating variants belong to both the sender and receiver witnesses. There are also indications that the eddic poetry was in part quoted from a different exemplar than the prose, an exemplar containing versions of the poems not otherwise known today. Rather than being regarded as confused and incomprehensible, DG 11’s eddic poetry was accepted as the version known by the manuscript’s contemporary users. / <p>Disputationsspråk är både danska och svenska.</p>

<p>Uppsatsen är en studie av det sätt på vilket författaren Johanne Hildebrandt har använts sig av den fornskandinaviska mytologin när hon skrivit sin trilogi om Freja och Valhalla. Hon har använt flera karaktärer, myter och beskrivningar från bronsålder, Skandinaviens i allmänhet och Sveriges i synnerhet, och lagt dem som grund för sina böcker. Hon väljer att vinkla boken ur ett feministiskt perspektiv och sätter stort fokus på matriarkatet. Ingen vet säkert hur samhället var uppbyggt för 2700 år sedan, och Hildebrandt såg sin chans att skriva boken ur ett perspektiv där kvinnan och Gudinnan stod i centrum.</p><p>Hon har onekligen använt mycket från mytologin. Ju mer påläst man är om fornskandinavisk religion desto mer kopplingar märker man. Hildebrandt har på ett mer eller mindre framträdande sätt lagt in olika likheter och olikheter. Jag har valt att lägga fokus på de tre kvinnorna som givit namn åt de olika böckerna, Freja, Idun och Saga. Freja och Saga är de gudinnor som likar sina förebilder, mytologins Freyja och Sága, mest. Fokus läggs på den starka kvinnan som klarar sig med hjälp av egen vilja och maskin. Hildebrandt har fokuserat på det passionerade och handlingskraftiga hos dessa kvinnor. Idun, som har mytologins Iðunn som grundare, har däremot getts en svagare roll. Idun är undfallande och är mycket osäker på sig själv. Hildebrandt väljer här att lägga fokus på Iduns moderlighet.</p><p>Karaktärerna i boken är lättare att översätta till dagens samhälle än hela den struktur samhället i Hildebrandts bok är uppbyggt på. Inget samhälle idag kretsar kring kvinnan vilket ter sig mer som ett önsketänkande från Hildebrandts sida. Böckernas syfte är trots allt att underhålla.</p>

Uppsatsen är en studie av det sätt på vilket författaren Johanne Hildebrandt har använts sig av den fornskandinaviska mytologin när hon skrivit sin trilogi om Freja och Valhalla. Hon har använt flera karaktärer, myter och beskrivningar från bronsålder, Skandinaviens i allmänhet och Sveriges i synnerhet, och lagt dem som grund för sina böcker. Hon väljer att vinkla boken ur ett feministiskt perspektiv och sätter stort fokus på matriarkatet. Ingen vet säkert hur samhället var uppbyggt för 2700 år sedan, och Hildebrandt såg sin chans att skriva boken ur ett perspektiv där kvinnan och Gudinnan stod i centrum. Hon har onekligen använt mycket från mytologin. Ju mer påläst man är om fornskandinavisk religion desto mer kopplingar märker man. Hildebrandt har på ett mer eller mindre framträdande sätt lagt in olika likheter och olikheter. Jag har valt att lägga fokus på de tre kvinnorna som givit namn åt de olika böckerna, Freja, Idun och Saga. Freja och Saga är de gudinnor som likar sina förebilder, mytologins Freyja och Sága, mest. Fokus läggs på den starka kvinnan som klarar sig med hjälp av egen vilja och maskin. Hildebrandt har fokuserat på det passionerade och handlingskraftiga hos dessa kvinnor. Idun, som har mytologins Iðunn som grundare, har däremot getts en svagare roll. Idun är undfallande och är mycket osäker på sig själv. Hildebrandt väljer här att lägga fokus på Iduns moderlighet. Karaktärerna i boken är lättare att översätta till dagens samhälle än hela den struktur samhället i Hildebrandts bok är uppbyggt på. Inget samhälle idag kretsar kring kvinnan vilket ter sig mer som ett önsketänkande från Hildebrandts sida. Böckernas syfte är trots allt att underhålla.

My Interdisciplinary dissertation examines illustrations in manuscripts and early print sources and reveals their participation in the transmission and reception of Old Norse mythology. My approach encompasses Material Philology and Media Specific Analysis. The reception history of illustrations of Old Norse Mythology affects our understanding of related Interdisciplinary fields such as Book History, Visual Studies, Literary Studies and Cultural Studies. Part One of my dissertation begins with a discussion of the tradition of Old Norse oral poetry in pagan Scandinavia and the highly visual nature of the poems. The oral tradition died out in Scandinavia but survived in Iceland and was preserved in vernacular manuscripts in the thirteenth century. The discovery of these manuscripts in the seventeenth century initiated a cycle of illustration that largely occurred outside of Iceland. Part One concludes with an analytical survey of illustrations of Old Norse mythology in print sources from 1554 to 1915 revealing important patterns of transmission. Part Two traces the technological history of production of digital editions and manuscript facsimiles back to the seventeenth century when manuscripts were hand-copied and published by means of copperplate engravings. Part Two also discusses the scholarly and cultural prejudices towards images that are only now slowly fading. Part Two concludes with a description of my prototype for a digital image repository named MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository). MyNDIR will facilitate the emergence of images of Old Norse Studies from the current informal crowd sourcing of material on the web to a digital image repository supporting the dissemination of accurate scholarly knowledge in a widely accessible form. Part Three presents two thematic case studies that demonstrate the value of applying the skills of visual literacy to illustrations of Old Norse mythology. The first study examines Jakob Sigurðsson’s illustrations of Norse gods in hand-copied paper manuscripts from eighteenth-century Iceland. The second study examines illustrations by prominent Norwegian artists in the editions of Snorre Sturlason: Kongesagaer published in 1899 and 1900 respectively. What emerged from these studies is an understanding that illustrations offer insights for the study of Old Norse texts that the words of the texts alone cannot provide. / Graduate / 0362 / 0377 / 0279 / pabaer@uvic.ca