Der Energietransfer von elektronischer Energie in Schwingungs- und Rotationsenergie ist einer der elementarsten nichtadiabatischen Prozesse. Obwohl diese Prozesse seit langen untersucht werden, sind sie nicht im Detail verstanden. Das StoBsystem Na+H2 hat dabei Modellcharakter. Natrium ist ein Wasserstoffãhnliches Atom mit einem s-Elektron auf der auBersten Schale, und H2 ist das einfachste Molekül überhaupt. Ab initio Potentialflachen- Berechnungen sind deshalb mit guter Genauigkeit moglich und auch durchgef iihrt worden. Die elektronische Energie des Na-Atoms von 2,1eV wird dabei durch einen nichtadiabatischen Stoi3 in Schwingungs- und Rotationsenergie des H2-Moleküls iibertragen; ein Vorgang der auch als "Quenchen" bekannt ist. Von essentieller Bedeutung ist es, welche Schwingungs- und Rotationszustãnde besetzt werden. Es gab bisher keine experimentelle Untersuchung, bei der die interne Energieverteilung des H2-Moleküls direkt untersucht wurde. Der Grund dafür ist der, daB konventionelle Techniken zum Nachweis von H2 nicht geeignet sind. Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, erstmals CARS (Kohirente Antistokes-Raman-Streuung) für die oben genannten StoBprozesse einzusetzen und nachzuprüfen, wie gut sich diese Technik anwenden IãBt. CARS ist seit vielen Jahren bekannt, hat jedoch erst in der letzten Zeit durch die Entwicklung von intensiven gepulsten Laser mit geringer Bandbreite sehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Insbesonders CARS an Wasserstoff wurde intensiv untersucht, nicht jedoch mit Beimischung von Natrium. Im vorliegenden Gasgemisch aus Natrium und H2 erzeugt Natrium durch seine energetisch sehr niedrigen elektronischen Zustãnde einen nichtresonanten Untergrund, der die Nachweis-Wahrscheinlichkeit so stark reduzieren kann, daí3 eine sinnvolle Anwendung nicht mehr mõglich sein konnte. Es ist gelungen zu zeigen, dali trotz eines enormen nichtresonanten Untergrundes eine sehr hohe Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit mit CARS erzielt werden kann. Sie betrãgt für H2 mit Na im Grundzustand 1012 Teilchen pro cm3 und Quantenzustand und in Gegenwart von angeregtem Natrium 1013 Teilchen pro cm 3 und Quantenzustand. Mit der neu gebauten CARS-Apparatur wurde eine Reihe von neuen Experimenten durchgef a) Es konnte erstmals direkt die Schwingungsverteilung von H2 nach dem Quenchprozel3 bestimmt werden. Es konnte die absolute Besetzung der Schwingungszustãnde v=3,2 und 1 bestimmt werden. Eine Besetzung bei v=4 wurde nicht beobachtet. b) Mit einer zeitabhãngigen CARS-Messung konnte erstmalig die Schwingungsrelaxation der genannten Schwingungszustãnde gemessen und mit einem Ratengleichungsmodell die Ratenkonstanten mit sehr guter Obereinstimmung bestimmt werden. c) Aus der Besetzung der Schwingungszustãnde laBt sich ein absoluter Querschnitt für den Quenchprozei bestimmen. In Vergleich zu den klassischen Fluoreszenzmethoden wird dabei nicht die Abnahme der Fluoreszenz durch den StoBgasdruck bestimmt, sondern die direkte Besetzung des Quenchers nachgewiesen. Diese Methode wird erstmalig vorgestellt. Sie ist viel weniger empfindlich auf Verunreinigungen. Der erhaltene Wert für den Quenchquerschnitt betragt aq=12A2. d) Es laBt sich auch eine Aussage Uber die Rotationsbesetzung nach dem QuenchprozeB machen. Sie konnte bestimmt werden und ist nahezu thermisch, d.h. sie hat dieselbe Temperatur wie die Zelle. Dieses Ergebnis ist in übereinstimmung mit theoretische Modellen und bestãtigt die Vorstellung, dali das p-Orbital des angeregten Natriums sich bei Annãherung an das H2-Molekül ausrichtet und der QuenchprozeB vorwiegend in C2v -Symmetrie ablauft. Es ist gelungen zu zeigen, daB CARS sich erfolgreich für Untersuchungen an nichtadiabatischen StoBprozessen einsetzen laBt. Dadurch wurde erstmals erzielt. / Nonadiabatic collisions between atoms and molecules have drawn a large amount of attention in theoretical and experimental studies. In particular, the transfer of electronic energy of an atom to the vibrational, rotational and translational energy of a diatomic molecule (also called electronic quenching) can be considered an important fundamental process of this type and is thus extensively investigated. We study the Na + 112 as a model collision system for experimental and theoretical reasons since ab initio potential surfaces are currently available, enabling comparison of experimental results with theoretical calculations. We apply a new experimental technique in the field of nonadiabatic processes to obtain a more detailed understanding of these energy transfer processes. We use Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) to measure directly the internai energy distribution of H2 molecules produced by quenching of Na in the first excited state (3 2P112). Although CARS has been used to detect 112 among other species, it has never been applied to gaseous mixtures with H2 and atomic or molecular sodium. Sodium with its low lying electronic states produces a strong nonresonant background that strongly reduces the sensitivity of CARS. With a new constructed apparatus a sensitivity for H2 of 1012 particles per cm3 and quantum state in the presence of ground state sodium was achieved and 1013 particles per cm3 and quantum state with excited sodium. The following results were obtained: 1. The absolute population of vibrational leveis up to v=3 has been obtained and was found to be extremly nonthermal. The state distribution is, however, in good agreement with the available theoretical predictions. 2. With a time resolved CARS experiment we monitored the vibrational relaxation of these states. For this experiment we use excited sodium as an effective way to produce vibrationally hot hydrogen. With a simple model, we determined for the first time the vibrational relaxation time for v=3, 2 and 1 to be 2.4ps, 3.4ps and 31ps respectively. 3. From the measured absolute populations of the vibrational states of hydrogen the absolute cross section for the quenching process can be determined. This novel technique is not sensitive to impurities that also quench the electronic states of sodium very effectively. Our method involves only processes that produce vibrationally excited hydrogen. Due to the large vibrational spacing only H2 molecules that have undergone a quenching process are vibrationally excited. The cross section we determinei! is 12 cA'2, and is smaller than literature values due to the effect described. 4. We also measured the rotational distribution for different vibrational leveis. At the sensitivity limit of our apparatus the rotational distribution was estimated to be nearly thermal. This fact is also in good agreement with theoretical models for the collision process. It has heen shown that CARS is a very usefull spectroscopic technique with sufficient sensitivity to be applied to the study of nonadiabatic collision processes. CARS was used for the first time to investigate these processes and gave the new interesting results shown above.

AVELINO, Gisela Maria Prata. O comércio intra-setorial e suas implicações para a economia cearense. 2006. 99 f.: Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Mestrado Acadêmico em Economia Rural (MAER). Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Fortaleza-CE. 2006 / Submitted by Francisco Helder Macêdo Rangel (fhelder@ufc.br) on 2014-09-01T15:12:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_gmpavelino.pdf: 393329 bytes, checksum: ad6fa1d845088a155311a7952f5dcd21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Margareth Mesquita(margaret@ufc.br) on 2014-09-02T14:21:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_gmpavelino.pdf: 393329 bytes, checksum: ad6fa1d845088a155311a7952f5dcd21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-02T14:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_gmpavelino.pdf: 393329 bytes, checksum: ad6fa1d845088a155311a7952f5dcd21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / This study aimed to evaluate the participation of intra-sectorial commerce in the state do Ceará exportation results, and its impacts on the main economic variables, from 1996 to 2004. The intensity of this type of commercial transactions were identified, based on the index considered for Grubel and Lloyd (1975). Then, its contribution on the total flow of internationally commercialized merchandises was evaluated, based on the methodology proposed for Menon and Dixon (1996). The analysis of the data shows that intra-sectorial commerce have a small contribuition on total commerce results and, despite some primary products and minerals partipate, the main commercialized products from the intra-sectotial commerce are manufactures. In relation to its impacts on the main economic variable, it was verified thar intra-sectotial commerce has positive effects on the generation of new jobs, however its intensification can provoke increases in the concentration of exportation guideline and in the level of income, while reduces the degree of commercial aperture of the State. It was also verified that, statistically, this type of commerce did not show significant effect in the industrialization degree of state of Ceará. / Neste trabalho, procurou-se analisar a participação do comércio intra-setorial nas exportações e os seus impactos sobre as principais variáveis econômicas do Estado do Ceará durante o período de 1996 a 2004. Inicialmente, foi identificada a intensidade desse tipo de transações comerciais com base no índice proposto por Grubel e Lloyd (1975). A seguir, foi analisada a sua contribuição para o fluxo total de mercadorias comercializadas internacionalmente com base na metodologia proposta por Menon e Dixon (1996). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o comércio intra-setorial tem uma pequena participação no comércio total e que, embora alguns produtos primários e minerais participem desse tipo de comércio, os principais produtos comercializados a partir do comércio intra-setorial são as manufaturas. Em relação aos seus impactos sobre as principais variáveis econômicas, verificou-se que o comércio intra-setorial tem efeitos positivos sobre o emprego, porém sua intensificação pode provocar aumentos no grau de concentração da pauta de exportações e no nível de concentração de renda enquanto reduz o grau de abertura comercial do Estado. Verificou-se, também, que esse tipo de comércio não apresentou efeitos estatisticamente significativos para o grau de industrialização do Ceará.

This study aims to analyze the National High School Examination (NHSE) and Physics Textbooks (PT), approved by the National Textbook (NT/2012), before object relations knowledge Energy and its transformations in the set of skills contained in the Supplemental Educational Guidance Parameters National Curriculum (PCN+). To understand these relationships, we started with the documentary analysis, which thus provided the theoretical foundation of this research through the official documents that structure the reform of secondary education in Brazil, in the area of Science / Physics and NHSE, and the author’s area dealing with the issue. In this work we seek to understand how the Energy and its transformations are contextualized in evidence NHSE, the National Curriculum of Secondary Education (NCSE) and PCN+, the skills required by the exam and set of skills in Physics. With that, we categorized the issues that emphasize the theme of Energy and its transformations in all competitions NHSE, commenting on them and relating skills. And after the contextualization of Energy and its transformations, performed according to the skill set of the PCN+ Physics, analyze the contributions of the proposed PT ahead NHSE. However, the results of this study show 40% of PT with a LOW approach with NHSE, indicating that there is a need to reformulate the approaches of knowledge objects contained in the PT to meet NHSE and adoption by the NT/2012, criteria evaluation of these books with closer examination. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) e os Livros Didáticos de Física (LDF), aprovados pelo Plano Nacional de Livros Didáticos (PNLD/2012), diante das relações do objeto de conhecimento Energia e suas transformações no conjunto de competências contidas nas Orientações Educacionais Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN+). Para compreender essas relações, partiu-se da análise documental, que forneceu, assim, a fundamentação teórica desta pesquisa através dos documentos oficiais que estruturam a reforma do Ensino Médio no Brasil, na área de Ciências/Física e no ENEM, além de autores da área que tratam do tema. Na realização deste trabalho buscamos entender como a Energia e suas transformações estão sendo contextualizadas nas provas do ENEM, nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio (PCNEM) e nos PCN+, mediante as habilidades requisitadas pelo exame e o conjunto de competências de Física. Com isso, foram categorizadas as questões que enfatizam a temática de Energia e suas transformações em todas as provas do ENEM, comentando-as e relacionando suas habilidades. E, após a contextualização de Energia e suas transformações, realizadas de acordo com o conjunto de competências de Física do PCN+, analisar as contribuições dos LDF frente à proposta do ENEM. Contudo, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram 40% dos LDF com uma FRACA aproximação com o ENEM, indicando que há necessidade de reformulação nas abordagens dos objetos de conhecimento contidos nos LDF para atender ao ENEM e uma adoção, por parte do PNLD, de critérios de avaliação desses livros com maior aproximação ao exame.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9111162 bytes, checksum: 5d6812c8063efe8ca300550cbf36197e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study aimed to analyze the Social Protection in the Social Assistance Unified System (SUAS) from the workers of Social Assistance Reference Centres activity (CRAS) in João Pessoa city. The research proposed unveil the distance between the prescribed and the actually performed in the activity. The new settings put to the Social Assistance policy from the institution of SUAS guided by the Federal Constitution, conceived this policy as public law which strengthens the state's role in managing and breaks with the assistance character historically determined. The Social Assistance Unified System (SUAS) establishes principles and guidelines of the Social Assistance management dismembering social protection in terms of basic social protection and social protection special. This study focuses on modality of basic social protection under CRAS. To achieve the goal, firstly it was conducted a bibliographic and documentary research about the content of laws, statutes, ordinances, rules, resolutions and guidelines governing the Social Policy in Brazil and in João Pessoa city. A field research has appropriated a qualitative approach that proposes ergological studying the work from the analysis of their activity with the purpose of a better understanding of the work to transform it. Data were collected from a research collective formed by professionals, social workers and psychologists who work in CRAS. The team was divided into two working groups, seven meetings were held and it was called Labour meetings. In line with the methodology of focus group meetings it was discussed the work activity into five themes, namely: Professional Career, Real Work: Management Activity, Working Conditions, analysis of work situations and Subjective Dimension of Work. The search feature caught limits, challenges, barriers and breakthroughs that intertwine in the course of operation of social assistance under CRAS analyzed from the point of view of those who executed. Thus, the results reflect who are the workers who make up the crew of CRAS, knowledge and shared experiences, reflecting on the work situations experienced in the daily work of social assistance. This dissertative study was built in order to contribute to the management of social assistance under Cras, from the point of view of workers, aiming to understand the work and improve it. / O presente estudo objetivou analisar a Proteção Social no Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) a partir da atividade dos trabalhadores dos Centros de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS) do município de João Pessoa. A investigação propôs descortinar a distância entre o prescrito e o efetivamente realizado na atividade. As novas configurações postas à política de Assistência Social a partir da instituição do Suas pautado na Constituição Federal concebe essa política como pública de direito, fortalece o papel do Estado na gestão e rompe com o caráter assistencialista historicamente imposto. O Suas estabelece princípios e diretrizes à gestão da Assistência Social desmembrando a proteção social nas modalidades de proteção social básica e proteção social especial. Este trabalho está centrado na modalidade de proteção social básica no âmbito do Cras. Para concretização da pesquisa, em primeiro lugar realizamos consulta bibliográfica e documental, acerca do conteúdo das leis, estatutos, decretos, normas resoluções e orientações que regulamentam a política de Assistência Social no Brasil e no município de João Pessoa. A pesquisa de campo do tipo qualitativa se apropriou de uma abordagem ergológica que propõe estudar o trabalho a partir da análise de sua atividade com o propósito de melhor conhecer o trabalho para transformá-lo. Os dados foram coletados a partir de um coletivo de pesquisa formado pelos profissionais, assistentes sociais e psicólogos que atuam no Cras. A equipe foi dividida em dois grupos de trabalho e foram realizados sete encontros denominados de Encontros sobre Trabalho. Em consonância como a metodologia de grupo focal, os encontros abordaram a atividade de trabalho em cinco temas, a saber: Trajetória Profissional, Trabalho Real: Gestão da Atividade, Condições de Trabalho, Análise das situações de trabalho, Dimensões Subjetivas do Trabalho. Os apanhados da pesquisa apresentam os limites, desafios, entraves e avanços que se entrelaçam no percurso da operacionalização da assistência social no âmbito do Cras analisada do ponto de vista de quem a executa. Desse modo, os resultados espelham quem são os trabalhadores que compõem a equipe técnica do Cras, os saberes e experiências compartilhados, refletindo sobre as situações de trabalho vivenciadas no cotidiano do trabalho socioassistencial. Neste sentido, este estudo dissertativo foi construído com vistas a contribuir com a gestão da assistência social no âmbito dos Cras, a partir do ponto de vista dos trabalhadores, objetivando compreender o trabalho para fazer melhor.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2301331 bytes, checksum: 7adceb25034c783aa66fe30c8a27deda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study aimed to analyze the Social Protection in the SUAS, in reference to the architecture of PNAS/2004, when it comes to ensure the social assistance as a right of citizens and duty of the State, according to its regulatory framework in the country after the 1988 Constitution. The analysis of this dissertation study covered the trajectory of the social assistance having as cut the process of policy management from the deployment of SUAS in 2005 in the city of João Pessoa by the year 2011. The research falls within the field of qualitative research using documentary analysis and instrument information collection and measurements of knowledge: statutes, laws, decrees, resolutions, guidelines which govern the Social Policy in Brazil and in the city, technician reports, "Social Topography of João Pessoa City", beyond the experience as a manager in the social assistance management. The analysis construction was about the consolidation process of the social assistance from the national to the local area, in view of the assertion of social rights. The results of this study indicate, on the one hand, advances in the normative field and its materiality in services and benefits, with procedures for building tools for territorialization of the SUAS in the city, on the other hand, we have seen the limits and challenges faced in the effective policy reflected in the fragility of the social assistance network, which limits access and universal social protection. / O presente estudo objetivou analisar a Proteção Social no Suas tomando como referência a formatação da assistência social como direito do cidadão e dever do Estado, assegurada nas legislações e normatizações vigentes no país. Desse modo, a análise percorreu o processo histórico da assistência social como elemento importante para assegurar os direitos sociais, pontuando os avanços e desafios postos no processo de gestão da política a partir da implantação do SUAS na cidade de João Pessoa. A investigação inscreve-se no campo da pesquisa qualitativa utilizando-se da análise documental e do relato de experiência como instrumentais de coleta de informações e aferições do conhecimento. Para concretização da pesquisa, realizamos consulta bibliográfica e documental acerca dos conteúdos, das leis, estatutos, decretos, normas, resoluções, orientações que regulamentam a política de Assistência Social no Brasil e no município, priorizando uma análise descritiva do processo de consolidação da assistência social, do âmbito nacional para o local, na perspectiva da afirmação dos direitos sociais. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam os avanços no campo normativo e limites, desafios postos na efetivação da política refletidos na fragilidade da rede socioassistencial, que limita o acesso e a universalização da proteção social.

Der Energietransfer von elektronischer Energie in Schwingungs- und Rotationsenergie ist einer der elementarsten nichtadiabatischen Prozesse. Obwohl diese Prozesse seit langen untersucht werden, sind sie nicht im Detail verstanden. Das StoBsystem Na+H2 hat dabei Modellcharakter. Natrium ist ein Wasserstoffãhnliches Atom mit einem s-Elektron auf der auBersten Schale, und H2 ist das einfachste Molekül überhaupt. Ab initio Potentialflachen- Berechnungen sind deshalb mit guter Genauigkeit moglich und auch durchgef iihrt worden. Die elektronische Energie des Na-Atoms von 2,1eV wird dabei durch einen nichtadiabatischen Stoi3 in Schwingungs- und Rotationsenergie des H2-Moleküls iibertragen; ein Vorgang der auch als "Quenchen" bekannt ist. Von essentieller Bedeutung ist es, welche Schwingungs- und Rotationszustãnde besetzt werden. Es gab bisher keine experimentelle Untersuchung, bei der die interne Energieverteilung des H2-Moleküls direkt untersucht wurde. Der Grund dafür ist der, daB konventionelle Techniken zum Nachweis von H2 nicht geeignet sind. Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, erstmals CARS (Kohirente Antistokes-Raman-Streuung) für die oben genannten StoBprozesse einzusetzen und nachzuprüfen, wie gut sich diese Technik anwenden IãBt. CARS ist seit vielen Jahren bekannt, hat jedoch erst in der letzten Zeit durch die Entwicklung von intensiven gepulsten Laser mit geringer Bandbreite sehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Insbesonders CARS an Wasserstoff wurde intensiv untersucht, nicht jedoch mit Beimischung von Natrium. Im vorliegenden Gasgemisch aus Natrium und H2 erzeugt Natrium durch seine energetisch sehr niedrigen elektronischen Zustãnde einen nichtresonanten Untergrund, der die Nachweis-Wahrscheinlichkeit so stark reduzieren kann, daí3 eine sinnvolle Anwendung nicht mehr mõglich sein konnte. Es ist gelungen zu zeigen, dali trotz eines enormen nichtresonanten Untergrundes eine sehr hohe Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit mit CARS erzielt werden kann. Sie betrãgt für H2 mit Na im Grundzustand 1012 Teilchen pro cm3 und Quantenzustand und in Gegenwart von angeregtem Natrium 1013 Teilchen pro cm 3 und Quantenzustand. Mit der neu gebauten CARS-Apparatur wurde eine Reihe von neuen Experimenten durchgef a) Es konnte erstmals direkt die Schwingungsverteilung von H2 nach dem Quenchprozel3 bestimmt werden. Es konnte die absolute Besetzung der Schwingungszustãnde v=3,2 und 1 bestimmt werden. Eine Besetzung bei v=4 wurde nicht beobachtet. b) Mit einer zeitabhãngigen CARS-Messung konnte erstmalig die Schwingungsrelaxation der genannten Schwingungszustãnde gemessen und mit einem Ratengleichungsmodell die Ratenkonstanten mit sehr guter Obereinstimmung bestimmt werden. c) Aus der Besetzung der Schwingungszustãnde laBt sich ein absoluter Querschnitt für den Quenchprozei bestimmen. In Vergleich zu den klassischen Fluoreszenzmethoden wird dabei nicht die Abnahme der Fluoreszenz durch den StoBgasdruck bestimmt, sondern die direkte Besetzung des Quenchers nachgewiesen. Diese Methode wird erstmalig vorgestellt. Sie ist viel weniger empfindlich auf Verunreinigungen. Der erhaltene Wert für den Quenchquerschnitt betragt aq=12A2. d) Es laBt sich auch eine Aussage Uber die Rotationsbesetzung nach dem QuenchprozeB machen. Sie konnte bestimmt werden und ist nahezu thermisch, d.h. sie hat dieselbe Temperatur wie die Zelle. Dieses Ergebnis ist in übereinstimmung mit theoretische Modellen und bestãtigt die Vorstellung, dali das p-Orbital des angeregten Natriums sich bei Annãherung an das H2-Molekül ausrichtet und der QuenchprozeB vorwiegend in C2v -Symmetrie ablauft. Es ist gelungen zu zeigen, daB CARS sich erfolgreich für Untersuchungen an nichtadiabatischen StoBprozessen einsetzen laBt. Dadurch wurde erstmals erzielt. / Nonadiabatic collisions between atoms and molecules have drawn a large amount of attention in theoretical and experimental studies. In particular, the transfer of electronic energy of an atom to the vibrational, rotational and translational energy of a diatomic molecule (also called electronic quenching) can be considered an important fundamental process of this type and is thus extensively investigated. We study the Na + 112 as a model collision system for experimental and theoretical reasons since ab initio potential surfaces are currently available, enabling comparison of experimental results with theoretical calculations. We apply a new experimental technique in the field of nonadiabatic processes to obtain a more detailed understanding of these energy transfer processes. We use Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) to measure directly the internai energy distribution of H2 molecules produced by quenching of Na in the first excited state (3 2P112). Although CARS has been used to detect 112 among other species, it has never been applied to gaseous mixtures with H2 and atomic or molecular sodium. Sodium with its low lying electronic states produces a strong nonresonant background that strongly reduces the sensitivity of CARS. With a new constructed apparatus a sensitivity for H2 of 1012 particles per cm3 and quantum state in the presence of ground state sodium was achieved and 1013 particles per cm3 and quantum state with excited sodium. The following results were obtained: 1. The absolute population of vibrational leveis up to v=3 has been obtained and was found to be extremly nonthermal. The state distribution is, however, in good agreement with the available theoretical predictions. 2. With a time resolved CARS experiment we monitored the vibrational relaxation of these states. For this experiment we use excited sodium as an effective way to produce vibrationally hot hydrogen. With a simple model, we determined for the first time the vibrational relaxation time for v=3, 2 and 1 to be 2.4ps, 3.4ps and 31ps respectively. 3. From the measured absolute populations of the vibrational states of hydrogen the absolute cross section for the quenching process can be determined. This novel technique is not sensitive to impurities that also quench the electronic states of sodium very effectively. Our method involves only processes that produce vibrationally excited hydrogen. Due to the large vibrational spacing only H2 molecules that have undergone a quenching process are vibrationally excited. The cross section we determinei! is 12 cA'2, and is smaller than literature values due to the effect described. 4. We also measured the rotational distribution for different vibrational leveis. At the sensitivity limit of our apparatus the rotational distribution was estimated to be nearly thermal. This fact is also in good agreement with theoretical models for the collision process. It has heen shown that CARS is a very usefull spectroscopic technique with sufficient sensitivity to be applied to the study of nonadiabatic collision processes. CARS was used for the first time to investigate these processes and gave the new interesting results shown above.

Der Energietransfer von elektronischer Energie in Schwingungs- und Rotationsenergie ist einer der elementarsten nichtadiabatischen Prozesse. Obwohl diese Prozesse seit langen untersucht werden, sind sie nicht im Detail verstanden. Das StoBsystem Na+H2 hat dabei Modellcharakter. Natrium ist ein Wasserstoffãhnliches Atom mit einem s-Elektron auf der auBersten Schale, und H2 ist das einfachste Molekül überhaupt. Ab initio Potentialflachen- Berechnungen sind deshalb mit guter Genauigkeit moglich und auch durchgef iihrt worden. Die elektronische Energie des Na-Atoms von 2,1eV wird dabei durch einen nichtadiabatischen Stoi3 in Schwingungs- und Rotationsenergie des H2-Moleküls iibertragen; ein Vorgang der auch als "Quenchen" bekannt ist. Von essentieller Bedeutung ist es, welche Schwingungs- und Rotationszustãnde besetzt werden. Es gab bisher keine experimentelle Untersuchung, bei der die interne Energieverteilung des H2-Moleküls direkt untersucht wurde. Der Grund dafür ist der, daB konventionelle Techniken zum Nachweis von H2 nicht geeignet sind. Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, erstmals CARS (Kohirente Antistokes-Raman-Streuung) für die oben genannten StoBprozesse einzusetzen und nachzuprüfen, wie gut sich diese Technik anwenden IãBt. CARS ist seit vielen Jahren bekannt, hat jedoch erst in der letzten Zeit durch die Entwicklung von intensiven gepulsten Laser mit geringer Bandbreite sehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Insbesonders CARS an Wasserstoff wurde intensiv untersucht, nicht jedoch mit Beimischung von Natrium. Im vorliegenden Gasgemisch aus Natrium und H2 erzeugt Natrium durch seine energetisch sehr niedrigen elektronischen Zustãnde einen nichtresonanten Untergrund, der die Nachweis-Wahrscheinlichkeit so stark reduzieren kann, daí3 eine sinnvolle Anwendung nicht mehr mõglich sein konnte. Es ist gelungen zu zeigen, dali trotz eines enormen nichtresonanten Untergrundes eine sehr hohe Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit mit CARS erzielt werden kann. Sie betrãgt für H2 mit Na im Grundzustand 1012 Teilchen pro cm3 und Quantenzustand und in Gegenwart von angeregtem Natrium 1013 Teilchen pro cm 3 und Quantenzustand. Mit der neu gebauten CARS-Apparatur wurde eine Reihe von neuen Experimenten durchgef a) Es konnte erstmals direkt die Schwingungsverteilung von H2 nach dem Quenchprozel3 bestimmt werden. Es konnte die absolute Besetzung der Schwingungszustãnde v=3,2 und 1 bestimmt werden. Eine Besetzung bei v=4 wurde nicht beobachtet. b) Mit einer zeitabhãngigen CARS-Messung konnte erstmalig die Schwingungsrelaxation der genannten Schwingungszustãnde gemessen und mit einem Ratengleichungsmodell die Ratenkonstanten mit sehr guter Obereinstimmung bestimmt werden. c) Aus der Besetzung der Schwingungszustãnde laBt sich ein absoluter Querschnitt für den Quenchprozei bestimmen. In Vergleich zu den klassischen Fluoreszenzmethoden wird dabei nicht die Abnahme der Fluoreszenz durch den StoBgasdruck bestimmt, sondern die direkte Besetzung des Quenchers nachgewiesen. Diese Methode wird erstmalig vorgestellt. Sie ist viel weniger empfindlich auf Verunreinigungen. Der erhaltene Wert für den Quenchquerschnitt betragt aq=12A2. d) Es laBt sich auch eine Aussage Uber die Rotationsbesetzung nach dem QuenchprozeB machen. Sie konnte bestimmt werden und ist nahezu thermisch, d.h. sie hat dieselbe Temperatur wie die Zelle. Dieses Ergebnis ist in übereinstimmung mit theoretische Modellen und bestãtigt die Vorstellung, dali das p-Orbital des angeregten Natriums sich bei Annãherung an das H2-Molekül ausrichtet und der QuenchprozeB vorwiegend in C2v -Symmetrie ablauft. Es ist gelungen zu zeigen, daB CARS sich erfolgreich für Untersuchungen an nichtadiabatischen StoBprozessen einsetzen laBt. Dadurch wurde erstmals erzielt. / Nonadiabatic collisions between atoms and molecules have drawn a large amount of attention in theoretical and experimental studies. In particular, the transfer of electronic energy of an atom to the vibrational, rotational and translational energy of a diatomic molecule (also called electronic quenching) can be considered an important fundamental process of this type and is thus extensively investigated. We study the Na + 112 as a model collision system for experimental and theoretical reasons since ab initio potential surfaces are currently available, enabling comparison of experimental results with theoretical calculations. We apply a new experimental technique in the field of nonadiabatic processes to obtain a more detailed understanding of these energy transfer processes. We use Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) to measure directly the internai energy distribution of H2 molecules produced by quenching of Na in the first excited state (3 2P112). Although CARS has been used to detect 112 among other species, it has never been applied to gaseous mixtures with H2 and atomic or molecular sodium. Sodium with its low lying electronic states produces a strong nonresonant background that strongly reduces the sensitivity of CARS. With a new constructed apparatus a sensitivity for H2 of 1012 particles per cm3 and quantum state in the presence of ground state sodium was achieved and 1013 particles per cm3 and quantum state with excited sodium. The following results were obtained: 1. The absolute population of vibrational leveis up to v=3 has been obtained and was found to be extremly nonthermal. The state distribution is, however, in good agreement with the available theoretical predictions. 2. With a time resolved CARS experiment we monitored the vibrational relaxation of these states. For this experiment we use excited sodium as an effective way to produce vibrationally hot hydrogen. With a simple model, we determined for the first time the vibrational relaxation time for v=3, 2 and 1 to be 2.4ps, 3.4ps and 31ps respectively. 3. From the measured absolute populations of the vibrational states of hydrogen the absolute cross section for the quenching process can be determined. This novel technique is not sensitive to impurities that also quench the electronic states of sodium very effectively. Our method involves only processes that produce vibrationally excited hydrogen. Due to the large vibrational spacing only H2 molecules that have undergone a quenching process are vibrationally excited. The cross section we determinei! is 12 cA'2, and is smaller than literature values due to the effect described. 4. We also measured the rotational distribution for different vibrational leveis. At the sensitivity limit of our apparatus the rotational distribution was estimated to be nearly thermal. This fact is also in good agreement with theoretical models for the collision process. It has heen shown that CARS is a very usefull spectroscopic technique with sufficient sensitivity to be applied to the study of nonadiabatic collision processes. CARS was used for the first time to investigate these processes and gave the new interesting results shown above.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:49:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hellen Cristina Bezerra Carvalho.pdf: 755398 bytes, checksum: 0a533cf9dde08d9f66229e3743ab8ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nuestra propuesta en este trabajo de investigación objetivo general del proyecto es analizar el contexto social en el espacio romanesco y lo ideológico representaciones presentes en la novela "La Selva de Ferreira de Castro y las relaciones de trabajo con las novelas germen, los capitanes de arena y tierra de nadie. Los objetivos específicos se rompió las siguientes propuestas: una exposición del contexto histórico y social en el libro de ficción La Selva; reflejan las representaciones del contexto social en el espacio de las ideas del regalo y la novela en la novela Germinal, de Emile Zola, así como las relaciones el trabajo con la novela The Jungle; investigar el papel del contexto social en las ideas del regalo del espacio y la novela en los Capitanes de la novela de la arena, de Jorge Amado, así como las relaciones entre la obra y la novela la jungla, y analizar las representaciones del contexto social la novela de espacio y nuevas ideas de regalo en la tierra de nadie, Galvao Francisco, así como las relaciones entre el trabajo y la novela la jungla. La propuesta es importante analizar la trama dentro de los concursos, las fuerzas productivas y las representaciones ideológicas como reflejos de una realidad dada en particular. También es relevante para un análisis comparativo de la narrativa castriana con las novelas de Zola, Jorge Amado y Francisco Galvao, puntos porque las pruebas a que el diálogo entre las obras que merecen nuestra atención. Una lectura de Germinal nos permite vislumbrarmos la novela de Zola como uno de los paradigmas románicas e ideológicas adoptadas por Ferreira de Castro, en Capitanes de la Arena encontrar algunas marcas que se tratan los aspectos de la novelista portugués, y en tierra de nadie se enfrentan a una los frutos de la selva, un relato cuyo autor no omite el hecho de que es en su origen castriana. Se utilizó la crítica literaria de la base filosófica marxista, como un método de análisis en nuestras investigaciones. El crítico literario que es el método más conocido como La crítica marxista es uno de los arreglos para el análisis crítico de la literatura sociológica. / Nossa proposta nesse trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar o contexto social no espaço romanesco e as representações ideológicas presentes no romance A Selva, de Ferreira de Castro e as relações da obra com os romances Germinal, Capitães da Areia e Terra de Ninguém. Os objetivos específicos se desmembraram nas seguintes propostas: fazer uma exposição do contexto histórico e social no espaço romanesco da obra A Selva; refletir as representações do contexto social no espaço romanesco e as ideias presentes no romance Germinal, de Émile Zola, assim como as relações da obra com o romance A Selva; investigar as representações do contexto social no espaço romanesco e as ideias presentes no romance Capitães da Areia, de Jorge Amado, assim como as relações da obra com o romance A Selva; e analisar as representações do contexto social no espaço romanesco e as ideias presentes no romance Terra de Ninguém, de Francisco Galvão, assim como as relações da obra com o romance A Selva. A proposta é importante por analisar no espaço do enredo as representações históricas, as forças produtivas e as representações ideológicas como reflexos de uma dada realidade particular. Faz-se relevante também uma análise comparativa da narrativa castriana com os romances de Zola, Jorge Amado e Francisco Galvão, pois, evidenciam-se pontos que dialogam entre as obras que merecem nossa atenção. Uma leitura de Germinal nos permite vislumbrarmos o romance de Zola como um dos paradigmas romanescos e ideológicos adotados por Ferreira de Castro; em Capitães da Areia encontramos algumas marcas que se encontram com aspectos trabalhados pelo romancista português; e em Terra de Ninguém nos deparamos com um dos frutos de A Selva, uma narrativa cujo autor não omite o fato de ter se alimentado na fonte castriana. Utilizamos a critica literária de base filosófica marxista como método analítico em nossas investigações. O método crítico literário que é mais conhecido como Critica Marxista é uma das modalidades de análise da critica sociológica na literatura.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-06-19T15:00:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago Felipe Domingos Dias Fernandes - 2017.pdf: 7804478 bytes, checksum: aa711af253579958e7c68f244256ed79 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com), reason: devolvido a pedido! on 2017-06-26T15:27:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-06-26T15:31:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago Felipe Domingos Dias Fernandes - 2017.pdf: 7561647 bytes, checksum: 6ae9a7a9d63ea6d136674bb123369309 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-10T14:08:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago Felipe Domingos Dias Fernandes - 2017.pdf: 7561647 bytes, checksum: 6ae9a7a9d63ea6d136674bb123369309 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago Felipe Domingos Dias Fernandes - 2017.pdf: 7561647 bytes, checksum: 6ae9a7a9d63ea6d136674bb123369309 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This master's thesis aims at use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under an educational perspective, targeting disciplines of fluid mechanics and transport phenomena in the initial series of engineering and physics courses. In this thesis are presented the construction techniques and modeling of flows to be used in an educational perspective at Andragogic Theory of Knowles and the Theory of Meaningful Learning of David Ausubel, major educational theories applied during this research. The importance on basic formation is widely supported by the literature, however, is proposing to work the computer simulation so not only statement, but inserting the students as directly responsible for analysing and encoding data and results of simulations. The students will be able to view the physical event, establishing an relationship between the mathematical prediction of the system equations and analised phenomenon. The educational product developed in this work is an interface for manipulation and control of the OpenFOAM, a opensource software. The educational product developed in this work is a manipulation and control interface opensource software OpenFOAM. Its purpose is to avoid the student responsibility for direct manipulation and editing source code and the typical complex scripts of control of this program. In this essay are included the basics in fluid mechanics and mathematical and computational modeling of fluid dynamics, along with an entire functional structure of the J.A.R.V.E.S. interface, this being the main reason for this work. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo a utilização da dinâmica de fluidos computacional sob uma perspectiva educacional, tendo como alvo as disciplinas de mecânica dos fluidos e fenômenos de transporte, nas séries iniciais de cursos de engenharia e física. Nesta dissertação são apresentadas as técnicas de construção e modelagem de escoamentos a serem utilizadas sob uma perspectiva educacional, conforme a Teoria Andragógica de Knowles e da Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Ausubel, principais teorias educacionais aplicadas durante esta pesquisa. Sua importância na formação de base é amplamente corroborada pela literatura, diante disto propõe-se trabalhar a simulação computacional de modo não somente demonstrativo, mas que coloque o discente como agente diretamente responsável por manipular e codificar dados e resultados das simulações propostas. Com ela o discente conseguirá visualizar o fenômeno físico, estabelecendo uma relação entre e predição matemática das equações do sistema e o fenômeno analisado. O produto educacional desenvolvido neste trabalho é uma interface de manipulação e controle do software opensource OpenFOAM. Seu propósito é de eximir do discente a responsabilidade pela edição e manipulação direta do código-fonte e dos complexos scripts de controle típicos desse programa. Nesta dissertação estão inclusos os fundamentos básicos em mecânica dos fluidos e da modelagem matemática e computacional da dinâmica dos fluidos, juntamente com toda a estrutura funcional da interface J.A.R.V.E.S., sendo este o principal motivo do presente trabalho.

Apresentaremos alguns resultados de rigidez e de bifurcação para soluções do problema de Yamabe em variedades produto com bordo. / We will discuss some rigidity and bifurcation results for solutions of the Yamabe problem in product manifolds with boundary.