Abstract (for Chapter 2) Objective: The aim was to test the hypothesis that the order is a significant phylogenetic grouping in terms of quantifiable gyrification indices. Method: The gyrification index (GI) was measured from serial sections of the brain of twenty five different mammalian species, representing the different orders i.e. primates, carnivores, artiodactyls and rodents. Image J analysis was used to measure the contours of the cerebral cortex and the GI was calculated using three different methods of analysis i.e. complete vs outer; gyral vs sulcal and outer vs inner surface contours. The measurements were then computed against the brain weights of each species within the order. Results: An increasing GI correlates with an increasing brain weight in all the mammalian orders. Each order has its own specific allometric patterns that are significantly different from the other orders examined. The artiodactyls were the mammals with the most gyrencephalic brains, these species being significantly more gyrencephalic than all other mammals when species of similar brain weights are compared. The North American beaver has an atypically lissencephalic brain for its size, differing from the trend for increased gyrencephaly found in the other rodent species examined. Conclusions: Our results show definite trends and patterns specific to each order. So it would seem that the order is a significant phylogenetic grouping in terms of this neural parameter, from which we can predict with a reasonable degree of certainty, the GI of any species of a particular order, if we know the brain weight. Abstract (for Chapter 3) The mammalian order has proven to be a significant phylogenetic grouping in terms of gyrification from which we can predict with a reasonable degree of certainty, the GI of any species of a particular order, if we know the brain weight. We have attempted in the present study to identify potential causes for gyrification at the class level by investigating relationships at the level of the order. It appears that clues to the extent and pattern of gyrification in the different mammalian orders might be related to the bones that constitute the braincase. The external surface areas of the bones of the cranial vault of seventeen different mammalian species were measured using a microscribe digitiser. These values were plotted against brain weight from which we could then calculate residual values, determining if there was more or less external cranial vault area than expected for the size of the brain. These residuals were then plotted against the gyrification indices determined in a previous study for the species examined. Results indicated that for the primates and artiodactyls the skull may potentially be considered as a limiting factor on the expansion of the cerebral cortex; however, the carnivore and rodent orders show conflicting results which suggest that the relative surface area of the skull appears to have no effect on the quantitative extent of gyrencephaly. These inconclusive findings suggest that causes contributing to the quantitative extent of gyrification across mammals may be multifactorial, and more parameters may need to be included in the analysis to arrive at an answer.

Faculty of Sciences School of Anatomical Sciences 0202721m slyviakamanzi@yahoo.com / This study primarily seeks to confirm two systems of classifying the sulci of the frontal operculum1 (F3): the radiologically derived system of Ebeling et al (1989) involving four Types of Sulcal Connections, and the anatomical classification of the anterior rami of the lateral fissure, involving three patterns. Sulcal- and intersulcal- lengths are also considered. The sample consisted of 220 cadaveric hemispheres; 65 of which were whole brains (control category); and 90 consisting of equal numbers of separate right- and lefthemispheres (case category). Specimens were orientated by examining relevant features of: the lateral fissure; the postcentral sulcus; and the central fissure. Features of the remaining boundary sulci (precentral sulcus / sulci, and inferior frontal sulcus) of F3 were also considered. The focus was on examining the: frequency of occurrence, shape, and connections of the sulci of the F3. The sulci of F3 were designated as: major sulci [anterior ascending (AAR)- and anterior horizontal (AHR)- rami, and stem of the anterior rami when present); and accessory sulci (sulci of the –pars opercularis and –pars triangularis). Sulcal lengths were measured using thread, with needles as anchors. Intersulcal lengths were recorded as straight-line distances between parallel pins inserted into the sulci of the frontoparietal operculum. Specimens fixed outside the cranial cavity were excluded from measurement. The reliability of the data was monitored, by repeating the observations. The two systems of classification were broadly confirmed. The criteria for the Types of Sulcal Connections were modified in view of the findings on double precentral sulci and the connections of the opercular sulcus (which occurred as either one or as two sulci). A sulcus of the pars triangularis (which occurred as either one, two, or as three sulci) was found to be a useful landmark. The Chi-square test was applied to the data in the two systems of classification. There were no significant interhemispheric differences with respect to the incidences of: Types 1-4 of Sulcal Connections, or Patterns of the Anterior Rami (I, Y, and VU). Sulcal lengths were similar to that reported by Ono et al (1990). The Student t-test was applied to sample sizes 18 and above. No significant interhemispheric differences, in the lengths of the sulci that were considered, were found. A significant 1 The definition of the frontal operculum as the inferior frontal gyrus only, is used for the purposes of this study. The frontal operculum may also be abbreviated as F3. v difference was found in two instances when comparing the case- and control- categories. Intersulcal distances are reported on in the frontal- and frontoparietal- operculum.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-01T14:48:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - ALEX BRUNO SOARES.pdf: 8182673 bytes, checksum: a1b0d71f1ed56ef8997cc9047c27db27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T14:48:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - ALEX BRUNO SOARES.pdf: 8182673 bytes, checksum: a1b0d71f1ed56ef8997cc9047c27db27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / O sulco vocal é definido como uma depressão longitudinal na prega vocal paralela à sua borda livre. Sua característica vocal mais marcante é a soprosidade da voz, que decorre de um fechamento incompleto da glote. Outro parâmetro vocal seria a aspereza, pela diminuição da vibração da onda mucosa na prega vocal. Aspectos acústicos vocais, como a frequência de voz, jitter e shimmer podem estar alterados também em indivíduos com sulco vocal. Os estudos de avaliação de voz em indivíduos com sulco vocal, em geral, selecionam uma população sintomática, excluindo-se possíveis indivíduos com sulco que não apresentam queixa vocal. Assim, torna-se necessário estudar esta população assintomática para se obter uma melhor caracterização vocal desta entidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a voz de indivíduos adultos assintomáticos com sulco vocal. Buscou-se comparar as características perceptivo-auditivas, acústicas e autoperceptivas da voz entre indivíduos com laringe com modelo anatômico padrão de prega vocal e com sulco vocal. Foram avaliados 26 indivíduos adultos, 13 com sulco vocal, e 13 indivíduos sem sulco vocal. Todos os participantes foram submetidos à microlaringoscopia de suspensão, autoavaliação da voz, avaliação perceptivo-auditiva da voz e avaliação acústica. Entre os indivíduos com sulco vocal, 78% dos sulcos vocais eram do tipo I, 22% eram sulcos do tipo II. Na avaliação perceptivo-auditiva, houve piores escores em indivíduos portadores de sulco vocal, com diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao grupo controle, nos parâmetros grau global de disfonia e rugosidade, ambos em grau discreto. Na autoavaliação da voz e na avaliação acústica não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos. Conclui-se que indivíduos sem queixas de voz portadores de sulco vocal do tipo I podem apresentar alterações discretas na qualidade vocal, com característica de rugosidade. A alteração de voz nesses casos não causa impacto em sua qualidade de vida. / The sulcus vocalis is defined as a longitudinal depression in parallel vocal fold to the free edge. Its most striking feature is the vocal blowing voice, which stems from an incomplete closure of the glottis. Another vocal parameter would be the roughness, the reduction of the mucosal wave vibration of the vocal folds. vocal acoustic aspects such as the frequency of voice jitter and shimmer can also be altered in patients with vocal fold. Voice evaluation studies in patients with sulcus generally select a symptomatic population, excluding possible groove carriers that do not have vocal complaints. Thus, it becomes necessary to study this asymptomatic population to obtain a better characterization of this voice entity. The aim of this study was to characterize the voice of adults with asymptomatic sulcus. We sought to compare the auditory perception characteristics, acoustic and voice self-perceptual among individuals with larynx with standard anatomical model of vocal fold and sulcus. We evaluated 26 adult subjects, 13 with sulcus, and 13 individuals without sulcus. All participants underwent suspension microlaryngoscopy, voice self-assessment, perceptual evaluation of voice and acoustic evaluation. Among individuals with sulcus, 78% of vocal grooves were type I, 22% were furrows type II. In the perceptual assessment, there was worse scores in individuals with sulcus, with statistically significant difference from the control group, the parameters overall degree of dysphonia and roughness, both in mild. In the self-assessment of voice and acoustic analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Individuals without voice complaints carriers sulcus type I may have subtle changes in vocal quality roughness feature. Changing voice in these cases, no impact on their quality of life.

Semantically reversible sentences, i.e., sentences wherein both characters can potentially perform the given action, have long been used to understand the various mechanisms involved in successful sentence comprehension. Over the decades, studies have established that sentences with non-canonical word-orders such as passive voice sentences are more difficult to process than canonical counterparts such as active voice sentences using psycholinguistic, neuroimaging, lesion-based, and more recently transcranial brain stimulation methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In addition to understanding the cognitive processes involved, these studies have also attempted to uncover the underlying neural correlates. Various parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes have been thought to be critical for different functions. In the recent years, the parietal regions have garnered considerable attention. In particular, various studies have found the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) to be involved in the comprehension of semantically reversible sentences, particularly when they have non-canonical word-orders. In this thesis, I attempted to build on this literature and further understand the role of the IPS in sentence comprehension. More specifically I followed-up on two TMS studies by Finocchiaro and colleagues that looked at reversible Italian active and passive sentences. Online repetitive TMS (rTMS) to the posterior portion of the left IPS (henceforth, l-pIPS) affected only the processing of passive sentences in both experiments. In fact, one of the studies also found an effect on ‘passive’ pseudosentences, thus, prompting the authors to suggest that the l-pIPS affects passive sentences irrespective of semantic meaningfulness. The authors concluded that this region is likely to be involved in sentence comprehension, particularly at the stage where thematic reanalysis, i.e., a revision of the initially ascribed thematic roles, occurs. However, these studies were unable to discern if these effects were seen on reversible passives due to their reversibility, passive voice, or the non-canonical word-order seen in passive sentences. They also raised questions regarding whether the region is important in processing only thematic reversibility or is also involved in comprehending reversible sentences without thematic roles (e.g., comparative sentences). I ran three experiments to better understand these factors. In Chapter 1 I summarise the literature on the comprehension of reversible sentences. I discuss findings from behavioural, lesion-based, neuroimaging, and TMS studies that have formed the basis of the current thesis. I conclude by bringing to attention some of the questions raised by these studies that I have attempted to answer in the subsequent chapters. In Chapter 2 I attempted to understand the role of passive voice and reversibility in reanalysis and sentence comprehension. To do this I used a sentence comprehension task while administering online rTMS to the l-pIPS. Participants performed a forced-choice task where they were required to read reversible and irreversible Italian active and passive voice sentences and identify either the agent or the theme in alternate blocks. The experiment showed an effect of rTMS only on reversible passive sentences. While these results are in line with the previous studies, they also draw attention to a critical aspect of comprehension of passive voice sentences. They suggest that passive voice in itself may be insufficient to trigger reanalysis. Instead, it is likely that reanalysis is triggered by the co-occurrence of numerous factors such as voice and reversibility. However, as with the previous studies, this study still does not clarify the role of non-canonical word-order or passive voice per se. In an attempt to distinguish between the two, I ran an rTMS experiment with a sentence-picture verification task in Chapter 3. The experiment used reversible active and passive voice sentences in Hindi. The advantage that Hindi offers in this regard is that both actives and passives are typically presented in the agent-theme-action order. Consequently, such passives may not require the reassigning of originally established thematic roles. Stimulation to the l-pIPS showed no effects on these actives or passives. Interestingly, these null results serve as supporting evidence (albeit, weak) that non-canonical word-order may be essential for thematic reanalysis. If passive voice alone, or even a combination of passive voice and reversibility were sufficient to engender reanalysis, stimulation should have had effects on the passives even in the absence of a non-canonical word-order (as seen in the stimuli of this experiment). Finally, I attempted to understand if the region was involved only in comprehending reversible sentences with thematic role assignment, or also played a role in reversible sentences without thematic role assignment such as comparative sentences (where one of the two characters is the owner of a given property/feature). To do this, I ran the final rTMS experiment reported in Chapter 4. Participants received online stimulation to the l-pIPS while performing a sentence-picture verification task. The stimuli sentences consisted of reversible Italian declarative active and passive sentences, and comparative of majority or minority sentences. Comparatives were used because unlike Italian actives and passives, both types of comparatives are identical in word-order and other morphosyntactic features. In an attempt to maintain the visual complexity across stimuli pictures, same pictures were used to depict the relationships in both declarative and comparative sentences. The results of this study are rather puzzling. Unlike previous studies no effects were found on passive sentences. In terms of the comparative sentences, a selective effect was seen on the ‘easier’ comparatives of majority. These results call into question previous findings which have found an effect on the more ‘difficult’ sentence type, i.e., the passives. The effect of TMS on the comparatives of majority indicates the involvement of the l-pIPS in sentence comprehension yet again. However, these results to do not clarify what specific features of a sentence the l-pIPS helps comprehend. Moreover, given the consistent effect of rTMS on reversible Italian passives in the previous experiments, and the effect on comparatives of majority, it is possible that the current results may have been confounded by the use of complex stimuli. Coupled with the findings from the Finocchiaro studies, this thesis establishes the role of the l-pIPS in sentence comprehension. In particular, the results of the two Finocchiaro studies and Chapter 2 suggest that the co-occurrence of passive voice and reversibility is essential for reanalysis. While the results of Chapter 3 concur with these findings, they also strongly indicate that these features must co-occur with a third factor, namely a non-canonical word-order, to trigger reanalysis. Lastly, the results of Chapter 4 clarify the l-pIPS’ involvement in sentence comprehension. However, it leaves the exact role of the l-pIPS unclear in comprehending reversible sentences without thematic role assignment. The current thesis has advanced our understanding of some key factors responsible for reanalysis, and its neural correlates. Future studies can aim to understand these factors better by exploiting parallel versions of the same sentence type, and by studying different sentence types in isolation. For example, Hindi passives can be presented in both agent-theme-action and theme-agent-action word-orders. Contrasting such versions may help answer questions pertaining to word-order. On the other hand, studying sentences like declaratives and comparatives in separate experiments or even separate sessions may help simplify stimuli, thereby giving us clearer results.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18854号 / 医博第3965号 / 新制||医||1007(附属図書館) / 31805 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 富樫 かおり / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Die korrekte Wahrnehmung stimmlicher Information ist eine Grundvoraussetzung erfolgreicher zwischenmenschlicher Kommunikation. Die Stimme einer anderen Person liefert Information darüber wer spricht (Sprechererkennung), was gesagt wird (stimmliche Spracherkennung) und über den emotionalen Zustand einer Person (stimmliche Emotionserkennung). Autismus Spektrum Störungen (ASS) sind mit Einschränkungen in der Sprechererkennung und der stimmlichen Emotionserkennung assoziiert, während die Wahrnehmung stimmlicher Sprache relativ intakt ist. Die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen dieser Einschränkungen sind bisher jedoch unklar. Es ist beispielsweise unklar, auf welcher Verarbeitungsstufe diese Einschränkungen in der Stimmenwahrnehmung entstehen oder ob sie mit einer Dysfunktion stimmensensitiver Hirnregionen in Verbindung stehen. Im Rahmen meiner Dissertation haben wir systematisch Stimmenverarbeitung und dessen Einschränkungen bei Erwachsenen mit hochfunktionalem ASS und typisch entwickelten Kontrollprobanden (vergleichbar in Alter, Geschlecht und intellektuellen Fähigkeiten) untersucht. In den ersten beiden Studien charakterisierten wir Sprechererkennung bei ASS mittels einer umfassenden verhaltensbezogenen Testbatterie und zweier funktionaler Magnet Resonanz Tomographie (fMRT) Experimente. In der dritten Studie untersuchten wir Mechanismen eingeschränkter stimmlicher Emotionserkennung bei ASS. Unsere Ergebnisse bringen neue Kenntnisse für Modelle zwischenmenschlicher Kommunikation und erhöhen unser Verständnis elementarer Mechanismen, die den Kernsymptomen in ASS wie Schwierigkeiten in der Kommunikation, zugrunde liegen könnten. Beispielsweise unterstützen unsere Ergebnisse die Annahme, dass Einschränkungen in der Wahrnehmung und Integration basaler sensorischer Merkmale (i.S. akustischer Merkmale der Stimme) entscheidend zu Einschränkungen in sozialer Kognition (i.S. Sprechererkennung und stimmliche Emotionserkennung) beitragen. / The correct perception of information carried by the voice is a key requirement for successful human communication. Hearing another person’s voice provides information about who is speaking (voice identity), what is said (vocal speech) and the emotional state of a person (vocal emotion). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with impaired voice identity and vocal emotion perception while the perception of vocal speech is relatively intact. However, the underlying mechanisms of these voice perception impairments are unclear. For example, it is unclear at which processing stage voice perception difficulties occur, i.e. whether they are rather of apperceptive or associative nature or whether impairments in voice identity processing in ASD are associated with dysfunction of voice-sensitive brain regions. Within the scope of my dissertation we systematically investigated voice perception and its impairments in adults with high-functioning ASD and typically developing matched controls (matched pairwise on age, gender, and intellectual abilities). In the first two studies we characterised the behavioural and neuronal profile of voice identity recognition in ASD using two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments and a comprehensive behavioural test battery. In the third study we investigated the underlying behavioural mechanisms of impaired vocal emotion recognition in ASD. Our results inform models on human communication and advance our understanding for basic mechanisms which might contribute to core symptoms in ASD, such as difficulties in communication. For example, our results converge to support the view that in ASD difficulties in perceiving and integrating lower-level sensory features, i.e. acoustic characteristics of the voice might critically contribute to difficulties in higher-level social cognition, i.e. voice identity and vocal emotion recognition.

Deafness affects approximately 40 million people in the United States. However, little is known about how the brain reorganizes itself in response to this major loss of inputs. Preliminary studies of neonatally deafened cats reveals that the auditory cortical area, the auditory field of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (FAES), is reorganized as a visual area and is involved in the control of visual orientation behaviors. The plastic changes in neuronal connectivity that underlie this cortical reorganization are not known, but it is our hypothesis that sensory driving via thalamocortical inputs must change from auditory to visual thalamic origins. The present study used neuroanatomical tracing techniques in two hearing adult cats and two adult cats deafened at birth to determine the thalamic origin of projections to the FAES. When tracer was injected into the FAES of hearing animals, MGm, MGv, Pom, and dorsal thalamic nuclei showed retrogradely labeled cell bodies indicative of their projection to the FAES. When tracer was injected into the FAES of the neonatally deafened animals, MGm, MGv, Sgl, Pom, and dorsal thalamic nuclei also showed retrogradely labeled cells. In the deafened animals, no retrogradely labeled neurons were identified in the primary visual thalamic areas. Because essentially the same thalamic regions project to the FAES but relay different sensory messages in hearing and deafened animals, it must be concluded that neuronal plasticity occurred prior to the thalamocorticals projection. Therefore, therapeutic efforts to ameliorate the effects of deafness might best address thalamic rather than cortical mechanisms of plasticity and neuronal reorganization.

Foi desenvolvido projeto de pesquisa clínica e radiográfica para avaliar a influência do ângulo formado entre a superfície dental e a crista óssea na determinação da profundidade de sondagem do sulco gengival e complementarmente no comportamento da margem gengival por vestibular de dentes molares inferiores inclinados para mesial. Para tanto foram incluídos 30 sítios mesiais e 30 distais no grupo teste, com igual número de sítios controles de molares inferiores com inclinação normal. Nos dentes que forneceram esses sítios também foi feita a determinação da profundidade do sulco gengival na região vestibular central do dente, identificando-se a qualidade e quantidade de gengiva ceratinizada, respectivamente pela metodologia de Kan et al. (2010) e pela mensuração com sonda periodontal da distância da margem gengival à junção mucogengival. Foram incluídos pacientes periodontal e sistemicamente saudáveis, excluindo-se pacientes que tivessem sido submetidos a procedimentos ósseos regenerativos prévios nas áreas de interesse, diabéticos relutantes ao controle médico, usuários de drogas e/ou álcool, portadores de alterações sistêmicas que interfiram no metabolismo ósseo (como por exemplo, osteoporose e hiperparatireoidismo). Os exames foram realizados por examinador competente, devidamente calibrado. Para análise radiográfica as imagens foram transferidas para o computador, realizando-se as mensurações dos ângulos interessados com o programa de computador MB-Ruler Pro (MB-Software solutions). A análise estatística foi realizada no programa GraphPad Prism versão 5.03 para Windows (GraphPad, Usa). Os resultados obtidos em linhas gerais mostraram que houve influência significativa do ângulo entre a superfície dental e a crista óssea (p > 0,0001) na determinação do sulco gengival proximal em áreas de dentes inclinados, porém não há essa influência na profundidade de sondagem do sulco gengival por vestibular para áreas com qualidade e quantidade de gengiva comparáveis ao controle (p=0,08). A despeito desses resultados, não se encontrou correlação definida entre nenhum dos parâmetros de interesse analisados. Dentro dos limites do estudo os resultados também evidenciaram que, embora possam ocorrer variações desses parâmetros, a saúde periodontal pode ser mantida pelo indivíduo nas condições analisadas. / A clinical and radiographic research project was developed to assess the influence of the angle formed between the tooth surface and the alveolar bone crest in determining the probing depth of the gingival sulcus and complementary also to evaluate the behavior of the buccal gingival margin of mesially inclined molars. Therefore, 30 mesial and 30 distal sites of inclined lower molars were included in the test group, with an equal number of sites of lower molars with normal inclination in the control group. In addition in all the teeth of both test and control groups the depth of the clinical gingival sulcus at the central buccal region of the tooth was assessed by measuring with a periodontal probe, identifying the quality of the keratinized gingiva through the methodology of Kan et al. (2010) and determining the width of keratinized gingiva by measuring the distance from the free gingival margin to the mucogingival junction. The study was done in systemic and periodontally healthy individuals, excluding patients who had undergone bone-regenerative procedures in the areas of interest, diabetics reluctant to medical control, alcohol and / or drug users, and individuals suffering from systemic conditions that might interfere with bone metabolism (like osteoporosis and hyperparathyroidism). The examinations were performed by a competent and properly calibrated examiner. The radiographic images were then transferred to a computer in order to analyze the measurements of the involved angles with the computer program MB-Ruler Pro (MB-Software solutions). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 5.03 for Windows (GraphPad, Usa). The results in general showed that there was significant influence of the angle between the tooth surface and the alveolar bone crest on the depth of the gingival sulcus in proximal areas of inclined teeth (p > 0,0001), but there was no such influence in the probing depth of the buccal gingival sulcus of these inclined molars provided that the quality and quantity of gingiva were similar to controls comprised by molars with normal inclination (p=0,08). Despite this significance, there was no definite correlation between any of the analyzed parameters of interest. The results also showed that, although there may be variations of these parameters, within the limits of this study the conditions of periodontal health can be maintained by the individual.

Foi desenvolvido projeto de pesquisa clínica e radiográfica para avaliar a influência do ângulo formado entre a superfície dental e a crista óssea na determinação da profundidade de sondagem do sulco gengival e complementarmente no comportamento da margem gengival por vestibular de dentes molares inferiores inclinados para mesial. Para tanto foram incluídos 30 sítios mesiais e 30 distais no grupo teste, com igual número de sítios controles de molares inferiores com inclinação normal. Nos dentes que forneceram esses sítios também foi feita a determinação da profundidade do sulco gengival na região vestibular central do dente, identificando-se a qualidade e quantidade de gengiva ceratinizada, respectivamente pela metodologia de Kan et al. (2010) e pela mensuração com sonda periodontal da distância da margem gengival à junção mucogengival. Foram incluídos pacientes periodontal e sistemicamente saudáveis, excluindo-se pacientes que tivessem sido submetidos a procedimentos ósseos regenerativos prévios nas áreas de interesse, diabéticos relutantes ao controle médico, usuários de drogas e/ou álcool, portadores de alterações sistêmicas que interfiram no metabolismo ósseo (como por exemplo, osteoporose e hiperparatireoidismo). Os exames foram realizados por examinador competente, devidamente calibrado. Para análise radiográfica as imagens foram transferidas para o computador, realizando-se as mensurações dos ângulos interessados com o programa de computador MB-Ruler Pro (MB-Software solutions). A análise estatística foi realizada no programa GraphPad Prism versão 5.03 para Windows (GraphPad, Usa). Os resultados obtidos em linhas gerais mostraram que houve influência significativa do ângulo entre a superfície dental e a crista óssea (p > 0,0001) na determinação do sulco gengival proximal em áreas de dentes inclinados, porém não há essa influência na profundidade de sondagem do sulco gengival por vestibular para áreas com qualidade e quantidade de gengiva comparáveis ao controle (p=0,08). A despeito desses resultados, não se encontrou correlação definida entre nenhum dos parâmetros de interesse analisados. Dentro dos limites do estudo os resultados também evidenciaram que, embora possam ocorrer variações desses parâmetros, a saúde periodontal pode ser mantida pelo indivíduo nas condições analisadas. / A clinical and radiographic research project was developed to assess the influence of the angle formed between the tooth surface and the alveolar bone crest in determining the probing depth of the gingival sulcus and complementary also to evaluate the behavior of the buccal gingival margin of mesially inclined molars. Therefore, 30 mesial and 30 distal sites of inclined lower molars were included in the test group, with an equal number of sites of lower molars with normal inclination in the control group. In addition in all the teeth of both test and control groups the depth of the clinical gingival sulcus at the central buccal region of the tooth was assessed by measuring with a periodontal probe, identifying the quality of the keratinized gingiva through the methodology of Kan et al. (2010) and determining the width of keratinized gingiva by measuring the distance from the free gingival margin to the mucogingival junction. The study was done in systemic and periodontally healthy individuals, excluding patients who had undergone bone-regenerative procedures in the areas of interest, diabetics reluctant to medical control, alcohol and / or drug users, and individuals suffering from systemic conditions that might interfere with bone metabolism (like osteoporosis and hyperparathyroidism). The examinations were performed by a competent and properly calibrated examiner. The radiographic images were then transferred to a computer in order to analyze the measurements of the involved angles with the computer program MB-Ruler Pro (MB-Software solutions). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 5.03 for Windows (GraphPad, Usa). The results in general showed that there was significant influence of the angle between the tooth surface and the alveolar bone crest on the depth of the gingival sulcus in proximal areas of inclined teeth (p > 0,0001), but there was no such influence in the probing depth of the buccal gingival sulcus of these inclined molars provided that the quality and quantity of gingiva were similar to controls comprised by molars with normal inclination (p=0,08). Despite this significance, there was no definite correlation between any of the analyzed parameters of interest. The results also showed that, although there may be variations of these parameters, within the limits of this study the conditions of periodontal health can be maintained by the individual.

Die vorliegende Arbeit legt den histologischen Aufbau der Euterhaut, des Milchdrüsenparenchyms sowie der Zitzen auf licht- und elektronenmikroskopischer Ebene bei den Tierarten Rind, Pferd, Schaf und Ziege umfassend dar.:1. Einleitung (S. 8) 2. Schrifttum (S. 11) 2.1. Haut (S. 11) [...] 2.2. Milchdrüse (S. 28) [...] 3. Eigene Untersuchungen (S. 45) 3.1. Material und Methoden (S. 45) [...] 3.2. Ergebnisse (S. 48) [...] 4. Diskussion (S. 146) 5. Zusammenfassung (S. 185) 6. Summary (S. 188) 7. Literaturverzeichnis (S. 191) 8. Selbstständigkeitserklärung (S. 221) 9. Lebenslauf, Danksagung, Thesen (S. 222)