Orientador: Gustava Paim Valença / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:06:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_Kurts_M.pdf: 1571455 bytes, checksum: be3e0b10fcf0076c5a292b9ff9f8e965 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Em parques industriais produtores de ácido fosfórico, um grande problema é a quantidade de rejeito gerado, o fosfogesso (gesso com impurezas de ácido fosfórico e sulfúrico). A estocagem deste material no meio ambiente resulta em problemas graves para a fauna e flora nos locais onde é depositado. Neste trabalho, a viabilidade técnica de uma alternativa para o problema de descarte deste subproduto é discutida a partir da recuperação do dióxido de enxofre (SO2) de fosfogesso para utilização em plantas de ácido sulfúrico. Algumas simulações de processo das plantas de ácido sulfúrico serão apresentadas, apontando alternativas industriais para utilização de SO2 recuperado / Abstract: In industrial parks that produce phosphoric acid, the major problem is the amount of waste generated: the phosphogypsum (gypsum with impurities such as phosphoric and sulfuric acid). The storage of this material in the environment results in serious problems for wildlife and flora in places where it is deposited. An alternative to the problem of disposal of this waste as well as its technical feasibility is discussed, recovering sulfur dioxide SO2 from phosphogypsum for use in sulfuric acid plants. In this work, some simulations of sulfuric acid operation were made and the proposal is presented, pointing out the best alternative for SO2 reuse from phosphogypsum / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

[pt] A degradação do concreto pode ocorrer a partir de processos bioquímicos, especialmente no caso de elementos que fazem parte das redes do sistema de esgoto devido a produção de ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) de maneira biogênica por certos tipos de bactérias. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar esse processo corrosivo e as propriedades mecânicas residuais de amostras de concreto expostas a soluções de H2SO4 de diferentes concentrações (0,5 por cento, 1 por cento e 3 por cento) e ao esgoto doméstico. Foram produzidos dois concretos: um com fator a/c igual a 0,83 e um de alto desempenho, com a/c de 0,28. As amostras foram curadas por períodos de 28, 63 e 91 dias e avaliadas após períodos de imersão nas soluções por 28 e 84 dias, com monitoramento do pH das soluções e da perda de massa das amostras. Após o fim da imersão, os concretos tiveram suas propriedades mecânicas residuais avaliadas por meio de ensaios de resistência à compressão direta e à tração indireta. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram uma maior perda de massa, assim como uma maior redução da resistência mecânica nas amostras com maior volume de cimento. As amostras de concreto convencionais imersos em ácido apresentaram perda de até 42 por cento na resistência à compressão, enquanto que as amostras de alto desempenho apresentaram redução de até 87 por cento em comparação com amostras não atacadas. Em relação aos corpos de prova imersos em esgoto doméstico, nenhum concreto sofreu perda significativa de massa e resistência, provavelmente devido ao tempo de exposição limitado. / [en] The degradation of concrete may occur from biochemical processes, especially where concrete elements of the sewage system networks due to the production of biogenic sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by certain types of bacteria. This study aims to study this corrosion process and residual mechanical properties of concrete samples exposed to H2SO4 solutions on different concentrations (0.5 percent, 1 percent and 3 percent) and domestic sewage. Two concretes were produced: one with 0.83 w/c ratio with high performance, with w/c ratio of 0.28. The samples were cured for periods of 28, 63 and 91 days and were evaluated in periods of 28 and 84 days of immersion, with the pH of the solutions and the weight loss of the samples being monitored. After the immersion periods, the concretes had their residual mechanical properties evaluated by compressive strength and Brazilian split tests. Research results have shown a greater weight loss and higher reduction of mechanical strength on specimens with higher percentage of cement. The conventional concrete specimens immersed in acid showed 42 percent loss in compressive strength, whereas the high-performance samples showed a reduction up to 87 percent when compared to non-attacked samples. Regarding the specimens immersed in domestic sewage, neither concrete suffered significant loss of mass and strength, probably due to limited exposure time.

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Foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico de interfases Cu/H2SO4 0,5 mol L-1 na ausência e presença de compostos triazólicos - benzotriazol (BTAH) e tolitriazol (TTAH) e de surfactantes: dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS aniônico) e cloreto de dodecilamônio (DAC catiônico) a 25ºC, empregando eletrodo parado e de disco rotativo (EDR). Foram empregadas como técnicas medidas de potencial de circuito aberto, polarização potenciostática e potenciodinâmica, cronoamperometria, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica e microscopia óptica. As características inibidoras do filme formado dependem da natureza dos aditivos e das condições hidrodinâmicas. As interfases contendo BTAH, TTAH, BTAH + TTAH, BTAH + SDS e TTAH + SDS apresentaram uma faixa ampla de potencial em que o cobre se mostrou passivado, chegando a 200 mV para a mistura BTAH + SDS empregando EDR. Densidades de corrente de passivação tão baixas quanto 2µA cm-2 foram observadas com EDR na presença de BTAH + TTAH. As misturas composto triazólico - surfactante mostraram filmes menos resistentes. Os surfactantes isolados não produzem faixa passiva e antecipam o potencial de oxidação do cobre com eletrodo parado. As misturas triazol - DAC só produzem faixa passiva com EDR. Todos os aditivos se mostraram inibidores para a reação H+/H2, destacando-se, com eletrodo parado, BTAH, TTAH e BTAH + TTAH. / The electrochemical behavior of 0.5 mol.L-1 Cu/H2SO4 interphases has been studied in the presence and in the absence of triazolic compounds-benzotriazole (BTAH) and tolitriazole (TTAH) and of surfactants - sodium dodecylsulphate (anionic, SDS) and dodecylammonium chloride (cationic, DAC) at 25ºC, using non-stirred electrode and rotating disc electrode (RDE). Open circuit potential, potentiostatic and potenctiodinamic polarization, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and optical microscopy were used as techniques. The inhibitive features of the formed film depend on both the nature of the additives and on the hydrodynamic conditions. The interphases containing BTAH, TTAH, BTAH + TTAH, BTAH + SDS e TTAH + SDS presented a wide potential range where the copper is passivated, reaching to 200 mV for BTAH + SDS mixture using RDE. Low passivating current densities (2µA cm-2) were observed with RDE in the presence of BTAH + TTAH. Triazolic compound?surfactant mixtures have originated less resistant films. Isolated surfactants do not originate passive ranges and anticipate the oxidation potential of copper under non stationary conditions. The mixtures triazole-DAC only produce passive range at stationary conditions. All the additives have shown to be inhibitors for the H+/H2 reaction, specially BTAH, TTAH e BTAH + TTAH using non stirred conditions.

Bio-deterioration of concrete, which is very common in sewer system and waste water treatment plant, results in significant structure degradation. Normally, the process can be described by the two following parts: 1) Biochemistry reactions producing biogenic aggressive species in biofilms which are spread on the surface of concrete. As one of the most significant biogenic acid in sewer pipes, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is produced by sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB). 2) Chemical reactions between biogenic aggressive species and cement hydration products which is responsible for concrete deterioration. A reactive transport model is proposed to simulate the bio-chemical and chemical deterioration processes of cementitious materials in contact with SOB and H2S or sulfuric acid solution. This model aims at solving simultaneously transport and biochemistry/chemistry in biofilms and cementitious materials by a global coupled approach. To provide an appropriate environment for SOB to grow, the surface neutralization of concrete (i.e., the absorption of H2S and aqueous H2S corrosion) is considered. To obtain the amount of biogenic H2SO4, the bio-oxidation of H2S by the activation of bacteria is simulated via a simplified model. To provide a suitable environment for SOB to grow, the abiotic pH reduction of concrete process is introduced. The production rate of H2SO4 is governed by the pH in the biofilms and the content of H2S in gas.It is assumed that all chemical processes are in thermodynamical equilibrium. The dissolution of portlandite (CH) and calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) and the precipitation of gypsum (C¯S H2) and calcium sulfide are described by mass action law and threshold of ion activity products. To take into account the continuous decrease of the Ca/Si ratio during the dissolution of C-S-H a generalization of the mass action law is applied. By simplifying the precipitation process of gypsum, a damage model is introduced to characterize the deterioration of concrete due to the swelling of gypsum. Thus, the porosity evolution and deterioration depth during deterioration process are taken into account. Only diffusion of aqueous species are considered. Different diffusion coefficients are employed for various ions and Nernst-Planck equation was implemented. The effect of the microstructure change during deterioration on transport properties is considered as well. For both biofilms and cementitious materials, the balance equations of total mass of each atom (Ca, Si, S, K, Cl) are used to couple transport equations and (bio-)chemical reactions. The model is implemented within a finite-volume code, Bil. Following the introduction of principle of the finite volume method, the coupling of the bio-chemistry process in biofilms and chemistry process in cementitious materials is illustrated. By this model, some experiments reported in literature, including chemical immersion tests (statical solution condition and flow solution condition) and microbiological simulation tests, are simulated. The numerical results and the experimental observations are compared and discussed. The influence of properties of cementitious materials (initial porosity, carbonated layer, etc.) and environmental factors (concentration of H2SO4, content of H2S, etc.) are investigated by this model as well. Furthermore, a long term predictionis conducted

Im Oktober 1875 erschien Clemens Winklers Schlüsselpublikation zum Schwefelsäure-Kontaktverfahren. Der Freiberger Chemiker lieferte nicht nur die wesentlichen Grundlagen des Prozesses, sondern initiierte eine Entwicklung, die der chemischen Industrie ein modernes Produktionsverfahren für eine wichtige Grundchemikalie in die Hand gab und damit ihre Entwicklung entscheidend beförderte. Neben Winklers Leistungen werden auch die bisher wenig gewürdigten Anstrengungen der Freiberger Hüttenwerke herausgestellt, denen es nach einigen Umwegen 1879 gelungen war, die erste wirklich funktionsfähige Kontaktanlage in Betrieb zu nehmen.

Aluminum alloys are widely used materials in the aircraft industry due to their high specific strength and durability. The natural corrosion resistance of aluminum can be improved through an electrochemical anodizing process. Due to recent restrictions in the use of chromic acid with toxic hexavalent chromium as electrolyte, the industry has shifted towards the use of the functional comparable tartaric sulfuric acid (TSA). TSA anodizing provides a porous alumina layer with good corrosion resistance, yet there is a desire to tune the process to fit other purposes. For instance, ice accretion to aircraft surfaces implies a safety risk and reduced energy efficiency. Due to insufficient active anti-icing systems, aircraft manufacturers are in the search for passive anti-acing materials. The ice adhesion properties of a material are thought to be affected by wettability. In turn, the wettability is affected by the morphology of the alumina influenced by the anodizing conditions. Herein, the effects of the anodizing voltage, electrolyte temperature and anodizing time on the morphology and wettability of TSA-anodized aluminum alloy 2024-T3 were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle (CA) measurements. The morphology in relation to wettability and ice adhesion strength as well as the use of posttreatments such as hydrothermal sealing and silanization was investigated. SEM images show a clear influence by the anodizing conditions on the porosity, interpore distance and pore diameter of the porous alumina. The morphology has influence on the wettability although the relationship needs further investigation. A superhydrophobic surface obtained by silanization of a surface anodized at high voltage characterized by a rod-like morphology has potential as a passive anti-icing surface. Future work may include additional polishing pretreatments, testing of additional parameters, investigating the CA hysteresis and roll-off angle as well as measuring the adhesion strength of high-impact ice. By tuning the morphology of sustainable anodic coatings, the research area is one step closer to implementing passive anti-icing materials in aircrafts.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar como algumas condições de pré-tratamento de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com H2SO4 diluído influenciam a distribuição granulométrica do bagaço de cana, a composição química dos sólidos pré-tratados e hidrolisados hemicelulósicos, além da digestibilidade enzimática dos sólidos pré-tratados. Para isso, previamente, uma amostra de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura foi caracterizada quanto suas composições percentuais; a distribuição granulométrica de suas fibras também foi avaliada antes e após o pré-tratamento. O pré-tratamento do bagaço com H2SO4 diluído foi realizado em reator piloto, aquecido por vapor direto, com capacidade de 100 L, onde o teor inicial de sólidos foi fixado em 15% (p/p). A temperatura (131,91-168,09 °C), tempo de residência (11,90-48,09 min) e concentração ácida (0,19 - 3,81 p/p) variaram de acordo com um planejamento fatorial 23. Após o pré-tratamento, os bagaços pré-tratados e hidrolisados hemicelulósicos foram caracterizados quanto suas composições químicas. A composição química dos bagaços in natura e pré-tratados, assim como a composição química dos hidrolisados, foi determinada por gravimetria, espectrofotometria e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. De acordo com a condição de pré-tratamento, os teores de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina nos bagaços pré-tratados diferiram substancialmente sendo que a maior variação foi observada para hemicelulose (0,14-17,62 %). Os três fatores avaliados no pré-tratamento influenciaram a composição química do bagaço pré-tratado, sendo que a variável com maior poder de influência no teor de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina dos sólidos foi a concentração ácida, seguida da temperatura e tempo de reação. Xilose foi o açúcar predominante nos hidrolisados hemicelulósicos variando de 1,43 a 21,05 g/L, de acordo com o planejamento. A concentração de furfural variou entre 0,08 e 4,68 g/L. Condições severas de pré-tratamento acarretaram na maior remoção de hemicelulose dos bagaços pré-tratados, porém nestas mesmas condições foram encontradas baixas concentrações de xilose e altas concentrações de furfural nos hidrolisados. A concentração de xilose no hidrolisado se mostrou dependente da temperatura e da concentração ácida. A variável com maior influência na formação de furfural foi a temperatura, seguida pela concentração ácida e tempo. A digestibilidade enzimática dos bagaços obtidos de acordo com planejamento experimental em 24 h variou de 25,35 a 63,76%, conforme a composição química dos sólidos. A temperatura de pré-tratamento foi o fator que exerceu maior influência na conversão da celulose dos sólidos. Com o intuito de avaliar o efeito da lavagem dos sólidos na digestibilidade enzimática da celulose, bagaços pré-tratados obtidos nas condições mais branda e severa de pré-tratamento, lavados e não-lavados, foram submetidos à sacarificação enzimática. A sacarificação de bagaços não-lavados foi prejudicada pela presença de inibidores nos hidrolisados hemicelulósicos, variando entre 0- 23,9%, em 72h. As condições de pré-tratamento do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar que maximizam a concentração de xilose no hidrolisado hemicelulósico e a sacarificação enzimática do bagaço pré-tratado são diferentes. O pré-tratamento com H2SO4 diluído acarretou na diminuição do tamanho das partículas do bagaço de cana. / This study aimed to evaluate how certain pretreatment conditions of sugarcane bagasse with dilute H2SO4 influence the size distribution of sugarcane bagasse, the chemical composition of solids pretreated and hemicellulosic hydrolysate, as well the enzymatic digestibility of pretreated solids. For that, previously, a sample of in natura sugarcane bagasse was characterized in terms of chemical composition; the size distribution of fibers was also evaluated before and after the pretreatment. The experiments of pretreatment of bagasse with dilute H2SO4 were conducted in a pilot reactor, heated by direct steam, with a capacity of 100 L, where the initial solids content was fixed at 15% (w / w). The temperature (131.91 to 168.09 ° C), residence time (11.90 to 48.09 min) and acid concentration (0.19 to 3.81 w / w) varied according to a factorial design 2³ . After pretreatment, the pretreated bagasse and hemicellulosic hydrolysates were characterized in terms of their chemical compositions. The chemical composition of in natura and pretreated bagasse , as well the chemical composition of the hydrolysates, was determined by gravimetry, spectrophotometry and high-efficiency liquid chromatography. According to the condition of pretreatment, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content in pretreated bagasse differed substantially, and the major variation was observed for hemicellulose content (0.14 to 17.62%).The three factors evaluated in the pretreatment influenced the chemical composition of pretreated bagasse, and the variable with greatest influence on the content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin concentration of solids was acid concentration, followed by temperature and reaction time.. Xylose was the predominant sugar in hemicellulose hydrolysates ranging from 1.43 to 21.05 g / L, according to the experimental design. Furfural concentration varied between 0.08 and 4.68 g / L. Severe conditions of pretreatment resulted in greater removal of hemicellulose from pretreated bagasse, but under these conditions were found low concentrations of xylose and high concentrations of furfural in the hydrolysates. The concentration of xylose in the hemicellulosic hydrolyzate were dependet of temperature and acid concentration. The variable with greatest influence on the formation of furfural was temperature, followed by acid concentration and time. The enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated solids, obtained according to experimental design, in 24 h, ranged from 25.35 to 63.76% depending on the chemical composition of solids. The temperature of the pretreatment was the factor that showed greater influence on the conversion of cellulose solids. In order to evaluate the effect of washing the solids in the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose, pretreated bagasses obtained in milder and severe conditions of pretreatment, non-washed and washed solids, were submitted to enzymatic saccharification. Saccharification of non-washed solids was impaired by the presence of inhibitors in hemicellulosic hydrolysates, ranging from 0 to 23.9% in 72h. The pretreatment conditions of sugarcane bagasse that maximize the concentration of xylose in the hemicellulosic hydrolyzate and enzymatic saccharification of pretreated bagasse are different. Pretreatment with dilute H2SO4 resulted in the decrease of particle size of bagasse.

O principal impacto causado pela atividade de mineração de carvão é a poluição hídrica proveniente da drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), que pode ter efeitos toxicológicos nos ecossistemas aquáticos, como mortalidade, disfunções no crescimento, menores taxas de reprodução, deformidades e lesões. A DAM é formada através da oxidação de minerais de sulfeto, principalmente pirita (FeS2) e caracteriza-se por uma solução de pH ácido e metais dissolvidos (Fe, Al e Mn). Novas metodologias para o tratamento de efluentes contaminados com metais estão sendo estudadas e a eletrodiálise (ED) surge como uma destas tecnologias que tem se mostrado eficaz para a recuperação de água e concentração de eletrólitos. É considerada uma tecnologia atrativa aos mais diversos segmentos, uma vez que apresenta muitas vantagens sobre os processos tradicionais, tais como: não exige mudanças de fases; funciona de forma contínua; não necessita da adição de reagentes e não gera resíduos poluentes ao ambiente. A ED é uma técnica de separação por membranas, no qual espécies iônicas em solução são transportadas através de membranas de troca-iônica por influência da aplicação de um campo elétrico que permite a separação de ânions e cátions metálicos com a vantagem de remover os metais contaminantes e simultaneamente recuperar água e outros compostos de interesse industrial, como o ácido sulfúrico. No entanto, para a aplicação da ED alguns parâmetros devem ser estudados, buscando as melhores condições de uso. O parâmetro mais importante a ser analisado é o transporte dos íons através das membranas, avaliado no presente estudo através da cronopotenciometria e da obtenção das curvas de corrente-potencial (CVCs). Curvas cronopotenciométricas foram obtidas a partir de soluções sintéticas que representavam a composição de uma DAM a fim de se avaliar a passagem de ânions sulfato através de uma membrana aniônica (HDX 200), e o transporte de cátions metálicos, tais como Na+ e Fe3+, através de uma membrana catiônica (HDX 100). E as CVCs foram obtidas a partir das próprias DAMs também para a avaliação do transporte de íons e determinação de densidade de corrente limite a ser empregada na ED. Os resultados mostraram que os cátions avaliados desempenharam um papel significativo para o equilíbrio químico que leva à formação de diferentes espécies de complexos de cargas e mobilidade distintas. Diagramas de especiação em conjunto com os cronopotenciogramas permitiram a identificação de espécies complexas que conduzem a um transporte lento de íons através das membranas. A ED mostrou-se eficaz para a recuperação de água, removendo mais de 97,00 % dos contaminantes, e para a recuperação de ácido sulfúrico a partir da DAM, sendo obtidos percentuais de concentração de sulfatos superiores a 38,55 % e incrementos na acidez de até 236,88 %. / The main impact caused by coal mining activity is water pollution from acid mine drainage (AMD), that can have serious toxicological effects on aquatic ecosystems, such as mortality, growth disorders, lower rates reproduction, deformities and injuries. The AMD is formed by the oxidation of sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite (FeS2) and is characterized by a acid pH and dissolved metals (Fe, Al and Mn). New approaches for the wastewater contaminated with metals treatment are being studied and electrodialysis (ED) emerges as a new technology and has proven effective for the recovery of water and electrolyte concentration. The ED is considered an attractive technology to some segments since it presents several advantages on the traditional processes, such as: does not require phase changes; runs continuously, does not need reagents addition and does not generate waste polluting environment. Electrodialysis is a membrane separation technique in which ionic species in solution are transported, through ion-exchange membranes, under the influence of an electric field which allows anions and metallic cations separation, possessing the advantages of removing contaminant metals and simultaneously recovering water and other compounds of industrial interest, such as sulfuric acid. However, to implement the ED some parameters should be studied seeking the best conditions. The most important parameter to be studied is the ions transport across membranes, assessed in this study by chronopotentiometry and obtaining the current-voltage curves (CVCs). Chronopotentiometry curve were obtained from synthetic solutions representing the AMD composition in order to assess the passage of anions sulfate through a membrane anion (HDX 200), and transport of metallic cations such as Na+ and Fe3+, through a cation membrane (HDX 100). The CVCs were obtained from raw AMD also to evaluate the ions transport and determination of threshold current density to be employed in ED. The results showed that the cations evaluated played a significant role in the chemical balance which leads to the formation of different species of complexes of different fillers and mobility. Speciation diagrams with chronopotentiograms allowed the identification of complex species that lead to a slow ions transport across membranes. The ED was effective for water recovery removing more than 97.00 % of contaminants and to sulfuric acid recovery from the AMD, where has been obtained percentage of sulfate concentration above 38.55 % and an increase in acidity up to 236.88 %.