Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Phillip W. Stahlman / Several weed species infest sunflower fields, but herbicidal options for broadleaf weed control are limited. In recent years, imazamox and tribenuron herbicides have been registered for POST use in imidazolinone-tolerant and tribenuron-tolerant sunflowers, respectively. Objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the effects of soil nitrogen level on Palmer amaranth control with imazamox in imidazolinone-tolerant sunflower and 2) evaluate crop response and weed control efficacy of single and sequential applications of tribenuron at two rates and the effectiveness of preemergence herbicides followed by postemergence tribenuron in tribenuron-tolerant sunflower. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in Manhattan, KS and field experiments were conducted near Hays, KS in 2007 and 2008. For the first objective, treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of three soil nitrogen levels (28, 56, and 84 kg/ha) and two imazamox rates (26 and 35 g ai/ha) in a RCBD. Palmer amaranth growth rate increased with increasing soil nitrogen level. In all experiments, plants grown at the highest soil nitrogen level exceeded the maximum recommended plant height (7.6 cm) by >35% at the time of imazamox application. Generally, imazamox rates did not differ in control effectiveness at the 56 kg/ha soil nitrogen level, but the higher 35 g/ha rate was superior to the lower rate at the 84 kg/ha soil nitrogen level because of greater weed size. For the second objective, tribenuron was applied singly at 9 and 18 g/ha, sequentially in all combinations of those rates, and singly at those rates following PRE herbicide treatments. In general, tribenuron at 18 g/ha applied with methylated seed oil adjuvant before weeds exceeded 10 cm in height provided excellent control of most species with insignificant injury to the crop. The need for supplemental PRE herbicides for weed control in tribenuron-tolerant sunflower depends on weed species present and their size at the time of tribenuron application.

Le tocophérol, le phytostérol, le pourcentage de protéines des graines, l'huile et les teneurs en acides gras ont été mesurés dans une population de lignées recombinantes (RILS) de tournesol, cultivées sous conditions de sécheresse, irrigation et semis tardif. Une analyse génétique de QTL a été réalisée à partir de ces mesures, en utilisant une carte génétique basée sur des marques SSR et avec des gènes candidats (1) impliqués dans la voie métabolique de tocophérol et phytostérol, (2) des gènes codant des antioxydants enzymatiques, (3) des gènes liés à la sécheresse et (4) des gènes homologues à SEC14 chez Arabidopsis. Trois gènes candidats importants (VTE4, VTE2 et HPPD), qui codent pour des enzymes impliquées dans la biosynthèse du tocophérol, ont été cartographiés sur les groupes de liaison LG8 et LG14. Quatre SNPs sont identifiés pour PAT2, le gène homologue chez Arabidopsis SEC14, entre les deux parents (PAC2 et RHA266) et un SNP, identifié par alignement de séquences est converti en marqueur CAPS pour permettre l'analyse génotypique des RIL. Les gènes homologues à SFH3, HPPD, CAT et CYP51G1 ont été cartographiés grâce à la mise au point de marqueurs dominants, tandis que des marqueurs co-dominants ont permis la cartographie des gènes homologues à SEC14-1, VTE4, DROU1, POD, SEC14-2 et AQUA. Les gènes POD, CAT et GST, codant pour des antioxydants enzymatiques, ont également été cartographiés sur les groupes de liaison 17, 8 et 1, respectivement. Le QTL majeur pour la teneur en tocophérol a été identifié sur le groupe de liaison 8, qui explique 59,5% de la variation phénotypique (6.TTC.8). Il colocalsie également avec le QTL identifié pour la teneur en phytostérol (7.TPC.8). Sous condition de semis tardif, un QTL spécifique de la teneur en acide palmitique a été identifié sur le groupe de liaison 6 (PAC-LS.6). Il est situé entre les marqueurs ORS1233 et SSL66_1. Les QTLs pour le pourcentage d'huile de graines et la teneur en acide stéarique colocalisent sur les groupes de liaison 10 (PSO-PI.10 et SAC-WI.10) et 15 (PSO-PI.15 et SAC-LS.15). Sept QTLs associés à teneur en acides palmitique, stéarique, oléique et linoléique sont identifiés sur le groupe de liaison 14. Ils sont liés à l’homologue du gène HPPD. Par ailleurs, les caractères agronomiques tels que les jours du semis à la floraison, la hauteur des plantes, le rendement et la morphologie foliaire ont été étudiés. Des analyses association génétique ont permis d’identifier des QTLs intérêts sur les groupes de liaison 2, 10 et 13 pour les caractères étudiés, d’autres QTLs identifies sur les groupes de liaison 9 et 12 mettent en avant l'importance de ces régions génomiques pour les caractères de morphologie foliaire. Nous avons finalement identifié des marqueurs AFLP et quelques gènes candidats liés aux caractères impliqués dans la qualité des graines sous conditions irriguée et stress hydrique chez une population de mutants (M8). Deux lignées mutantes, M8-826-2-1 et M8-39-2-1, produisent un niveau significativement élevé d'acide oléique peuvent être utilisées dans les programmes de sélection en raison de la haute stabilité à l'oxydation et des propriétés cardiovasculaire apportés par l’acide oléique qu’elles produisent. L'augmentation du niveau de tocophérol dans les lignées mutantes, M8-862-1N1 et M8-641-2-1, est justifiée par le polymorphisme observé pour le gène, MCT, impliqué dans la voie métabolique du tocophérol. Le marqueur le plus important pour le contenu en tocophérol total est E33M50_16 qui explique 33,9% de la variation phénotypique. Un des gènes candidats les plus importants concernant la biosynthèse des acides gras, FAD2 (FAD2-1), est lié à la teneur en acides oléique et linoléique. Il explique plus de 52% de la variation phénotypique. / The genetic control of tocopherol, phytosterol, percentage of seed protein, oil and fatty acids content in a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of sunflower under various conditions are studied through QTL analysis using genetic-linkage map based on SSR markers and introducing some important tocopherol and phytosterol pathway-related genes, enzymatic antioxidant-related genes, droughtresponsive family genes and Arabidopsis SEC14 homologue genes. Three important candidate genes (HPPD, VTE2 and VTE4), which encode enzymes involved in tocopherol biosynthesis, are mapped to linkage group 8(LG8) and LG14. One of the most important candidate genes coding for sterol methyltransferase II (SMT2) enzyme is anchored to LG17 by CAPS marker. Four SNPs are identified for PAT2, Arabidopsis Sec14 homologue gene, between two parents (PAC2 and RHA266). PAT2 is assigned to LG2 by CAPS marker. Squalene epoxidase (SQE1) is also assigned to LG15 by InDel marker. Through other candidate genes, POD, CAT and GST encoding enzymatic antioxidants are assigned to LG17, LG8 and LG1, respectively. The major QTL for total tocopherol content on linkage group 8 accounted for 59.5% of the phenotypic variation (6.TTC.8), which is overlapped with the QTL of total phytosterol content (7.TPC.8). Under late-sowing condition, a specific QTL of palmitic acid content on linkage group 6 (PAC-LS.6) is located between ORS1233 and SSL66_1 markers. Common chromosomic regions are observed for percentage of seed oil and stearic acid content on linkage group 10 (PSO-PI.10 and SACWI. 10) and 15 (PSO-PI.15 and SAC-LS.15). Overlapping occurs for QTLs of oleic and linoleic acids content on linkage groups 10, 11 and 16. Seven QTLs associated with palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids content are identified on linkage group 14. These common QTLs are linked to HPPD homologue, HuCL04260C001. QTLs controlling various traits such as days from sowing to flowering, plant height, yield and leaf-related traits are also identified under well-, partial-irrigated and late-sowing conditions in a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The results do emphasis the importance of the role of linkage group 2, 10 and 13 for studied traits. Genomic regions on the linkage group 9 and 12 are important for QTLs of leaf-related traits in sunflower. We finally identified AFLP markers and some candidate genes linked to seed-quality traits under well-irrigated and water-stressed conditions in gammainduced mutants of sunflower. Two mutant lines, M8-826-2-1 and M8-39-2-1, with significant increased level of oleic acid can be used in breeding programs because of their high oxidative stability and hearthealthy properties. The significant increased level of tocopherol in mutant lines, M8-862-1N1 and M8- 641-2-1, is justified by observed polymorphism for tocopherol pathway-related gene; MCT. The most important marker for total tocopherol content is E33M50_16 which explains 33.9% of phenotypic variance. One of the most important candidate genes involving fatty acid biosynthesis, FAD2 (FAD2-1), is linked to oleic and linoleic acids content and explained more than 52% of phenotypic variance.

Tocopherols, collectively known as vitamin E, are lipophilic antioxidants, which are synthesized only by photosynthetic organisms. Due to their enormous potential to protect cells from oxidative damage, tocopherols are used e.g. as nutraceuticals and additives in pharmaceuticals. The most biologically active form of vitamin E is α-tocopherol. Most tocopherols are currently produced via chemical synthesis. Nevertheless, this always results in a racemic mixture of different and less effective stereoisomers because the natural isomer has the highest biological activity. Therefore, tocopherols synthesized in natural sources are preferred for medical purposes. The annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a well-known source for α-tocopherol. Within the presented work, sunflower callus and suspension cultures were established growing under photomixotrophic conditions to enhance α-tocopherol yield. The most efficient callus induction was achieved with sunflower stems cultivated on solid Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 30 g l-1 sucrose, 0.5 mg l-1 of the auxin 1-naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg l-1 of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine. Photomixotrophic sunflower suspension cultures were induced by transferring previously established callus into liquid medium. The effects of light intensity, sugar concentration and culture age on growth rate and α-tocopherol synthesis rate were characterized. A considerable increase (max. 230 %) of α-tocopherol production in the cells was obtained within the photomixotrophic cell culture compared to a heterotrophic cell culture. These results will be useful for improving α-tocopherol yields of plant in vitro cultures.

<p>U radu je ispitana mogudnost kori&scaron;denja konzumnog suncokreta i suvog ostatka divljeg origana, kao funkcionalnih komponeti za dobijanje fleks proizvoda pobolj&scaron;anih nutritivnih svojstava.<br />Optimizacijom temperature su&scaron;enja (84&deg;C, 105&deg;C, 135&deg;C, 148&deg;C) fleks proizvoda utvrđen je uticaj temperature na: hemijske, fizičke i antioksidativne osobine fleks proizvoda. Na osnovu standardne ocene fleks proizvoda dobijenih na različitim temperaturama su&scaron;enja utvrđeno je da najvedu standardnu ocenu (0,91) ima fleks proizvod dobijen primenom temperature su&scaron;enja od 84&deg;C.<br />Ispitivanjem uticaja različitih količina konzumnog suncokreta (3%, 6% i 9%) i divljeg origana (0%, 0,5% i 1%) na fizičke karakteristike fleks proizvoda i utvrđeno je da dodatak konzumnog suncokreta ima negativan uticaj, a suvi ostatak divljeg origana pozitivan uticaj na nasipnu mase i stepen ekspanzije proizvoda. Uzorak bez konzumnog suncokreta i sa 1% origana ima najbolje fizičke karakteristike, minimalnu nasipna masu od 150,2 gml-1 i maksimalan stepen ekspanzije 9,36 mlg-1.<br />Dodatak konzumnog suncokreta uticao je na promene u masnokiselinskom sastavu proizvoda. Uzorci sa 9% konzumnog suncokreta imaju manji sadržaj palmitinske (C16:0) i linolenske (C18:3) kiseline za 15%, odnosno 60% u odnosu na uzorke bez dodatka suncokreta. U pomenutim uzorcima je povedan sadržaj stearinske (C18:0) za 15% i oleinske kiseline (C18:1) za 25%.<br />Dodatak funkcionalnih komponenti u sirovinski sastav fleks proizvoda povedava sadržaj fenola dva puta, pri čemu maksimalna sadržaj fenola 2,84 mg GAE/g s.e. ima uzorak sa 9% konzumnog suncokreta i 1% suvog ostatka divljeg origana. Pomenuti uzorak karakteri&scaron;e i maksimalna antiradikalska aktivnost ekstrakata izražena preko parametara 1/IC50 0,75 mg/ml i FRAP 1,57 &mu;g AAE/g s.e<br />Konzumni sincokret u sirovinskom sastavu fleks proizvoda je pobolj&scaron;ao iskori&scaron;denje, odnosno svarljivosti proteina i sadržaj esencijalnih mineralnih materija. Dodatkom 9% suncokreta i 1% divljeg origana dobijen je maksimalan sadržaj Zn 9,26 mg/kg, Cu 4,12 mg/kg, Mg 261,87 mg/kg i Fe 12,03 mg/kg.<br />Procesom ekstrudiranja, takođe, je do&scaron;lo do pobolj&scaron;anja mikrobiolo&scaron;kih parametaara kvaliteta proizvoda jer se značajno se smanjio ukupan broj mikroorganizama, broj kvasaca i plesni i mikroorganizama iz familije Enterobakteriaceae.<br />Na osnovu rezultata potro&scaron;ačkog testa za ispitvanje dopadljivosti proizvoda, utvr&scaron;eno je da dodatak suvog ostatka divljeg origana ima pozitivan efekat na op&scaron;tu prihvatljivost fleks proizvoda od strane potro&scaron;ača, dok dodatak konzumnog suncokreta negativno utiče na ukus, miris, osobine pri žvakanju i op&scaron;ta prihvatljivost.<br />Rezultati eksperimentalnog rada su pokazali da se dodatkom konzumnog suncokreta i suvog ostatka divljeg origana dobija fleks proizvod sa povedanom sadržajem funkcionalnih komponenata koji je dopadljiv potro&scaron;ačima.<br />Istraživanja u okviru ove disertacije su ukazala da bi funkcionalni fleks proizvod sa dodatkom divljeg origana i konzumnog suncokreta bolje prihvatili potro&scaron;ači stariji od 35 godina, visoko obrazovani i sa vedim primanjima. Međutim, i dalje je prisutan izvestan stepen nepoverenja potro&scaron;ača, pa je neophodno sprovoditi kontinuiranu edukaciju o zdravstvenim prednostima upotrebe funkcionalnih proizvoda u ishrani.</p> / <p>The paper examined the possibility of using consumable sunflower and dry extract of wild oregano, as functional components of obtaining a flex product of improved nutritional properties. By optimizing the drying temperature (84&deg;C, 105&deg;C, 135&deg;C, 148&deg;C) of the flex product, the effect of temperature was determined on: chemical, physical and antioxidant properties of flex products. On the basis of the standard assessment of flex products obtained at different drying temperatures it was determined that the highest standard rating (0.91) belongs to flex product prepared using the drying temperature of 84&deg;C.<br />By examining the influence of different amounts of consumable sunflower (3%, 6% and 9%) and wild oregano (0%, 0.5% and 1%) on the physical characteristics of flex products, it has been found that the addition of consumable sunflower has a negative impact, and a dry residue of wild oregano positive impact on the bulk weight and degree of expansion of the product. The sample free of consumable sunflower and with 1% of oregano has the best physical characteristics, minimal bulk weight of 150.2 gml-1 and a maximum degree of expansion of 9.36 mlg-1 .<br />The addition of consumable sunflower influenced the changes in fatty acid composition of the product. Samples with 9% of consumable sunflower have lower content of palmitic (C16:0) and 1inolenic (C18:3) acid by 15% and 60% compared to the samples without the addition of sunflower. In the above samples there was an increased content of stearic acid (C18: 0) by 15% and oleic acid (C18:1) by 25%.<br />The addition of functional components in the raw material composition of flex product increases phenol content twice, where the maximum phenol content of 2.84 mg GAE/g s.e. is found in the sample with 9% of consumable sunflower seed, and 1 % of dry extract of wild oregano. The aforementioned sample is characterized also by a maximum antiradical activity of extracts expressed via parameters 1/1C50 0.75 mg / ml and FRAP 1.57 ɲg AAE/g s.e.<br />Consumable sunflower in the raw material composition of flex products improved the utilization the digestibility of proteins and essential mineral substances content. By the addition of 9% of sunflower and 1% of wild oregano, we obtained the maximum content of Zn, 9.26 mg/kg, Cu 4.12 mg/kg, Mg 261.87 mg/kg and Fe 12.03 mg/kg. Extrusion process, also, led to an improvement in microbiological parameters of quality of the product because it significantly reduced the total number of microorganisms, yeasts and molds and microorganisms from the family of Enterobacteriaceae.<br />Based on the results of the test for examining consumer appeal of the product, it has been established that the addition of dry extract of wild oregano has a positive effect on the general acceptability of flex products by consumers, while the addition of consumable sunflower adversely affects the taste, the smell, the properties in chewing and general acceptability.<br />The results of the experimental work showed that the addition of consumable sunflower and dry extract of wild oregano resulted in the flex product with increased content of functional components that is appealing to consumers.<br />The research within this thesis pointed out that a functional flex product with the addition of wild oregano and consumable sunflower would be better accepted by consumers older than 35, highly educated and with higher incomes. However, there is still a certain degree of mistrust of consumers, so it is necessary to implement continuous education about the health benefits of the use of functional products in diet.</p>

Wirkstoffgewinnung mittels chemischer Synthese führt oft zu Stereoisomeren, welche aufwendig getrennt werden müssen und manche Moleküle sind nur sehr kostenintensiv oder gar nicht darstellbar. Landwirtschaftliche Gewinnung bedeutet Nachteile wie Schadstoffeinsatz und großer Flächenbedarf. Der Einsatz von pflanzlichen Zell- und Gewebekulturen überwindet die genannten Hürden [1, 2]: mit Methoden der Pflanzenbiotechnologie ist es möglich, pflanzliche Inhaltsstoffe in ihrer natürlichen, bioaktiven Form das ganze Jahr über unabhängig von biotischen/abiotischen Umweltfaktoren bei gleichbleibender Qualität und Quantität zu produzieren [3, 4]. Suspensionskulturen und hairy roots gelten momentan als die in vitro-Kulturtypen mit dem größten biotechnologischen Potential. Erstere sind in Flüssigmedium kultivierte Kalluszellen. Bei Kallus handelt es sich um undifferenzierte Pflanzenzellen, welche tumorartig wachsen und durch Zugabe von Pflanzenhormonen an der Differenzierung gehindert werden. Hairy roots entstehen durch Infektion eines Pflanzenteils mit dem Bodenbakterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Die so erhaltene Haarwurzelkultur kann ohne Hormonzusatz vermehrt werden, ihre Morphologie erfordert aber häufig eine Anpassung bestehender Kultivierungsgefäße [2, 5]. / In advance of industrial applications of in vitro plant cell or tissue cultures e.g., as bioactive ingredients for pharmaceuticals, an intense characterization concerning growth and productivity has to be performed. Innovative respiration measurement techniques in shake flask scale were applied to investigate and compare heterotrophic, photomixotrophic and hairy root cultures of sunflower. Furthermore, the qualification of RAMOS for screening of plant in vitro cultures is discussed.

La maladie de taches noires (TN ; champignon Leptosphaeria lindquistii) est une maladie importante en France. L'étude présentée dans cette thèse fournit des informations utiles sur l’épidémiologie de TN et sur la résistance quantitative du tournesol contre TN. Des expérimentations ont été menées sur petites parcelles au champ, plantes adultes (serre), et plantules (phytotron) pour (1) caractériser la dynamique spatiotemporelle de TN, (2) identifier les traits morphologiques affectant TN via des processus d’esquive de la maladie et en utilisant une procédure standardisée d'évaluation de la maladie, et (3) identifier des prédicteurs de résistance quantitative à TN. Cette étude suggère que (1) TN est associée à des épidémies monocycliques dans le sud ouest de la France, (2) les niveaux faibles de TN sont associés à des plantes ayant un grand nombre de feuilles vertes et de de grande taille, et (3) des prédicteurs de résistance quantitative à BS peuvent être identifiés expérimentalement. / Phoma black stem (BS) is caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria lindquistii, and is an important disease in France. The study presented in this dissertation provides useful information on BS epidemiology and sunflower quantitative resistance against the disease. Experiments were conducted on plants grown in small plots (field), adult plants (greenhouse), and seedlings (growth chamber) in order to (1) characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of BS, (2) identify morphological traits affecting BS through disease escape processes and utilizing a standardised disease assessment procedure, and (3) identify predictors of quantitative resistance to BS. This study suggests that (1) BS is primarily associated to monocyclic epidemics in south west France, (2) low BS levels are associated with sunflower plants characterized by a large number of green leaves and large height, and (3) predictors of quantitative resistance to BS can be experimentally identified.

Durante anos, a manteiga foi muito apreciada pelo consumidor, mas por conter grande quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados e colesterol, seu consumo tem diminuído. Recentemente, a descoberta dos malefícios causados pelos ácidos graxos trans presentes nas margarinas produzidas por hidrogenação parcial aumentou o interesse por métodos alternativos de modificação de lipídios. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um lipídio estruturado à base de gordura do leite que apresentasse maiores teores de ácidos graxos insaturados que a manteiga original e, consequentemente, melhor espalhabilidade, além de conter fitosteróis, constituindo a base de um alimento funcional com capacidade de reduzir os níveis de colesterol no sangue. Foram realizadas misturas da gordura do leite (GL) com óleo de girassol (OG) e ésteres de fitosteróis (EF) e foi efetuada interesterificação química e enzimática. As misturas e os lipídios estruturados obtidos foram analisados quanto a composição em ácidos graxos, consistência, conteúdo de gordura sólida (CGS), cinética de cristalização e estrutura cristalina, entre outras propriedades físico-químicas. Foram obtidos produtos contendo cerca de 60% de ácidos graxos insaturados pela adição de até 40% de OG e 25% de EF à gordura do leite, que originalmente possuía cerca de 33% de ácidos graxos insaturados. A interesterificação química melhorou a plasticidade das misturas, enquanto que a modificação enzimática não modificou de maneira expressiva sua consistência. A adição de pequenas quantidades de OG à GL provocou grande diminuição de sua consistência, enquanto que a diminuição do CGS ocorreu em proporções semelhantes às esperadas por interpolação linear. A edição de vídeos que permitam a observação da formação da estrutura cristalina de gorduras mostrou ser uma ferramenta de grande utilidade no estudo da cristalização de óleos e gorduras. A emulsão preparada com a mistura contendo 25,0% de EF, 7,5% de OG e 67,5% de GL apresentou diminuição expressiva na consistência quando comparada à manteiga, representando um efeito benéfico. / For many years, butter has been held in the highest esteem by consumer but its world consumption has steadily declined due to its high contents of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. More recently, trans fatty acids, which are commonly resent in hydrogenated argarines, have been found to cause detrimental effects when consumed in high amounts. This observation has increased the interest in alternative methods of lipid modification. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop a milkfat based structured lipid, presenting higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids than original butter and consequently better spreadability, besides containing phytosterols and serving as a base of a functional food with a cholesterol lowering health claim. Blends containing milkfat (MF), sunflower oil (SO) and phytosterol esters (PE) were prepared and then chemically and enzimatically interesterified. The fatty acid composition, consistency, solid fat content (SFC), crystallization kinetics and crystal structure, among other physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The blends presented about 60% of unsaturated fatty acids with the addition of up to 40% of SO and 25% of PE to MF, which originally presented close to 33% of unsaturated fatty acids. Chemical interesterification improved the plasticity of the blends, while the enzymatic reaction did not substantially alter it. The addition of small amounts of SO and PE to MF caused a great decrease in its consistency, while SFC decreased almost proportionally to the addition of these components. The edition of videos made possible the observation of crystal structure formation and it represented a tool of great importance in the fats and oils crystallization research. The emulsion prepared with the blend containing 25.0% of PE, 7.5% of SO, and 67.5% of MF presented a substantial improvement in consistency when compared to butter commercially available.

Objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar os efeitos de fontes de óleo vegetal na dieta de bovinos Nelore em fase de terminação sobre a aceitação sensorial, teores de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol, composição de ácidos graxos e estabilidade oxidativa de hambúrgueres bovinos, avaliados após serem congelados e acondicionados a -18°C por 90 dias, então avaliados crus e grelhados. Foram confinados 96 bovinos, machos, castrados, Nelore, com aproximadamente 380 kg de peso inicial e idade média de 24 meses, alimentados com óleos de soja, girassol, linhaça e tratamento controle sem adição de óleo por 82 dias. A partir do músculo Longissimus e da gordura subcutânea dos animais foram produzidos hambúrgueres Os hambúrgueres produzidos com carne de bovinos que receberam óleo de soja tiveram maior estabilidade lipídica, tanto para zero quanto para 90 dias de armazenamento quando comparado às outras dietas. O método cru de preparo também resultou em menores valores tanto para o tempo zero quanto para o tempo 90 dias de armazenamento, em relação ao método grelhado. Os hambúrgueres dos animais alimentados com o óleo linhaça resultaram em menores valores para o atributo sabor. O tempo zero dias de armazenamento dos hambúrgueres resultou em maiores notas dos consumidores para a textura e aceitabilidade global, em relação às amostras armazenadas por 90 dias. A porcentagem de ácidos graxos polinsaturados foi reduzida, independente dos tratamentos, após 90 dias de armazenamento. O CLA c9 t11 foi encontrado em maiores quantidades nas amostras dos animais alimentados com os óleos de linhaça e soja, para zero e 90 dias de armazenamento. O teor de colesterol aumentou após as amostras de hambúrgueres serem grelhadas, enquanto que não foi observado efeito para as fontes de óleos e os tempos de armazenamento. Foi observada a presença de óxidos de colesterol após as amostras serem armazenadas por 90 dias, independente das fontes de óleos utilizadas. O fornecimento de óleos insaturados para bovinos confinados aumenta a porcentagem de ácidos graxos polinsaturados em hambúrgueres produzidos com carne e gordura desses. A inclusão de óleos vegetais para bovinos aumenta a oxidação lipídica de hambúrgueres produzidos a partir de carne e gordura provenientes desses animais quando comparados a um tratamento sem inclusão de óleos vegetais. Hambúrgueres produzidos com carne e gordura de animais alimentados com óleos vegetais na dieta possuem maior oxidação lipídica após 90 dias de armazenamento quando comparados com os hambúrgueres do tempo zero e dos hambúrgueres do tratamento controle enquanto que o processamento térmico não foi responsável pela maior oxidação lipídica. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vegetable oil sources in Nellore diet in the finishing phase of the sensory analysis, cholesterol analysis and cholesterol oxides, fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of beef burgers, raw and packaged grilled at -18 ° C in two stages (storage for zero and 90 days). 96 cattle were confined, castrated male, Nellore, with about 380 kg of initial weight and average age of 24 months, fed soybean oil, sunflower, linseed and a control treatment without oil for 82 days. From the Longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat of animals burgers were produced. The beef burgers receiving soybean oil had higher lipid stability for both zero and 90 days of storage as compared to other diets. The raw patties resulted in lower values for zero as well as 90 days of storage compared to the grill method. The animal burgers fed the flaxseed oil resulted in lower values for the attribute flavor. The burgers of storage time zero days resulted in higher grades by consumers for texture and overall acceptability compared to the samples stored for 90 days. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was decreased, regardless of the treatment after 90 days of storage. The CLA c9 t11 were found in larger quantities in samples of animals fed with linseed and soybean oils, and 90 to zero days of storage. The cholesterol content increased after samples of burgers were grilled, while there was no effect for the sources of oils and storage times. The presence of cholesterol oxides was observed after the samples were stored for 90 days, independent of the used oil sources. The supply of unsaturated oils to feedlot cattle increases the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in hamburgers produced from meat and fat of these animals. The addition of vegetable oils for cattle increases lipid oxidation in hamburgers produced from meat and fat from these animals when compared to a treatment without addition of vegetable oils. Hamburgers produced from meat and fat animals fed with vegetable oils in the diet have higher lipid oxidation after 90 days of storage compared to burgers with zero storage time and the control treatment burgers, while the heat process is not responsible for the higher lipid oxidation.

A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta da gestão ambiental que identifica aspectos ambientais e avalia os impactos ambientais de um produto ao longo de todo o seu ciclo de vida. O ciclo de vida considera todas as atividades que vão desde a extração e processamento das matérias-primas, manufatura, transporte, distribuição, uso, reuso, manutenção e disposição final. Através da ACV são obtidas todas as entradas de massa e energia e as respectivas saídas na forma de emissões atmosféricas, efluentes líquidos e resíduos sólidos para cada atividade que compõe o ciclo de vida do produto estudado. No desenvolvimento da ACV, durante a fase de coleta de dados existe uma enorme quantidade de informações que necessita ser coletada. Para sanar essa dificuldade, vêm sendo desenvolvidos bancos de dados de insumos de grande importância os quais possuem características regionais, tornando o estudo mais completo e confiável. A utilização de bancos de dados tem caráter apenas regional, visto que as condições técnicas e ambientais podem variar de uma região para outra. Dependendo da região, a utilização de bancos de dados internacionais tende a distorcer os resultados dos estudos de ACV, conduzindo a resultados não adequados, os quais não representam a realidade da região em estudo. Neste contexto, o Grupo de Prevenção da Poluição do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Escola Politécnica da USP tem desenvolvido estudos que visam à obtenção de Inventários do Ciclo de Vida (ICVs) para auxiliar na construção de um banco de dados brasileiro. O presente estudo, inserido nessa linha de pesquisa, visa à construção do inventário do ciclo de vida do biodiesel etílico do óleo de girassol produzido no Brasil. O biodiesel é um combustível renovável constituído de uma mistura de monoalquilésteres de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa, derivados de óleos vegetais, gorduras animais ou óleos residuais. Neste estudo, definiu-se o sistema de produto para o biodiesel, o qual dividiu-se em subsistemas para facilitar a coleta de dados. Os dados coletados para cada um dos subsistemas foram predominantemente secundários, isto é, obtidos de publicações científicas e bases de dados estrangeiras. No entanto, os dados secundários foram adaptados à realidade brasileira, por meio de informações e considerações que consideraram as condições tecnológicas e de mercado existentes no Brasil. Como resultado verificou-se que 8 dentre todas as etapas do ciclo de vida do biodiesel, a produção dos grãos de girassol é a que demanda mais recursos materiais e energéticos e que provoca a maior quantidade de emissões para o meio ambiente. Deste modo, na produção do biodiesel deve ser dada atenção especial para a produção da oleaginosa, buscando soluções quanto ao seu alto consumo de recursos e emissões para o meio ambiente. / The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool of the environmental management which identifies environmental aspects and evaluates environmental impacts of products during its whole life cycle. The life cycle considers all the activities since the extraction and manufacture of the raw materials, transport, distribuction, use, reuse, maintenance and final disposal. Through the LCA are obtained all the inputs of mass and energy and the respective outputs of atmospheric emissions, liquid effluents and solid wastes for every activity of the product life cycle studied. In the development of the LCA, during the phase of data collection there is a vast quantity of information to be collected. To avoid this difficulty, have been in development databases of important inputs, who has regional characteristics, becoming the study more complete and reliable. The database utilization has only a regional character, since the technical and environmental conditions can change in different regions. Depending of the region, the utilization of international database tends to distort the results of an LCA study, leading non adequate results, which don´t represent the reality of the region in study. In this context, de Pollution Prevention Group (GP2) of the Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of USP have developed studies that aims to obtain Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) to assist the construction of a Brazilian database. The present study is inserted in such line of research and aims to the construction of the sunflower oil ethylic biodiesel LCI made in Brazil. The biodiesel is a renewable fuel, it is constituted of a mix of mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived of vegetable oils, animal fats or residual oils. In this study was defined the product system to biodiesel, which was divided in subsystems to assist the data collection. The data were collected for each one of the subsystems were in the majority secondary, obtained of scientific publications and foreign databases. However, the secondary data were adapted to the brazilian reality through informations and considerations that take into account the actual brazilian technological and market conditions. As a result it was verified that among all the steps of the biodiesel life cycle, the agricultural production of the sunflower is that one who demands more energetic and materials inputs and is responsible for the majority of the emissions to the environment. In this way, in the biodiesel production should 10 be given special attention to the agricultural production of the oilseed, searching for solutions to its high consumption of inputs and environmental emissions.

Orientador: Flávia Lombardi Lopes / Coorientadora: Claudia Maria Bertran Membrive / Banca:Calie Castilho Silvestre / Banca:Guilherme de Paula Nogueira / Resumo: A suplementação com compostos ricos em ácido linoleico, dentre os quais inclui-se a semente de girassol, promove aumento na taxa de concepção em fêmeas bovinas. Hipotetizou-se que a suplementação com semente de girassol em doadoras de oócitos aumenta o número e a qualidade de oócitos, incrementa as taxas de clivagem e determina um aumento no número e qualidade dos blastocistos produzidos in vitro. Assim, objetivou-se investigar o efeito de tal suplementação, no número e qualidade de oócitos cultivados in vitro, na taxa de clivagem e no número e qualidade de blastocistos produzidos in vitro. Para tanto, cinco vacas e vinte e cinco novilhas (n=30) Nelore foram divididas em dois grupos para receberem um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1,7 kg/dia de suplemento contendo 53% de farelo de soja com 44% de PB e 47% de milho (Grupo Controle - Grupo C; n= 15) ou 1,7 kg/dia de suplemento contendo 40% de farelo de soja com 44% de proteína bruta (PB) e 60% de semente de girassol (Grupo Girassol - Grupo G; n= 15), durante 57 dias. As fêmeas foram submetidas à aspiração folicular nos dias D0, D13, D29, D43, D56 e D77 (D0= início da suplementação; D56= término da suplementação). Os oócitos foram submetidos ao processo de produção de embriões in vitro. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Mixed procedure (SAS) versão 9.2, pelo teste ANOVA modelo misto. Não se observou diferença entre os Grupos C e G no número de folículos visualizados (16,85 ± 1,32 vs. 16,12 ± 1,48); número... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Supplementation with compounds rich in linoleic acid, among which is included sunflower seed, promotes increase in conception rates in cows. It was hypothesized that sunflower seed supplementation in oocyte donors increases the number and quality of oocytes, increases the cleavage rates and determines an increase in the number and quality of blastocysts produced in vitro. Therefore the objective was to investigate the effect of such supplementation, in the number and quality of oocytes cultured in vitro on cleavage rate and in the number and quality of in vitro produced blastocysts. Therefore, cows five and twenty-five heifers (n = 30) Nellore were divided into two groups to receive one of the following treatments: 1.7 kg / day supplement containing 53% soybean meal 44% and 47% PB corn (Control Group - Group C, n = 15) or 1.7 kg / containing 40% add-on of soybean meal with 44% crude protein (CP) and 60% sunflower seed (Sunflower group - Group C; n = 15) for 57 days. Females underwent follicular aspiration on days D0, D13, D29, D43, D56 and D77 (D0 = start of supplementation; D56 = end of supplementation). The oocytes were subjected to in vitro embryo production process. Data were analyzed by the Mixed procedure (SAS) version 9.2, by ANOVA mixed model. There was no difference between Groups C and G on the number of displayed follicles (16.85 ± 1.32 vs. 16.12 ± 1.48); number of aspired oocytes (13.80 ± 1.27 vs. 13.05 ± 1.25); recovery rate (82 ± 1% vs. 80 ±... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre