Orientador: Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LopesJunior_CiceroAlves_D.pdf: 12621993 bytes, checksum: d178a6c055fde0c86926a36f0e49390c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A busca para melhor entender a participação de elementos químicos no metabolismo de um organismo exige uma abordagem integrada entre as áreas da ciência devido à elevada envolvida complexidade. Esta Tese compreende o estudo realizado integrando as abordagens iônomicas, metalômicas e proteômicas para avaliar possíveis alterações no metabolismo do girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), mediante o desenvolvimento das plantas sob diferentes condições de irrigação com cádmio. Inicialmente, o estudo revelou que o girassol apresenta elevada resistência à contaminação com cádmio, sendo possível inferir, pela primeira vez, que o nível fitotóxico deste elemento para o organismo estudado é ca. 2,3 mg g-1. Um estudo ionômico desenvolvido empregando a técnica de ICP-MS foi realizado para avaliar a distribuição de vários elementos nas diferentes partes das plantas, buscando obter correlações com os processos biológicos exibidos pelas plantas durante o plantio. O estudo mostrou que os girassóis acumulam cádmio preferencialmente nas raízes, no entanto, ca. 65 ± 7% do total captado é translocado para as partes aéreas, fato que resulta na diminuição do transporte de ferro, cobre, magnésio e manganês para as folhas das plantas, sugerindo que há competição entre os elementos. Assim, pôde-se correlacionar a falta de tais nutrientes à clorose foliar exibida pelas plantas do grupo Cd-superior. O emprego da técnica de 2D-DIGE combinada a técnica de nESI-Q-TOF, também apresenta destaque na pesquisa, complementando os dados obtidos no estudo ionômico, por meio da identificação de proteínas nas folhas dos girassóis. As sementes das plantas Cd-tratadas apresentaram teor de cádmio superior ao recomendado pela FAO e OMS (0,1 mg/kg), sendo consideradas impróprias para o consumo humano. O protocolo de digestão in vitro revelou que as maiores concentrações deste elemento estão nas frações bioacessíveis das sementes. Na avaliação dos extratos protéicos das sementes empregando a hifenação SEC-ICP-MS foi identificado que o cádmio interage com moléculas de massa moleculares variando entre 70 a 0,7 kDa. Por fim, o teste de germinação evidenciou que o nível de cádmio acumulado nas sementes interfere no seu desenvolvimento / Abstract: The search for better understand the involvement of chemical elements in the metabolism of an organism requires an integrated approach between the areas of science due to the high complexity involved. This Thesis comprises study integrating ionomic, metallomic and proteomic approaches to evaluate possible changes in the metabolism of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), through the development of plants under different irrigation conditions with cadmium. First, the study showed that the sunflower presents high resistance to cadmium contamination, being possible infer, the first time, that the phytotoxic level of this element to the plant especies is ca. 2.3 mg g-1. An ionomic study carried out using an ICP-MS, it was performed to evaluate the distribution of various elements in different plant parts, seeking to obtain correlations with biological processes exhibited by plants during planting. The study showed that cadmium sunflowers accumulate preferentially in roots, but ca. 65 ± 7% of the total absorbed was translocated to the aerial parts, which it has resulted in decreased transport of iron, copper, magnesium and manganese to the leaves, suggesting that there is competition between the elements. Thus, the lack of such nutrients correlated to leaf chlorosis exhibited by plants of Cd-higher group. The application of the technique of 2D-DIGE combined technique nESI-Q-TOF, also features highlighted in the research, supplementing the data obtained in the ionomic study through the identification of proteins in the leaves of sunflowers. The seeds of Cd-treated plants presented higher levels of cadmium than recommended by FAO and WHO (0.1 mg kg-1), being considered unsuitable for diet human. The protocol of in vitro digestion showed that higher concentrations of this element are on bioacessible fractions of the seed. In the assessment of protein extracts of the seeds using the SEC-ICP-MS coupled, it was identified that cadmium interacts with molecules of molecular mass ranging from 70 to 0.7 kDa. Finally, the germination test reaveled that the level of cadmium accumulated in seeds interfere in its development / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador : Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T02:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bagnis_CristinaGaribay_M.pdf: 5562923 bytes, checksum: eb53e173e138c6b8c3fa64cae245b68e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1984 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram estudadas as características físicas e químicas de oito variedades de sementes de girassol de maior importância no Brasil. Dentre todas as variedades estudadas, o novo cultivar IAC-Anhandy foi o que apresentou os maiores teores de óleo e amêndoa. A concentração de proteína nas sementes das diversas variedades variou entre 15,38 e 25,28%. As proteínas de girassol mostraram deficiência em lisina (3,5g/l00g de proteína) e um alto conteúdo de aminoácidos sulfurados (5,2g/l00g de proteína) em relação ao padrão da FAO, 1973. Verificou-se que o óleo das oito variedades de girassol conteve urna elevada porcentagem de ácidos graxos insaturados (86,3 a 91,1%), principalmente ácidos linoleico (37,4 a 69,0%) e oleico (19,9a 53,7%). O conteúdo de ácido clorogênico na farinha desengordurada das variedades de girassol variou entre 3,60' e 5,51% na base seca. Também foram determinadas as condições ótimas para a extração das proteínas d~.girassol, a partir da farinha desengordurada obtida de sementes do cultivar IAC-Anhandy. O maior rendimento na extração das proteínas,94%,foi obtido utilizando-se as seguintes condições: relação farinha:água, 1:10 (p/v); pH, 10,0; temperatura, 309C; tempo de agitação, 30 mino. Para evitar o desenvolvimento da cor verde, indesejável, durante o'processo de obtenção do isolado proteico de girassol, devido à oxidação do ácido clorogênico presente naturalmente nas sementes, a extração das proteínas foi feita na presença de diferentes concentrações de tetraborato, ascorbato e metabissulfito de sódio. Estes reagentes exerceram um efeito inibidor da formação de cor, sendo que a maior eficiência na inibição do desenvolvimento da cor, em combinação com um alto rendimento na extração das proteínas, foram conseguidos pelos tratamentos com ascorbato de sódio O,OlM ou com metabissulfito de sódio O,OlM. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas algumas propriedades funcionais da farinha desengordurada e dos isolados proteicos de girassol obtidos a partir dos diferentes tratamentos. Para fins de comparação, foi estudado o isolado proteico de soja proteimax 90 HG. Os isolados proteicos de girassol apresentaram solubilidade máxima de 7 e solubilidade mínima na faixa proteico de soja teve maior capacidade aos produtos proteicos de girassol. Entretanto, os isolados protéico so de girassol mostraram excelentes propriedades de aeração em comparação com o Proteimax 90 HG.Em geral, a presença de ascorbato de sódio O,OlM ou de .rneta-bissulfito de sodio O,OlM durante a extração das prote1nas de g1rassol, não afetou as suas propriedades emulsificantes e de aeração, enquanto que observou-se um aumento na sua capacidade de absorção de água e de gordura. A possível utilização dos isolados proteicos de girassol em produtos de panificação foi avaliada pela incorporação dos mesmos em farinha de trigo (na proporção de 1:9) utilizada no preparo de biscoitos. Obtiveram-se produtos com características aceitáveis de cor e sabor quando foram utilizados os isolados proteicos preparados na presença de ascorbato de sódio O,OlM. em pH acima de pH de 4 a 6. O isolado presença de ascorbuto de sódio 0,01M / Abstract: The physical and chemical characteristics of eight varieties of sunflower seeds of commercia1 importance in Brazil were studied.The IAC-Anhandy, a new cultivar devéloped at the Instituto Agronômico in Campinas, SP, presented the highest levels of oil and ] ernel. The protein content of the several varieties of sunflower seeds ranged from 15.38% to 25.28%. In relation to the FAO standard for protein, 1973,sun-f10wer proteins exhibited lysine deficiency (3.5g/100g of protein) and a high content of sU1fur-contain!ng amino acids (5.2g/100g of protein). AlI eight varieties had a high leveI of unsaturated fatty acids (86.3-91.1%), main1y lin01eic (37.4-69.0%) and oleic acids (19.9-53.7%). The chlrogenic acid content in the defatted sunf10wer f10ur varied b~ 3.60% and 5.51%, ín the dry basis.The optimum conditions for protein extraction were determinedusing defatted f10ur of the IAC-Anhandy variety.ThelÜghestyield,of 94t, was. obtained using the following conditions: flour: water ratio, 1:10 .(w/v) i stirring time, 30 mini temperature, 30QCi pH, 10.0. n order to avoid the deve10pment of.an undesirab1e green color, due to chlorogenic acid oxidation, the protein extraction was pe! formed in the presence of different concentrations of sodiurn tetrabora te, ascorbate or metabisulfite. These reagents showed a inhibitory effect on the green color formation. Thebest efficiency in color inhibition and the highest yield in protein extraction were obtained using O.OlM sódiurn ascorbate or O.OlM sodiurn metabisulfite. Some functional properties of the defatted sunflower flour and isolates (extracted in the absence and presence of 0.01M sodium ascor-bate or O.OlM sodium metabisulfite) were determined. proteimax 90 HG, a commercial soy protein isolate, was used for comparison purposes.The sunflower isolates exhibited maximurn and minimum solubility at pH abor ve 7.0 and between 4.0 and 6.0, respectively. Thesunflower p~otein isolates showed a higher whipping capacity and lower water and fat absorption than Proteimax 90 HG. The emulsifying and whipping properties of sunflower isolates Here not affected by the presence of O.OlM sodium ascorbate or O.OlM sodium metabisulfite. However,. an increase in the water and fat absoq~ tion was observed. Cookies were prepared with wheat flour containing 10% sun flower protein isolates, in order to evaluate the feasibility of their use in the baking industry. Cookies with desirable characteristics af taste and color were made employing the isolate obtained in the pre-sence of O.OlM sodium ascorbate / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

This diploma thesis provides summary information about using of near infrared spectroscopy for monitoring of high oleic acid content in sunflower seed. The calibration for high oleic sunflower seed was performed by using calibration model PLS - „Partial least squares. Gas chromatography was used as a reference method. Based on this knowledge thirty samples of high oleic sunflower seeds were measured and evaluated on this calibration. The last part of diploma thesis consist of comparison of oleic acid results measured by near infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography used as reference method, and discussion about the measurement accuracy and evaluation of suitability of using these methods.

Due to the rise of monoculture in agricultural production, insect biodiversity has sharply declined in agroecosystems due to the reduction in host plant biodiversity. This includes declines in populations of native pollinators, which reduces the ambient pollination services received by crops and increases the reliance on managed pollinators like European honeybees (Apis mellifera). One way to combat this decline in pollination services is to develop crop varieties that have high attraction to pollinators, this can have a dual effect of inducing native pollinators to move deep into agricultural fields from adjacent habitats like woodland or meadow strips, as well as retaining managed honeybees within crop fields and improving their efficacy. Attraction can be determined by many traits including floral morphology, pigmentation, and chemical cues like fragrance. Under higher ambient temperature the floral temperature rises, resulting in several potential effects. A warmer flower is likely to emit a larger volume of volatile compounds, as well as to be an attractive resting place for ectothermic pollinators, and yet high floral temperature may reduce pollen viability. The goal of this study is to first assess the effects of floral traits, particularly morphology and pigmentation, on floral temperature relative to ambient conditions, and secondarily, how flower temperature differentials alongside floral traits may affect pollinator foraging preferences. Our findings indicate that floral morphology and pigmentation both influence floral temperature differentials, and that floral morphology, pigmentation, and temperature differentials influence visitation by native pollinators (bumblebees and sweat bees). Floral traits and their influence on temperature are potentially important targets for the improvement of pollinator visitation to sunflower cultivars and the improvement of yields.

The genetic mechanisms by which natural populations maintain abundant phenotypic variation and adapt to their local environments remains a controversial topic in evolutionary biology. An intriguing mechanism involving highly mutable microsatellites follows the “tuning knob” model which proposes that stepwise changes in microsatellite allele lengths reciprocally generate phenotypic variation in a stepwise manner. In this study, I explored the predictions of the tuning knob model focusing specifically on transcribed microsatellites within and among natural populations of common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) transecting a latitudinal cline. An RNA-Seq experiment was conducted on 95 individuals from Kansas and Oklahoma grown in a common garden. To explore the potential role that microsatellites play in gene expression divergence in common sunflower, enrichment of microsatellites within differentially expressed (DE) genes was assessed. The results showed that A and AG repeat-containing microsatellites are enriched within DE genes and that 83.5% of these microsatellites are located within untranslated regions (UTRs). This finding is consistent with a role for transcribed microsatellites in gene expression divergence. RNA-Seq data were then used to assess microsatellite allele length effects on gene expression. Of all the microsatellites characterized in a reference transcriptome, 3,325 were consistently genotyped. The study identified 479 microsatellites at which allele length significantly correlated with gene expression (eSTRs). When irregular allele sizes were removed from the analysis, the number of eSTRs rose to 2379. eSTRs were most abundant within UTRs (70.4%) which suggests that they are well-positioned as cis-regulatory elements. A population genetic study conducted with 672 individuals across 17 sunflower populations from Saskatchewan to Oklahoma revealed strong signatures of directional selection acting on 13 eSTRs compared to 19 anonymous microsatellites assumed to evolve in a neutral fashion. This demonstrates that longer or shorter alleles may be favored in more extreme environments to that considered in the focal study. A second common garden experiment conducted with populations further north and south of focal populations revealed consistent patterns of correlation between microsatellite allele length and gene expression at some eSTRs. This study provides evidence that a substantial number of transcribed microsatellites function as “tuning knobs” of adaptation in common sunflower by modulating gene expression in a stepwise manner. These findings imply that the genomes of natural populations may include hundreds of active tuning knobs that can facilitate rapid evolution.

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Orientador: Mauro dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Paulo de Figueiredo Vieira / Banca: Armando de Andrade Rodrigues / Banca: Maria Lúcia Pereira Lima / Resumo: Avaliou-se as digestibilidades in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), proteína bruta (DIVPB), fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (DIVFDA), consumo de alimentos, produção e composição do leite e viabilidade econômica de dietas contendo 0, 20, 40, 60% de torta de girassol, em substituição ao farelo de girassol e milho, para vacas em lactação. As digestibilidades foram obtidas no fermentador ruminal DAISY II (Ankon® Technology), em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Para avaliar o consumo, produção e composição do leite, oito vacas da raça holandesa, com 113 dias em lactação, foram alimentadas com silagem de milho ad libitum e 1kg de concentrado para cada 3kg de leite produzido. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4x4, primíparas e multíparas, com 4 períodos de 19 dias. Verificou-se que a inclusão de torta de girassol diminuiu linearmente (P<0,01) as DIVMS e DIVFDN em aproximadamente 0,014% para cada unidade percentual de torta adicionada e aumentou os consumos de extrato etéreo e mineral (P<0,01). O consumo de extrato etéreo foi 12,24% superior no tratamento com 60% de substituição comparado ao concentrado sem torta de girassol, mas não afetou o consumo total de matéria seca (13,55 kg/vaca/dia, em média). A porcentagem de proteína no leite diminuiu linearmente e a concentração de N-uréico no leite aumentou à medida que houve substituição do farelo pela torta de girassol. Houve aumento no custo por kg do concentrado. Dependendo da disponibilidade e conveniência econômica, a torta de girassol pode substituir até 60% do farelo de girassol. / Abstract: In vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), crude protein (IVDCP), neutral detergent fiber (IVDNDF) and acid detergent fiber (IVDADF), nutrients intake, milk production and composition, and economical viability of the diets with four levels of sunflower cake (0, 20%, 40%, 60%), in replacement to sunflower meal and corn grain for dairy cattle, was evaluated. The in vitro digestibilities of the concentrates were obtained through DAISY II Ruminal Fermentator (Ankon® Technology), in a randomized blocks design, with four treatments and fours repetitions. To evaluate the nutrients intake and milk production and composition, eight Holsteins cows, with 113 days in lactation, were fed with corn silage ad libitum and 1kg of concentrate for every 3kg of milk produced. The cows were divided in two Latin Square (4x4), primiparous and multiparous, in four periods of 19 days. It was found that the inclusion of sunflower cake decreased linearly (P<0.01) the IVDDM, IVDNDF, in 0,014% percentual unit and increased intake of mineral and ether extract (P<0.01). Ether extract intake was 12,24% higher for cows fed with 60% replacement compared with concentrate without sunflower cake, but not influenced the dry matter intake (13,55 kg/cow/day). The protein percentage decreased linearly and increased the N-urea concentration. Increase was observed in the cost by kilo of the concentrate as there was participation of the sunflower cake. Depending on the availability and economic convenience, the sunflower cake can substitute until 60% of the sunflower meal. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_j_dr_jabo.pdf: 232621 bytes, checksum: cf6fd264854938082a91312f8084750d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Avaliou-se as digestibilidades in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), proteína bruta (DIVPB), fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (DIVFDA), consumo de alimentos, produção e composição do leite e viabilidade econômica de dietas contendo 0, 20, 40, 60% de torta de girassol, em substituição ao farelo de girassol e milho, para vacas em lactação. As digestibilidades foram obtidas no fermentador ruminal DAISY II (Ankon® Technology), em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Para avaliar o consumo, produção e composição do leite, oito vacas da raça holandesa, com 113 dias em lactação, foram alimentadas com silagem de milho ad libitum e 1kg de concentrado para cada 3kg de leite produzido. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4x4, primíparas e multíparas, com 4 períodos de 19 dias. Verificou-se que a inclusão de torta de girassol diminuiu linearmente (P<0,01) as DIVMS e DIVFDN em aproximadamente 0,014% para cada unidade percentual de torta adicionada e aumentou os consumos de extrato etéreo e mineral (P<0,01). O consumo de extrato etéreo foi 12,24% superior no tratamento com 60% de substituição comparado ao concentrado sem torta de girassol, mas não afetou o consumo total de matéria seca (13,55 kg/vaca/dia, em média). A porcentagem de proteína no leite diminuiu linearmente e a concentração de N-uréico no leite aumentou à medida que houve substituição do farelo pela torta de girassol. Houve aumento no custo por kg do concentrado. Dependendo da disponibilidade e conveniência econômica, a torta de girassol pode substituir até 60% do farelo de girassol. / In vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), crude protein (IVDCP), neutral detergent fiber (IVDNDF) and acid detergent fiber (IVDADF), nutrients intake, milk production and composition, and economical viability of the diets with four levels of sunflower cake (0, 20%, 40%, 60%), in replacement to sunflower meal and corn grain for dairy cattle, was evaluated. The in vitro digestibilities of the concentrates were obtained through DAISY II Ruminal Fermentator (Ankon® Technology), in a randomized blocks design, with four treatments and fours repetitions. To evaluate the nutrients intake and milk production and composition, eight Holsteins cows, with 113 days in lactation, were fed with corn silage ad libitum and 1kg of concentrate for every 3kg of milk produced. The cows were divided in two Latin Square (4x4), primiparous and multiparous, in four periods of 19 days. It was found that the inclusion of sunflower cake decreased linearly (P<0.01) the IVDDM, IVDNDF, in 0,014% percentual unit and increased intake of mineral and ether extract (P<0.01). Ether extract intake was 12,24% higher for cows fed with 60% replacement compared with concentrate without sunflower cake, but not influenced the dry matter intake (13,55 kg/cow/day). The protein percentage decreased linearly and increased the N-urea concentration. Increase was observed in the cost by kilo of the concentrate as there was participation of the sunflower cake. Depending on the availability and economic convenience, the sunflower cake can substitute until 60% of the sunflower meal.