In this work, we develop an effective field theory program for many-body systems out of finite temperature equilibrium. Building on recent work, we combine powerful mathematical tools such as the Schwinger-Keldysh closed-time-path formalism, the coset construction, and Wilsonian effective field theory to construct novel actions that describe a wide range of many-body systems out of finite-temperature equilibrium. Unlike ordinary actions, these non-equilibrium actions account for dissipation and statistical and quantum fluctuations. The novel actions constructed include those for solids, supersolids, nematic liquid crystals, smectic liquid crystals in phases A, B, and C, chemically reacting fluids, quasicrystals, higher-form dual theories of superfluids and solids, and plasmas that can support large charge density. In order to construct these actions, we propose a new kind of coset construction with a total of four distinct types of inverse Higgs constraints. We extend the coset construction to account for higher-form symmetries and investigate the relationship between two kinds of ’t Hooft anomalies and spontaneous symmetry breaking.

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This thesis presents theoretical investigations of triplet superfluidity (triplet superconductivity) in quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors and ultra-cold Fermi gases. Triplet superfluidity is different from its s-wave singlet counterpart since the order parameter is a complex vector and the interaction between fermions is in general anisotropic. Because of these distinctions, triplet superfluids have different physical properties in comparison to the s-wave case. The author discusses in this thesis the interplay between triplet superconductivity and spin density waves in quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors, and proposes a coexistence region of the two orders. Within the coexistence region, the interaction between the two order parameters acquires a vector structure, and induces an anomalous magnetic field effect. Furthermore, the author analyzes the matter-wave interference between two p-wave Fermi condensates, and proposes a polarization effect. For a single harmonically trapped p-wave Fermi condensate, the author also shows that the expansion upon release from the trap can be anisotropic, which reflects the anisotropy of the p-wave interaction.

The Bogoliubov theory of excitations in superfluid helium is used to study collective modes at zero temperature. A repulsive delta function shell potential is used in the quasiparticle excitation energy spectrum to fit the observed elementary excitation spectrum, except in the plateau region. The linearized equation of motion method is used to obtain the secular equation for a collective mode consisting of a linear combination of one and two free quasiparticles of zero total momentum. It is shown that in this case for high-lying collective modes, vertices involving three quasiparticles cancel, and only vertices involving four quasiparticles are important. A decomposition into various angular momentum states is then made. Bound roton pairs in the angular momentum D-state observed in light-scattering experiments exist only for an attractive coupling between helium atoms in this oversimplified model. Thus, the interaction between particles can be reinterpreted as a phenomenological attractive coupling between quasiparticles, in order to explain the Raman scattering from bound roton pairs in superfluid helium.

In this thesis we solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation numerically in order to model the response of trapped Bose-Einstein condensed gases to perturbations by electromagnetic fields. First, we simulate output coupling of pulses from the condensate and compare our results to experiments. The excitation and separation of eigen-modes on flow through a constriction is also studied. We then move on to the main theme of this thesis: the important subject of quantised vortices in Bose condensates, and the relation between Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity. We propose methods of producing vortex pairs and rings by controlled motion of objects. Full three-dimensional simulations under realistic experimental conditions are performed in order to test the validity of these ideas. We link vortex formation to drag forces on the object, which in turn is connected with energy transfer to the condensate. We therefore argue that vortex formation by moving objects is intimately related to the onset of dissipation in superfluids. We discuss this idea in the context of a recent experiment, using simulations to provide evidence of vortex formation in the experimental scenario. Superfluidity is also manifest in the property of persistent currents, which is linked to vortex stability and dynamics. We simulate vortex line and ring motion, and find in both cases precessional motion and thermodynamic instability to dissipation. Strictly speaking, the Gross-Pitaevskii equation is valid only for temperatures far below the BEG transition. We end the thesis by describing a simple finite- temperature model to describe mean-field coupling between condensed and non- condensed components of the gas. We show that our hybrid Monte-Carlo/FFT technique can describe damping of the lowest energy excitations of the system. Extensions to this model and future research directions are discussed in the conclusion.

Les polaritons sont des quasi-particules bosoniques venant du couplage fort entre des photons de cavité et des excitons confinés dans une hétérostructure semiconductrice. De par leur temps de vie très court et leur très fortes interactions, les polaritons sont un système idéal pour étudier des problèmes fondamentaux d’hydrodynamique quantique hors équilibre ainsi que des aspects plus appliqués d’optique quantique, comme l’implémentation de transistors opto-electroniques ultra-rapides ou la génération d’états non-classiques de la lumière.Ces deux thèmes sont traités dans cette thèse. Dans la première partie j’y dépeins plusieurs méthodes par lesquelles on injecte optiquement un moment angulaire donné dans un superfluide de polaritons, afin d’observer sa nucléation en plusieurs vortex élémentaires. L’impact de la géometrie, du désordre et de l’interaction nonlinéaire de type "polaritonpolariton" sont étudiés. Nous démontrons la conservation du moment angulaire dans le régime stationnaire malgré la nature hors équilibre et ouverte du système. Dans le régime linéaire, un reseau d’interférences contenant des singularités de phase (vortex optiques) est visible. Dans le régime nonlinéaire (superfluide), les interférences disparaissent et des vortex du même signe se forment en conséquence de la conservation du moment angulaire injecté. Enfin, en ajoutant une contrainte sur la géométrie du système nous avons créé de manière controlée un anneau stable de vortex élémentaire du même signe, ce qui pourrait ouvrir la voie à l’étude des interactions inter-vortex dans les fluides quantiques de lumière.Un autre aspect des polaritons sont les propriétés quantiques de la lumière qu’ils émettent. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, je décris une source améliorée de lumière comprimée en régime de variables continues dans des micropiliers semiconducteurs en régime de couplage fort. En effet, la génération de lumière comprimée et intriquée est un ingrédient crucial pour l’implémentation de protocoles en information quantique. Dans ce contexte, les matériaux semiconducteurs ont un grand potentiel pour la realization d’éléments sur puce opérant au niveau quantique. Ici, un mélange à quatre ondes dégénérées est obtenu en excitant le micro-pilier à incidence normale. Nous observons un comportement bistable et démontrons la génération de lumière comprimée près du point tournant de la courbe de bistabilité. La nature confinée de la géométrie du piller permet d’atteindre un taux de compression bien supérieur que dans les microcavités planaires, grâce aux niveaux d’énergies discrets protégés des excès de bruits. En analysant le bruit dans la lumière émise par les micro-piliers, nous obtenons une réduction du bruit d’intensité mesurée à 20,3%, et estimée à 35,8% après correction des pertes de détection. / Polaritons are bosonic quasiparticles coming from the strong coupling between photons and excitons in a solid-state semiconductor microcavity. Due to their short lifetime and their strong nonlinear interactions, polaritons are an ideal system to study fundamental problems of out-of-equilibrium quantum hydrodynamics as well as more applied problematic in quantum optics, such as the implementation of ultrafast opto-electronic switches or the generation of non-classical states of light.In this thesis the two themes are treated. In the first part of my thesis I will depict several schemes by which we optically inject a controlled angular momentum in a polartion superfluid, in order to observe its nucleation into elementary vortices. The impact of the geometry, disorder, and polariton-polariton nonlinear interactions is studied. We show the conservation of angular momentum in the steady state regime despite the open, out-of-equilibrium nature of the system. In the linear regime, an interference pattern containing phase defects is visible. In the nonlinear(superfluid) regime, the interference disappear and the vortices nucleate as a consequence of the angular momentum conservation. Finally, constraining the geometry we were able to create in a controlled way a stable ring of elementary vortices of the same sign, opening the way to the study of vortex-vortex interactions in quantum fluids of light.A second aspect of polaritons is the quantum properties of their emitted light. In the second part of the manuscript I describe a novel source of continuous-variable squeezed light in pillar-shaped semiconductor microcavities in the strong coupling regime. Indeed, the generation of squeezedand entangled light fields is a crucial ingredient for the implementation of quantum information protocols. In this context, semiconductor materials offer a strong potential for the implementation of on-chip devices operating at the quantum level. Here, degenerate polariton four-wave mixing is obtained by exciting the pillar at normal incidence. We observe a bistable behavior and we demonstrate the generation of squeezing near the turning point of the bistability curve. The confined pillar geometry allows for a larger amount of squeezing than planar microcavities due to the discrete energy levels protected from excess noise. By analyzing the noise of the emitted light we obtain a measured intensity squeezing of 20,3%, inferred to be 35,8% after corrections for losses in the detection setup.

In this work we study a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb under the effects of an oscillatory excitation. The condensate is produced through forced evaporative cooling by radio-frequency in a harmonic magnetic trap. The excitation is generated by an oscillatory quadrupole field superimposed on the trapping potential. For a fixed value of the frequency of the excitation we observe the production of different regimes in the condensate as a function of two parameters of the excitation: the time and the amplitude. For the lowest values of these parameters we observe a bending of the main axis of the condensate. This demonstrates that the excitation is able to transfer angular momentum into the sample. By increasing the time or the amplitude of the excitation we observe the nucleation of an increasing number of quantized vortices. If the value of the parameters of the excitation is increased even further the vortices evolve into a different regime which we have identified as quantum turbulence. In this regime, the vortices are tangled among each other, generating a highly irregular array. For the highest values of the excitation the condensate breaks into pieces surrounded by a thermal cloud. This constitutes a different regime which we have identified as granulation. We present numerical simulations together with other theoretical considerations which allow us to interpret our observations. In this thesis we also describe the construction of a second experimental setup whose objective is to study magnetic properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb. In this new system the condensate is produced in a hybrid trap which combines a magnetic trap with an optical dipole trap. Bose-Einstein condensation has been already achieved in the new apparatus; experiments will be performed in the near future. / Neste trabalho, estudamos um condensado de Bose-Einstein de átomos de 87Rb sob os efeitos de uma excitação oscilatória. O condensado é produzido por meio de resfriamento evaporativo por radiofreqüência em uma armadilha magnética harmônica. A excitação é gerada por um campo quadrupolar oscilatório sobreposto ao potencial de aprisionamento. Para um valor fixo da freqüência de excitação, observamos a produção de diferentes regimes no condensado como função de dois parâmetros da excitação, a saber, o tempo e a amplitude. Para os valores mais baixos destes parâmetros observamos a inclinação do eixo principal do condensado, isto demonstra que a excitação transfere momento angular à amostra. Ao aumentar o tempo ou a amplitude da excitação observamos a nucleação de um número crescente de vórtices quantizados. Se incrementarmos ainda mais o valor dos parâmetros da excitação, os vórtices evoluem para um novo regime que identificamos como turbulência quântica. Neste regime, os vórtices se encontram emaranhados entre si, dando origem a um arranjo altamente irregular. Para os valores mais altos da excitação o condensado se quebra em pedaços rodeados por uma nuvem térmica. Isto constitui um novo regime que identificamos como a granulação do condensado. Apresentamos simulações numéricas junto com outras considerações teóricas que nos permitem interpretar as nossas observações. Nesta tese, apresentamos ainda a descrição da montagem de um segundo sistema experimental cujo objetivo é o de estudar propriedades magnéticas de um condensado de Bose-Einstein de 87Rb. Neste novo sistema o condensado é produzido em uma armadilha híbrida composta por uma armadilha magnética junto com uma armadilha óptica de dipolo. A condensação de Bose-Einstein foi já observada neste novo sistema, os experimentos serão realizados no futuro próximo.

O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo das propriedades da condensação de Bose-Einstein e da superfluidez em um sistema bosônico disposto em um arranjo unidimensional de potenciais periódicos em formato de anel. O Hamiltoniano efetivo usual em termos dos operadores de campo é implementado na representação construída em termos das funções de Bloch da primeira banda e o problema é resolvido por meio da sua diagonalização através de métodos numéricos. No limite de hopping pequeno, este modelo é essencialmente equivalente à representação usual do modelo de Bose-Hubbard, mas incorpora efeitos adicionais através das energias de Bloch de partícula independente e dos elementos da matriz de dois corpos na situação em que o hopping é grande [19]. Através da inclusão de rotação no sistema, as energias de partícula independente são forçadas a depender da velocidade angular. Isto implica, correspondentemente, uma dependência da velocidade angular nas funções de onda de partícula independente e nos resultados de muitos corpos obtidos através da diagonalização do Hamiltoniano. Com o objetivo de estudar a superfluidez, o critério de dois fluidos é empregado e através de resultados numéricos obtêm-se a variação da fração de superfluido com o quadrado da velocidade angular. Ainda, considera-se aqui uma expressão perturbativa para o parâmetro inercial do sistema expresso em termos das excitações do sistema sem rotação, o que permite relacionar as energias do sistema com rotação com aquelas do sistema sem rotação. Isto é particularmente interessante para obter a fração de superfluido em termos da informação espectral do sistema sem rotação. Resultados semelhantes podem ser encontrados através da definição de superfluido baseada na resposta do sistema a uma variação de fase, imposta através de condições de contorno torcidas [30, 33], mas com a diferença de que os desenvolvimentos aqui não fazem uso da hipótese do modo condensado. De maneira geral, os resultados numéricos obtidos indicam, que pelo menos para este sistema, as frações de superfluido e condensado são quantidades sem relação direta, sugerindo então que mesmo para sistemas gasosos diluídos a idéia de que a superfluidez é uma consequência da condensação de Bose-Einstein deve ser considerada com mais cuidado. / In this work we study the properties of Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity in a finite bosonic system in a 1-dimensional ring with a periodic potential under rotation. The usual field effective Hamiltonian is implemented in a representation constructed in terms of the first band Bloch functions and the problem is solved by numeric diagonalization. In the limit of small hopping, this model is essentially equivalent to the quasi-momentum representation of the usual Bose-Hubbard model but incorporates additional effects via Bloch single particle energies and two-body matrix elements in the case of large hopping [19]. By including rotation in the system we force the single particle energies to be a function of the angular velocity. This implies a corresponding angular velocity dependence of the single particle wavefunctions and many-body diagonalization results. In order to study superfluidity, we consider the two fluid criterion. Numerical results for the superfluid fraction involving the change of in rinsic ground state energy with the square of the angular velocity are obtained. We also consider a perturbative expression for the system inertial parameter expressed in terms of the excitation spectrum of the non rotating system, which enables us to relate the energies in the rotating system to the ones in the system without rotation. This is particularly interesting for obtaining superfluid fraction in terms of spectral information of the non rotating system. Similar results can be found by using the definition of superfluid fraction based on the response of the system to a phase variation imposed by means of twisted boundary conditions [30, 33], but with the difference that our developments do not assume the hypothesis of a condensate mode. Our numerical results indicate that in this system condensate and superfluid fractions are quite unrelated in terms of parameter values, indicating that even for dilute gases the concept that superfluidity is a consequence of Bose-Einstein condensation should be considered more carefully.

The physics that result in the decoupling of a molecule from a bosonic solvent at 0 K are studied. Fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo (FNDMC) coupled with a Genetic Algorithm is used to perform simulations of the bosonic droplets doped with various molecules. The efficacy and accuracy of this approach is tested on a strongly coupled 2-dimensional quartic oscillator with excellent results. This algorithm is then applied to 4He-CO and 4He-HCN clusters respectively in an effort to determine the factors that result in the onset of microscopic superfluidity. The decoupling of the doped molecule from the bosonic solvent is found to be, primarily, a result of the combined effect of the repulsive interaction between the helium atoms and bose symmetry. The effects of rotor size versus molecular anisotropy in a NH3 molecule seeded into a 4He droplet is studied as well. Simulations are done using the accurate rotational constants (B0=9.945 cm-1, C0=6.229 cm-1) and using "fudged" versions of the rotational constants (Bfudged=0.9945 cm-1, Cfudged=0.6229 cm-1) for the |0011〉state. The simulations done with the fudged rotational constants experience a slightly smaller reduction than those done using the accurate rotational constants. This is attributed to the importance of molecular anisotropy versus the size of larger rotational constants in molecules whose rotational constants fall in an intermediate regime.

<p>In this thesis regimes of quantum degeneracy of electrons and holes in semiconductor quantum wells in a strong magnetic field are studied theoretically. The coherent pairing of electrons and holes results in the formation of Bose-Einstein condensate of magnetic excitons in a single-particle state with wave vector <b>K</b>. We show that correlation effects due to coherent excitations drastically change the properties of excitonic gas, making possible the formation of a novel metastable state of dielectric liquid phase with positive compressibility consisting of condensed magnetoexcitons with finite momentum. On the other hand, virtual transitions to excited Landau levels cause a repulsive interaction between excitons with zero momentum, and the ground state of the system in this case is a Bose condensed gas of weakly repulsive excitons. We introduce explicitly the damping rate of the exciton level and show that three different phases can be realized in a single quantum well depending on the exciton density: excitonic dielectric liquid surrounded by weakly interacting gas of condensed excitons versus metallic electron-hole liquid. In the double quantum well system the phase transition from the excitonic dielectric liquid phase to the crystalline state of electrons and holes is predicted with the increase of the interwell separation and damping rate.</p><p>We used a framework of Green's function to investigate the collective elementary excitations of the system in the presence of Bose-Einstein condensate, introducing "anomalous" two-particle Green's functions and symmetry breaking terms into the Hamiltonian. The analytical solution of secular equation was obtained in the Hartree-Fock approximation and energy spectra were calculated. The Coulomb interactions in the system results in a multiple-branch structure of the collective excitations energy spectrum. Systematic classification of the branches is proposed, and the condition of the stability of the condensed excitonic phase is discussed.</p>