Three dimensional imaging in the form of Cone Beam Computed Tomography has become prevalent in the field of orthodontics. Analytical methods of resulting volumetric data sets have not kept pace with the technology capable of producing them. Current 3D analysis techniques are largely adaptations of existing 2D methods, offering no clear diagnostic advantage over traditional imaging techniques in light of increased radiation exposure, and cannot be compared with norms generated from 2D image capture sources. In order to study morphology in 3D, data sets must be generated for longitudinal studies and native 3D analytical methods must also be developed. Existing methods of CBCT volume superimposition are cumbersome, involving complex software pipelines and multiple systems to complete the process. The goal of the current study was to develop a reproducible method of CBCT volume superimposition in the posterior cranial base in a single software package, and construct an easy to follow, step-by-step manual to facilitate future studies in craniofacial morphology. Existing anonymized sequential CBCT volumes of three subjects meeting inclusion criteria were obtained from the Kornberg School of Dentistry Department of Radiology. Volumes for each subject were imported into AMIRA software, resampled to a standardized 0.5 mm voxel size and superimposed with a mutual information algorithm. Posterior cranial base surface data was extracted using a semi-automatic technique. Resulting surface distance data was compiled and visualized through application of color maps. A streamlined image processing protocol was produced and documented in a detailed step-by-step manual. Surface distance analysis of serial segmentations was performed to verify reliability of the process. Surface distance deviations greater than 0.5 mm consistently fell below 0.2 percent of the total surface area. Sequential scan superimpositions of all three subjects exhibited mean surface distances of less than 0.15 mm. Two out of three subjects exhibited deviations of greater than 0.5 mm in less than 1 percent of the total surface area, suggesting consistent sub-voxel accuracy of the protocol. / Oral Biology

This thesis studies the relationship between the internal characteristics of the site, based on an existing set of artifacts, abandoned concrete railroad trestles, and external views of them. The project establishes orthogonal and non-orthogonal geometries in re-developing this urban site creating buildings that relate to the site, surroundings, and themselves. The physical, structural connections and spatial relationships reconcile the superimposition of geometries. Ultimately every decision in the project returns to the analysis of the site allowing for different buildings, people, and environments to interact as a single entity. / Master of Architecture

This is a study of how literal and phenomenal transparency inform the development and understanding of a design ordered by two overlapping reference systems. A mixed-use building serves as the project to resolve the complexities of overlap that result from rotation, and to explore ideas of transparency. / Master of Architecture

This thesis suggests the concept of layering as a &ldquo / generative&rdquo / operation in architectural design process. To understand generation of architectural forms and trace their transformations in this process, this study proposes layering as an integrative and intellectual operation embracing analysis, design and representation phases of architecture. In order to do that, the operation of layering is discussed under three titles: Layering as an analytical tool, as a design tool and as a representational tool. This means that, &ldquo / layering&rdquo / can operate to understand complex forms (to analyze), to generate space (to design), and to communicate in design process (to represent). In this context, for a deeper inquiry into the operation of layering, House II designed by Peter Eisenman is analyzed. The complex and layered form of House II addresses an extensive formal analysis that attempts to reveal the formations and transformations of layers constituting the building. Considering the building as a formal system, &ldquo / layers&rdquo / are defined as the fragments of the whole, and &ldquo / layering&rdquo / is conceptualized as the main operation that organizes relationships between these fragments. These analyses reveal the multi-layered formation of House II. Creating an architectural system, the operation of layering has the capacity to organize varied architectural elements by defining relationships in-between them.

Reproduction is a critical period of salmonid fish life history. As early life stages are particularly sensitive to biotic and abiotic constraints, studying these stages in terms of survival is essential in salmonid population ecology, stocks management, conservation and restoration. No characterization of salmonids spawning habitats on scientific basis has been made to date in Eastern Baltic region, which rivers are important for salmonid reproduction and significantly contribute to the sea trout and salmon stocks in the Baltic. The aim of this work was to assess sea trout spawning sites characteristics and to estimate its effects on reproductive success in a typical lowland salmonid stream – Blendžiava. The spawning site selection by sea trout females and characteristics of spawning sites at different spatial scales were determined, spawning nests sedimentary, hydraulic, and water physico-chemical characteristics were assessed. To test how the spawning site selection influence reproductive success, in situ experiment on survival of sea trout eggs, study on fry emergence from natural redds and on dispersal of juveniles after emergence were accomplished. Additionally, the study on reproductive interaction between sympatric lampreys and salmonids was conducted. Study results revealed, that sea trout has specific spawning site preferences at the stream-, reach- and microhabitat scale, and are related with optimal conditions for egg survival. Vertical hydraulic gradient of... [to full text] / Reprodukcija yra kritinis lašišinių žuvų gyvenimo momentas. Kadangi ankstyvosios vystymosi stadijos yra ypač jautrios biotiniams ir abiotiniams veiksniams, šių stadijų tyrimai yra esminiai lašišinių žuvų populiacijos ekologijai, valdant, apsaugant ir atstatant išteklius. Tačiau mokslinių lašišinių žuvų reprodukcijos tyrimų iki šiol nebuvo atlikta Rytų Baltijos regione, kurio upės yra svarbios lašišinių žuvų reprodukcijai ir jų ištekliams Baltijos jūroje. Šio darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti šlakių neršto vietos pasirinkimo dėsningumus, naudojamų nerštaviečių charakteristikas ir įvertinti jų įtaką reprodukcijos efektyvumui tipiškoje lašišinėje lygumų upėje Vakarų Lietuvoje Blendžiavoje. Darbe buvo vertintas šlakių neršto vietų pasirinkimas ir charakteristikos skirtingo erdvinio mastelio buveinėse, nustatytos neršto lizdų substrato, hidraulinės ir porinio vandens fizikocheminės charakteristikos. Kad nustatyti, kaip lizdų charakteristikos įtakoja reprodukcijos efektyvumą, buvo atlikti šlakių ikrų inkubacijos in situ eksperimentai, mailiaus ritimosi iš natūralių lizdų ir pasklidimo iš nerštaviečių po upelį tyrimai. Taip pat buvo atlikta speciali studija, kad įvertinti lašišinių žuvų ir nėgių reprodukcinę sąveiką simpatrinėmis sąlygomis. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad šlakiai turi specifinius reikalavimus neršto vietai upelio, vagos geomorfologijos ir mikrobuveinės mastu, ir yra susiję su optimaliomis palikuonių išgyvenimo sąlygomis. Vertikalusis hidraulinis gradientas buvo esminis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Reprodukcija yra kritinis lašišinių žuvų gyvenimo momentas. Kadangi ankstyvosios vystymosi stadijos yra ypač jautrios biotiniams ir abiotiniams veiksniams, šių stadijų tyrimai yra esminiai lašišinių žuvų populiacijos ekologijai, valdant, apsaugant ir atstatant išteklius. Tačiau mokslinių lašišinių žuvų reprodukcijos tyrimų iki šiol nebuvo atlikta Rytų Baltijos regione, kurio upės yra svarbios lašišinių žuvų reprodukcijai ir jų ištekliams Baltijos jūroje. Šio darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti šlakių neršto vietos pasirinkimo dėsningumus, naudojamų nerštaviečių charakteristikas ir įvertinti jų įtaką reprodukcijos efektyvumui tipiškoje lašišinėje lygumų upėje Vakarų Lietuvoje Blendžiavoje. Darbe buvo vertintas šlakių neršto vietų pasirinkimas ir charakteristikos skirtingo erdvinio mastelio buveinėse, nustatytos neršto lizdų substrato, hidraulinės ir porinio vandens fizikocheminės charakteristikos. Kad nustatyti, kaip lizdų charakteristikos įtakoja reprodukcijos efektyvumą, buvo atlikti šlakių ikrų inkubacijos in situ eksperimentai, mailiaus ritimosi iš natūralių lizdų ir pasklidimo iš nerštaviečių po upelį tyrimai. Taip pat buvo atlikta speciali studija, kad įvertinti lašišinių žuvų ir nėgių reprodukcinę sąveiką simpatrinėmis sąlygomis. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad šlakiai turi specifinius reikalavimus neršto vietai upelio, vagos geomorfologijos ir mikrobuveinės mastu, ir yra susiję su optimaliomis palikuonių išgyvenimo sąlygomis. Vertikalusis hidraulinis gradientas buvo esminis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Reproduction is a critical period of salmonid fish life history. As early life stages are particularly sensitive to biotic and abiotic constraints, studying these stages in terms of survival is essential in salmonid population ecology, stocks management, conservation and restoration. No characterization of salmonids spawning habitats on scientific basis has been made to date in Eastern Baltic region, which rivers are important for salmonid reproduction and significantly contribute to the sea trout and salmon stocks in the Baltic. The aim of this work was to assess sea trout spawning sites characteristics and to estimate its effects on reproductive success in a typical lowland salmonid stream – Blendžiava. The spawning site selection by sea trout females and characteristics of spawning sites at different spatial scales were determined, spawning nests sedimentary, hydraulic, and water physico-chemical characteristics were assessed. To test how the spawning site selection influence reproductive success, in situ experiment on survival of sea trout eggs, study on fry emergence from natural redds and on dispersal of juveniles after emergence were accomplished. Additionally, the study on reproductive interaction between sympatric lampreys and salmonids was conducted. Study results revealed, that sea trout has specific spawning site preferences at the stream-, reach- and microhabitat scale, and are related with optimal conditions for egg survival. Vertical hydraulic gradient of... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-01-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bronzi_es_me_arafo.pdf: 640601 bytes, checksum: 0d65746f66a182b139908ba7275d7753 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Um estudo cefalométrico longitudinal e retrospectivo foi desenvolvido com o propósito de estabelecer um cefalograma para a maxila, encontrar pontos cefalométricos estáveis na telerradiografia em norma de 45 graus, e ainda avaliar se as imagens obtidas de um lado da radiografia oblíqua são compatíveis com o outro lado. Foram selecionadas telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus de 25 indivíduos, com faixa etária entre 12 e 17 anos, apresentando maloclusões de Classe I e Classe II de Angle. Todos os indivíduos possuíam radiografias oblíquas iniciais e finais dos lados direito e esquerdo tomadas em um mesmo aparelho de raios X, com um intervalo de 8 a 16 meses. O principal critério de inclusão era a presença de implantes metálicos em todas as telerradiografias , para sobreposições dos traçados cefalométricos. Após estudos em crânio seco e inspeção visual foi sugerido um cefalograma para a maxila constituído das seguintes estruturas anatômicas: contorno da órbita, uma linha da base do crânio, a região do processo zigomático, limites de seio maxilar, a maxila, o processo zigomático da maxila do lado oposto, o osso zigomático do lado oposto e a órbita do lado oposto. Os pontos cefalométricos sugeridos para servir de parâmetro na sobreposição parcial da maxila, em telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus, foram divididos de acordo com o sentido analisado. No sentido vertical os pontos mais estáveis foram: OS, PZI, ENP e PZMO. No sentido horizontal os pontos sugeridos foram: PZP, PZPI, PZI, ENA e A. As alterações anatômicas ocorridas em todos os pontos cefalométricos do lado esquerdo foram iguais as do lado direito, não havendo diferença entre os lados da tomada radiográfica para telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus. / A longitudinal and retrospective cephalometric study was developed in order to establish a maxillary cephalogram, to identify stable cephalometric landmarks on 45° radiographs, as well as to evaluate if the obtained images from one side are compatible with the ones from the other side. Forty-five degrees cephalometric radiographs of 25 persons, aged between 12 and 17 years, presenting Angle malocclusion: Class I and Class II were selected. All the persons had pre and post right and left oblique radiographs obtained from the same X ray device, with an interval of eight to sixteen months. The primary inclusion criterion was the presence of metallic implants in all radiographs, to obtain the cephalometric tracings superimpositions. After studies in dried skulls and visual inspection, a maxillary cephalogram was suggested using the following anatomical structures: the orbital contour, a cranial base line, the zigomatic process area, maxillary sinus boundaries, the maxilla; the maxillary zygomatic process, zigomatic bone and orbit of the counter side. The cephalometric landmarks suggested to work parameter for maxillary superimposition in 45º cephalometric radiographs were separated in accordance with the evaluated plane. It can be suggested the use of OS, PZI, PNS and PZMO on vertical planes and PZP, PZPI, PZI, ANS and A on horizontal plane considered the points more stable and reproducible in the sample. The anatomical changes observed in all the cephalometric points of the left side were equivalent to the ones of the right side, with no differences between the sides on 45º cephalometric radiographs.

Orientador: Maurício Tatsuei Sakima / Banca: Luiz Gonzaga Gandini Júnior / Banca: Paulo César Saquy / Resumo: Um estudo cefalométrico longitudinal e retrospectivo foi desenvolvido com o propósito de estabelecer um cefalograma para a maxila, encontrar pontos cefalométricos estáveis na telerradiografia em norma de 45 graus, e ainda avaliar se as imagens obtidas de um lado da radiografia oblíqua são compatíveis com o outro lado. Foram selecionadas telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus de 25 indivíduos, com faixa etária entre 12 e 17 anos, apresentando maloclusões de Classe I e Classe II de Angle. Todos os indivíduos possuíam radiografias oblíquas iniciais e finais dos lados direito e esquerdo tomadas em um mesmo aparelho de raios X, com um intervalo de 8 a 16 meses. O principal critério de inclusão era a presença de implantes metálicos em todas as telerradiografias , para sobreposições dos traçados cefalométricos. Após estudos em crânio seco e inspeção visual foi sugerido um cefalograma para a maxila constituído das seguintes estruturas anatômicas: contorno da órbita, uma linha da base do crânio, a região do processo zigomático, limites de seio maxilar, a maxila, o processo zigomático da maxila do lado oposto, o osso zigomático do lado oposto e a órbita do lado oposto. Os pontos cefalométricos sugeridos para servir de parâmetro na sobreposição parcial da maxila, em telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus, foram divididos de acordo com o sentido analisado. No sentido vertical os pontos mais estáveis foram: OS, PZI, ENP e PZMO. No sentido horizontal os pontos sugeridos foram: PZP, PZPI, PZI, ENA e A. As alterações anatômicas ocorridas em todos os pontos cefalométricos do lado esquerdo foram iguais as do lado direito, não havendo diferença entre os lados da tomada radiográfica para telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus. / Abstract: A longitudinal and retrospective cephalometric study was developed in order to establish a maxillary cephalogram, to identify stable cephalometric landmarks on 45° radiographs, as well as to evaluate if the obtained images from one side are compatible with the ones from the other side. Forty-five degrees cephalometric radiographs of 25 persons, aged between 12 and 17 years, presenting Angle malocclusion: Class I and Class II were selected. All the persons had pre and post right and left oblique radiographs obtained from the same X ray device, with an interval of eight to sixteen months. The primary inclusion criterion was the presence of metallic implants in all radiographs, to obtain the cephalometric tracings superimpositions. After studies in dried skulls and visual inspection, a maxillary cephalogram was suggested using the following anatomical structures: the orbital contour, a cranial base line, the zigomatic process area, maxillary sinus boundaries, the maxilla; the maxillary zygomatic process, zigomatic bone and orbit of the counter side. The cephalometric landmarks suggested to work parameter for maxillary superimposition in 45º cephalometric radiographs were separated in accordance with the evaluated plane. It can be suggested the use of OS, PZI, PNS and PZMO on vertical planes and PZP, PZPI, PZI, ANS and A on horizontal plane considered the points more stable and reproducible in the sample. The anatomical changes observed in all the cephalometric points of the left side were equivalent to the ones of the right side, with no differences between the sides on 45º cephalometric radiographs. / Mestre

IN ENGLISH The primary concern of this thesis is to explore the instances of incorporation of media-specific elements extracted and translated from radio and cinema into Samuel Beckett's late prose. The analysis of the texts forming Beckett's Nohow On trilogy is based on the investigation of the two modes of perception - the aural and the visual - and is realised through the close reading of Company, Ill Seen Ill Said, and Wostward Ho in the context of media and film theory and practice. The chief premise is that the formal translations among the print and non-print media in Beckett's work are conditioned by the author's interest in, and theoretical and practical familiarity with, radio, television, and cinematography. The discussion is thus supported by biographical and bibliographical framework, and Beckett's familiarity with the specificities of broadcast media and cinema is considered in their direct relation to the progressive 'technologisation' of his fiction of the 1980s. The thesis outlines the origins and transformations of the motif of voice as one of Beckett's chief fictional concerns, and explores the texts' practical and notional borrowings from the field of cinematography to elucidate the way in which they are designed to simulate perceptual experiences. In doing so, the individual...

O presente estudo baseia-se na vivência do pesquisador como membro participante de assembléias realizadas e organizadas pelos índios Ingarikó, em 2005, em Roraima, especificamente na Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol. Essas assembléias visavam discutir as alternativas de gestão do território ocupado pelo grupo Ingarikó, em função da dupla afetação do mesmo como Terra Indígena e Unidade de Conservação. O pesquisador se inscreveu como membro das assembléias, a partir de um convite a ele formalizado por uma liderança Ingarikó, tendo exercido o papel de articulador da organização indígena denominada Conselho do Povo Indígena Ingarikó (Coping), recém-criada nos momentos que antecederam as assembléias. Participaram dessas assembléias, além das lideranças e de membros das comunidades Ingarikó, representantes dos órgãos governamentais envolvidos com a gestão de Terras Indígenas e de Unidades de Conservação, no âmbito local e federal, dentre os quais assumem relevância no presente estudo a Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai) e, à época, o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (Ibama). Tal condição permitiu ao pesquisador, na qualidade de observador participante das referidas assembléias, levantar e analisar informações que propiciaram o conhecimento de como se dava a ação do grupo Ingarikó no exercício da gestão política do território em questão. Essa ação indicou haver uma apropriação da categoria Parque Nacional de forma específica pelo grupo, denotando aspiração de soberania nas decisões e ações, políticas e de gestão, sobre o futuro das regras e técnicas de uso do território. Essa indicação baseou-se na observação das formas de condução das assembléias, na convivência do pesquisador no contexto do modo de vida Ingarikó e nas verbalizações ocorridas durante as assembléias e em conversas com membros da comunidade. Além disso, a observação fundamentou a percepção de que o chamamento das assembléias pelos Ingarikó, assim como o seu desenvolvimento, refletiam um aprendizado dos índios com relação aos modelos de desempenho de ações políticas exercidas pelos atores institucionais do Ibama, da Funai e de organizações indígenas, permitindo também o fortalecimento de uma identidade Ingarikó. Em síntese, a análise do desenrolar das assembléias, em sua totalidade, levou à abstração de que havia, subentendida no comportamento do grupo Ingarikó, uma vinculação entre o respeito aos direitos indígenas sobre as terras que ocupam e a conservação ambiental, conforme estabelecido nos fundamentos originais que justificaram a constituição histórica da legislação indígena do Estado brasileiro, cuja política está centralizada na categoria jurídica Terra Indígena. Paradoxalmente, foi possível constatar que essa essencial vinculação não está presente na forma como as políticas públicas indigenistas e ambientais se materializam, exigindo, de seus agentes, um esforço na busca de articulação das mesmas na ação. / The present study was based on the experience of one researcher participating in assemblies organized and conducted by the Ingariko tribe in the Indian lands known as the Raposa Serra do Sol, in the state of Roraima, Brazil. These assemblies, held in 2005, were aimed at discussing alternative forms of managing the territory occupied by the Ingariko tribe, a territory that, in addition to having been officially set aside for use by indigenous peoples, has been designated an environmentally protected area (Mount Roraima National Park). The researcher was formally invited to participate in the assemblies by one of the leaders of the Ingariko tribe. The invitation came as a result of the coordinating role played by the researcher in the organization known as the Ingariko Indigenous Peoples Council, which was created in the weeks leading up to the assemblies. In addition to the leaders and members of the Ingariko villages, representatives of governmental agencies involved in the management of Indian lands and environmentally protected areas were in attendance. Among such agencies were the Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai, National Indian Foundation) and the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (Ibama, Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources). During these assemblies, the researcher, in the role of participating observer, was able to raise questions and analyze information regarding the activism of the Ingariko tribe in influencing the political management of the disputed territory. The researcher noted that the intervention by members of the tribe resulted in their appropriation of the classification \'National Park\' in a form specific to the tribe, denoting an aspiration to have sovereignty in making decisions and plans, in terms of policies and management, regarding the future use of the territory. This conclusion was reached based on the manner in which the assemblies were conducted and on the personal experience of the researcher, who was familiar with the Ingariko way of life, as well as on statements made during the assemblies and in conversations with members of the community. In addition, the fact that the Ingariko called for and organized these assemblies indicates their political maturation in relation to models of political activities sanctioned by the institutional actors (Ibama, Funai and other organizations involved in indigenous issues), as well as the strengthening of the Ingariko cultural identity. In summary, the analysis of the way in which the assemblies proceeded, overall, and of the behavior of the Ingariko tribe, led to the abstraction that respect for Indian land rights and environmental conservation are inextricably linked. This link has its foundation in the constitutional and legislative history of Brazil in relation to Indian rights and issues affecting indigenous peoples, the central focus of which, in legal terms, is Indian lands. Paradoxically, it became apparent that this essential link is not taken into consideration during the formation of public policies related to indigenous and environmental issues. Therefore, public officials must consciously attempt to incorporate this idea into their interpretation and implementation of such policies.