O objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar os sinais que neutrinos provenientes de supernovas galáticas poderão produzir em detectores futuros, através de simulações de eventos observados na Terra por um detector Cherenkov pela reação de decaimento beta inverso. Por ser um local único em que neutrinos se encontram em condições de equilíbrio térmico, a física de neutrinos de supernova pode ser fonte de novo conhecimento na física de partículas elementares. Iniciamos o trabalho apresentando os aspectos mais importantes da física de neutrinos tal como é conhecida hoje, seguido de um estudo do papel do neutrino na explosão de uma supernova do tipo II e a influência das oscilações em futuras observações. As simulações foram feitas primeiramente considerando uma supernova de potencial estático, com a determinação de limites nos principais parâmetros que descrevem sua dinâmica. Utilizamos os casos de hierarquia normal e inversa e ângulos de mistura nos limites totalmente adiabático e não-adiabático. Posteriormente consideramos uma supernova de potencial dinâmico, a partir da qual estudamos o comportamento das probabilidades de transição e o perfil do espectro detectado nos mesmos casos anteriores. Com este potencial também foi possível observar o comportamento temporal do espectro e como este pode ser modificado com a hierarquia e ângulo de mistura. Mostramos que em uma futura detecção, o número de eventos e conseqüentemente sua variação com parâmetros de supernova não terão interferência considerável do efeito de onda de choque. Contudo, este pode causar distorções no espectro energético e temporal que poderão ter papel importante na determinação da hierarquia de massa e maior delimitação do ângulo de mistura. / The goal of this dissertation is to study the signals that supernova neutrinos could produce in future detectors, through simulations of events observed on Earth by a Cherenkov detector and inverse beta decay reaction. Since a supernova has been the only situation in which neutrinos are able to reach thermal equilibrium, the physics of supernova neutrinos can be source of a new knowledge in physics of elementary particles. We begin this work presenting the most important aspects of neutrino physics as known today, and then studying the role of neutrino in a type II supernova explosion and the oscillation influence in future observations. The simulations were initially performed considering a static potential, defining limits for the main parameters that describe its dynamics. We considered the cases of normal and inverse mass hierarchy and mixing angles within fully adiabatic and non-adiabatic limits. Later we used a supernova dynamic potential to study behavior of transitions probabilities and the profile of the spectrum detected in these previous cases. From this potential we also observed the temporal behavior of the spectrum and how it can be modified with the hierarchy and the mixing angle. We show that, in a future detection, the number of events and hence their variations with supernova parameters, will not suffer interference of the shock wave effect. However, this effect can cause distortions in the energy and time spectrum that could have an important role in determining the mass hierarchy and better constraints for the mixing angle.

SNO+, the successor of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, is an upcoming low energy neutrino experiment, located in the 2 km deep laboratory SNOLAB, Canada. The spheric acrylic vessel in the detector center will contain 780 t of LAB. The main goal of SNO+ is the search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 130Te, using a novel scintillator in which natural Te is bound with an initial loading of 0.3% via water and a surfactant. Within this thesis, the first measurement of the Alpha-particle and proton quenching parameters of loaded and unloaded LAB is described. These parameters are crucial for an efficient background suppression, necessary to reach a sensitivity above the current limit in 76Ge of T1/2(0v) > 2.1 x 10^(25) y (90% C.L.). For 0.3% Te-loading, the quenching parameter obtained is kB = (0.0070 +/- 0.0004) cm/MeV for Alpha-particles and kB = (0.0090 +/- 0.0003) cm/MeV for protons. Additionally, the spectral sensitivity of SNO+ to supernova electron anti-neutrinos and muon and tau (anti-)neutrinos is determined for the first time, using inverse beta decay and v-p elastic scattering with the measured quenching parameters. The obtained sensitivity to the mean energy of electron anti-neutrinos is E = 15.47^(+1.54)_(-2.43) MeV and of muon and tau (anti-)neutrinos is E = 17.81^(+3.49)_(-3.09) MeV. / SNO+, der Nachfolger des Sudbury Neutrino Observatorys, ist ein bevorstehendes Niederenergie-Neutrino-Experiment im 2 km tiefen Untergrundlabor SNOLAB in Kanada. Die Acryl-Kugel im Zentrum des Detektors wird mit 780 t LAB gefüllt werden. Das Hauptziel von SNO+ ist die Suche nach dem neutrinolosen Doppelbetazerfall von 130Te mit einem neuartigen Szintillator, in dem natürliches Te mit einer Anfangskonzentration von 0.3% über Wasser und ein Tensid gebunden wird. In dieser Arbeit wird erstmals die Messung der Alpha-Teilchen und Proton Quenching Parameter in diesem und in normalem LAB beschrieben. Die Parameter sind unverzichtbar für eine effiziente Untergrund Unterdrückung, die notwendig ist um auf das bestehende Limit in 76Ge von T1/2(0v) > 2.1 x 10^(25) y (90% C.L.) sensitiv zu sein. Der ermittelte Quenching Parameter bei 0.3% Te beträgt kB = (0.0070 +/- 0.0004) cm/MeV für Alpha-Teilchen und kB = (0.0090 +/- 0.0003) cm/MeV für Protonen. Zusätzlich wird erstmals die spektrale Sensitivität von SNO+ auf Supernova Elektron Anti-Neutrinos und Muon and Tau (Anti-)Neutrinos bestimmt über den inversen Betazerfall und die elastische v-p Streuung zusammen mit den gemessenen Quenching Parametern. Die ermittelte Sensitivität auf die mittlere Energie der Elektron Anti-Neutrinos ist E = 15.47^(+1.54)_(-2.43) MeV und der Muon und Tau (Anti-)Neutrinos ist E = 17.81^(+3.49)_(-3.09) MeV.

Supernovae are cosmic explosions of cataclysmic proportion that signify the death of a star. While being interesting phenomena in their own right, their brightness also make them excellent probes of the early universe. Depending on the type of the progenitor star and the origin of the explosion different subjects can be investigated. In this dissertation the work I have done on the detection, characterisation and rate measurements of supernovae in the Stockholm VIMOS Supernova Search is presented. We have discovered 16 supernovae that exploded billions of years ago (or, equivalently, at high redshift, z). The observed brightness and colour evolution have been used to classify the supernovae into either thermonuclear (type Ia) or core collapse (type II) supernovae. The accuracy of the classification code is high, only about 5% of the supernovae are mistyped, similar to other codes of the same kind. By comparing the observed frequency of supernovae to simulations the underlying supernova rate at these high redshifts have been measured. The main result reported in this thesis is that the core collapse supernova rate at high redshift matches the rates estimated from looking at the star formation history of the universe, and agree well with previous studies. The rate of Ia supernovae at high redshift have been investigated by several projects, our results show a somewhat higher rate of Ia supernovae than expected. Proper estimates of the systematic errors of rate measurements are found to be very important. Furthermore, by using novel techniques for reducing and stacking images, we have obtained a galaxy sample containing approximately 50,000 galaxies. Photometric redshifts have been obtained for most of the galaxies, the resulting accuracy below z=1 is on the order of 10%. The galaxy sample has also been used to find high redshift sources, so called Lyman Break Galaxies, at z=3-5. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

abstract: For this project, the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) has been calculated based on the recent direct supernova rate measurements and neutrino spectrum from SN1987A. The estimated diffuse electron antineutrino flux is ∼ 0.10 – 0.59 /cm2/s at 99% confidence level, which is 5 times lower than the Super-Kamiokande 2012 upper limit of 3.0 /cm2/s, above energy threshold of 17.3 MeV. With a Megaton scale water detector, 40 events could be detected above the threshold per year. In addition, the detectability of neutrino bursts from direct black hole forming collapses (failed supernovae) at Megaton detectors is calculated. These neutrino bursts are energetic and with short time duration, ∼ 1s. They could be identified by the time coincidence of N ≥2 or N ≥3 events within 1s time window from nearby (4 – 5 Mpc) failed supernovae. The detection rate of these neutrino bursts could get up to one per decade. This is a realistic way to detect a failed supernova and gives a promising method for studying the physics of direct black hole formation mechanism. Finally, the absorption of ultra high energy (UHE) neutrinos by the cosmic neutrino background, with full inclusion of the effect of the thermal distribution of the background on the resonant annihilation channel, is discussed. Results are applied to serval models of UHE neutrino sources. Suppression effects are strong for sources that extend beyond z ∼ 10. This provides a fascinating probe of the physics of the relic neutrino background in the unexplored redshift interval z ∼ 10 – 100. Ultimately this research will examine the detectability of DSNB, neutrino bursts from failed supernovae and absorption effects in the neutrino spectrum. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physics 2013

O objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar os sinais que neutrinos provenientes de supernovas galáticas poderão produzir em detectores futuros, através de simulações de eventos observados na Terra por um detector Cherenkov pela reação de decaimento beta inverso. Por ser um local único em que neutrinos se encontram em condições de equilíbrio térmico, a física de neutrinos de supernova pode ser fonte de novo conhecimento na física de partículas elementares. Iniciamos o trabalho apresentando os aspectos mais importantes da física de neutrinos tal como é conhecida hoje, seguido de um estudo do papel do neutrino na explosão de uma supernova do tipo II e a influência das oscilações em futuras observações. As simulações foram feitas primeiramente considerando uma supernova de potencial estático, com a determinação de limites nos principais parâmetros que descrevem sua dinâmica. Utilizamos os casos de hierarquia normal e inversa e ângulos de mistura nos limites totalmente adiabático e não-adiabático. Posteriormente consideramos uma supernova de potencial dinâmico, a partir da qual estudamos o comportamento das probabilidades de transição e o perfil do espectro detectado nos mesmos casos anteriores. Com este potencial também foi possível observar o comportamento temporal do espectro e como este pode ser modificado com a hierarquia e ângulo de mistura. Mostramos que em uma futura detecção, o número de eventos e conseqüentemente sua variação com parâmetros de supernova não terão interferência considerável do efeito de onda de choque. Contudo, este pode causar distorções no espectro energético e temporal que poderão ter papel importante na determinação da hierarquia de massa e maior delimitação do ângulo de mistura. / The goal of this dissertation is to study the signals that supernova neutrinos could produce in future detectors, through simulations of events observed on Earth by a Cherenkov detector and inverse beta decay reaction. Since a supernova has been the only situation in which neutrinos are able to reach thermal equilibrium, the physics of supernova neutrinos can be source of a new knowledge in physics of elementary particles. We begin this work presenting the most important aspects of neutrino physics as known today, and then studying the role of neutrino in a type II supernova explosion and the oscillation influence in future observations. The simulations were initially performed considering a static potential, defining limits for the main parameters that describe its dynamics. We considered the cases of normal and inverse mass hierarchy and mixing angles within fully adiabatic and non-adiabatic limits. Later we used a supernova dynamic potential to study behavior of transitions probabilities and the profile of the spectrum detected in these previous cases. From this potential we also observed the temporal behavior of the spectrum and how it can be modified with the hierarchy and the mixing angle. We show that, in a future detection, the number of events and hence their variations with supernova parameters, will not suffer interference of the shock wave effect. However, this effect can cause distortions in the energy and time spectrum that could have an important role in determining the mass hierarchy and better constraints for the mixing angle.

Orientador: Marcelo Moraes Guzzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T18:58:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torres_FernandoRossi_M.pdf: 2093943 bytes, checksum: 598961cdc3d39df5a3ff30060070d443 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Em geral, estudamos o fenômeno de oscilação de neutrinos através do formalismo de ondas planas, que consegue, com muito sucesso, tratar os casos dos neutrinos solares, de reatores e aceleradores. No entanto, uma descrição física mais completa deve considerar a interpretação do fenômeno oscilatório usando pacotes de onda. Neste trabalho, analisamos o formalismo das ondas planas e dos pacotes de onda na oscilação, tanto no vácuo quanto na matéria. Calculamos os comprimentos de coerência e oscilação para discutir a necessidade ou não da utilização de pacotes de onda para neutrinos solares, neutrinos de reatores e de aceleradores, neutrinos de supernovas e neutrinos de altíssima energia. Discutimos também o mecanismo de formação de supernovas e o papel dos neutrinos na dinâmica de sua evolução. Como temos poucas informações sobre neutrinos de supernova, apenas 11 eventos detectados por Kamiokande e 8 eventos pelo detector IMB, confrontamos o formalismo de ondas planas com o formalismo de pacotes de onda para a oscilação de neutrinos dentro de uma supernova de 15 massas solares, com o intuito de saber a relevância dos pacotes de onda e verificar se este formalismo pode fornecer alguma informação adicional sobre a oscilação de neutrinos em supernovas / Abstract: Generally, we study neutrino oscillation phenomenon using the plane wave formalism, which successfully treats the solar neutrino case, the reactor and accelerator cases. However, a more complete description of neutrino oscillation must consider a wave packet approach. This work analyses both formalisms: the plane wave and the wave packet in vacuum and matter. We have calculated the oscillation and coherence length to discuss if wave packets are or are not necessary for solar neutrinos, reactor and accelerators neutrinos, supernova neutrinos and ultra-high energy neutrinos. We also have discussed the formation mechanism of supernova and the role of neutrinos in its evolution dynamics. As we have little information about supernova neutrinos, only 11 events detected by Kamiokande and 8 events by IMB detector, we have confronted the plane wave formalism with the wave packet formalism of neutrino oscillation inside a supernova with 15 solar masses, because we desire to know the relevance of the wave packet treatment and verify if this formalism will provide any additional information about neutrino oscillation in supernova / Mestrado / Física das Particulas Elementares e Campos / Mestre em Física

Orientadores: Ernesto Kemp , Orlando Luis Goulart Peres / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T13:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miguez_BrunoSilvaRodriguez_M.pdf: 1981431 bytes, checksum: b136bcf1df6dec73fc94b57c7d498cf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: É predita a existência de um fluxo de neutrino difusos, gerado pela integração no tempo de todas as supernovas que ocorreram ao longo da evolução do universo e ponderado pelas taxas de formação estelar e de ocorrência de supernovas. As características espectrais destes neutrinos se diferenciam de neutrinos de supernovas recentes principalmente por dois motivos: a redução de seus fluxos e o desvio para energias menores causado pela expansão do universo. Logo, mesmo que o efeito gerado por uma supernova seja um pulso temporal de eventos, seu efeito acumulado gera um fluxo estacionário de neutrinos difusos em todo o universo. Estes neutrinos nunca foram observados antes. Apenas limites superiores para seu fluxo foi reportados pelas colaborações associadas a telescópios de neutrinos. Recentemente a Colaboração SNO fez uma análise dependente do modelo de supernova que estabeleceu experimentalmente 9.3x 101 vecm-2s-1 como o limite superior para o fluxo total de neutrinos eletrônicos difusos. Esta análise reduziu em cerca de 2 ordens de grandeza o limite experimental anterior estabelecido pela Colaboração LSD. Atualmente, os limites mais restritivos para o fluxo difuso de neutrinos não eletrônicos é de » 10 3 vcm-2s-1 e foram estabelecidos por estudos fenomenológicos, uma análise de dados feitas por cientistas externos a colaboração, de dados do Superkamiokande. No entanto, os melhores limites experimentais ainda são os da Colaboração LSD » 107 vcm-2s-l. Neste trabalho, extendemos a análise do SNO incluindo espalhamento elástico em elétrons via interações de corrente neutra para extrair informações do fluxo difuso de neutrinos não eletrônicos (vm , vt). Também foram feitas comparações como os outros limites atualmente aceitos / Abstract: There is a prediction of a diffuse neutrino flux yield from the lime integration of all supernova a1ready exploded in the past governed by stellar fomation and supemovae occurrence rates. The spectral characteristics of these neutrinos differ from those from recent supernovae mainly in two features: the reduction in their fluxes and their energy "red-shift" due the expansion of lhe universe. Thus, despite the fact that one single supernova is a transient state, their cumulative effect produces a steady flux of diffuse neutrinos everywhere in universe. These neutnnos have never been observed before. Only upper limits on their fluxes have been reported by lhe collaborations operating neutrino telescopes. Recently lhe SNO experiment have made an analysis where the total flux of diftuse electron neutrinos has an upper limit of 9.3 x 101 vecm-2s-1, depending on a specific supernova model. This analysis reduced by a factor 100 the anterior best limit, estabilished by LSD Collaborotion. At the present, the best limit for lhe diffuse flux of non-electron neutrinos is » 10³vcm-² s-¹, resulted from an fenomenological analysis of lhe Super-Kamiokande data. However, the best experimental limits are » 107 vcm-²s-¹, estabilished by LSD Collaboration. In this work we have extended lhe SNO analysis including lhe elastic scattering on electrons via neutral current interactions to extract intormation on diftuse flux of lhe non-electron neutrino flavours (i.e. muon and tauon neutrinos). We make a comparison among our results and others currently accepted. / Mestrado / Física das Particulas Elementares e Campos / Mestre em Física

Orientador: Orlando Luis Goulart Peres. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T10:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BastoGonzalez_VictorSaul_M.pdf: 1541009 bytes, checksum: b798dea659147d5050c68800d40ceb0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Com este trabalho buscamos entender o fenômeno de oscilações de neutrinos na matéria. Para isto, estudamos a propagação de neutrinos em Supernovas. O estudo é feito nestes objetos astrofísicos, pois são produzidos neutrinos de todos os sabores quando a estrela progenitor da Supernova é muito massiva. Além de isto, estes corpos celestes atingem densidades muito maiores que a densidade solar. Uma razão adicional muito importante é que os neutrinos são mensageiros ideais e poderão ser observados antes mesmo da observação óptica da explosão de Supernova, assim eles podem fornecer informação sobre os processo que levam à formação de Supernova. Para fazer esse estudo consideramos os valores atuais dos parâmetros de oscilações de neutrinos e um perfil de densidade para a matéria da estrela moribunda. Encontramos que os neutrinos experimentam o efeito Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) em dois regimes de densidades diferentes. A existência destas regiões dependerá da hierarquia nas massas dos neutrinos e se é partícula/antipartícula. Encontramos que para no caso de antineutrinos eletrônicos o fluxo na Terra dependerá do tipo de hierarquia e do valor do ângulo de mistura q13, esse ângulo de mistura modificará o tipo de transição pela zona de ressonância de densidades altas na Supernova. Encontramos que o número de eventos, para esses antineutrinos, è diferente se a hierarquia na massa é normal ou invertida. A diferença é mais notória se a luminosidade em neutrinos não está equipartida. Também encontramos que o número de eventos no detector Super-Kamiokande dependerá do tipo de propagação na região mais interna de Supernova para hierarquia invertida e caso q 13 10-3 , podemos ter informação sobre esses ângulo de mistura caso conseguiremos diferenciar o espectro sem oscilação e com oscilação induzido por efeito puramente adiabático. Neste estudo não tivemos em conta o efeito da matéria na Terra. / Abstract: In this work we study the behaviour of the neutrino oscillations in the matter. To do so, we studied the propagation of neutrinos in Supernovae. The study is done on this astrophysical objects because there are produced all avor of neutrinos when the Supernova progenitor star is very massive. Moreover, this celestial bodies reach much higher densities than the solar density. An additional and very important reason to study neutrinos in Supernova is because neutrinos are ideal messengers, thus they could be detected even before of the optical observation of the Supernova explosion. We considered the updated oscillation parameter values for neutrinos and a density profile of the matter in the dying star. Also, we consider that in the neutrino propagation in a medium it is modified by the medium density, being known as Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect. The existence of regions in which the MSW effect is very relevant will depend on the mass hierarchy of the neutrinos/antineutrinos and if they are neutrinos or antineutrinos. We found in the case of anti electron neutrinos that the ux in the Earth will depend on the type of hierarchy and on the value of the mixing angle q 13, that angle will modify the kind of transition in the resonance zone in the regime of high densities in the Supernova. We calculated the number of events for those antineutrinos and we have found that the value depend if the mass hierarchy is normal or inverted. The difference is even more evident if the total luminosity of the neutrinos is not equally distributed between the all neutrino avors. Finally, we also found that the number of events in the Super-Kamiokande detector will depend on the propagation in the Supernova inner region for the inverted hierarchy and when the mixture angle q 13 10-3. In this study we will not consider the Earth¿s matter effect. / Mestrado / Física das Particulas Elementares e Campos / Mestre em Física

La découverte du rayonnement cosmique remonte à plus d'un siècle, mais son origine est encore incertaine aujourd'hui. Divers éléments théoriques et observationnels tendent à confirmer que les vestiges de supernova (SNRs) sont à l'origine de la majeure partie du rayonnement cosmique galactique jusqu'à des énergies de ~3 PeV, voire au-delà. Mais ce paradigme requiert encore une preuve irréfutable.Lors de l'expansion d'un SNR, les particules chargées du milieu circumstellaire/interstellaire sont accélérées par l'onde de choc et peuvent alors rayonner depuis le domaine radio jusqu'aux très hautes énergies (>100 GeV). Les mécanismes d'accélération et les processus d'émission des particules ont été étudiés et modélisés au cours de cette thèse.Les instruments d'astronomie Gamma permettent de détecter les rayonnements émis par les particules accélérées au choc des SNRs. En particulier, le télescope à création de paires Fermi-LAT et le réseau de télescopes au sol à imagerie Tcherenkov atmosphérique H.E.S.S. détectent, à eux deux, des photons Gamma d'énergie comprise entre ~30 MeV et plusieurs dizaines de TeV. Au cours de cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre de l'expérience H.E.S.S., les données observationnelles de plusieurs SNRs ont été analysées et interprétées. Les études menées ont conduit à la détection d'une des sources les plus faibles encore jamais détectée et dont l'émission Gamma est associée à l'interaction du SNR G349.7+0.2 avec un nuage moléculaire adjacent. Des limites supérieures sur les flux intégrés de nombreux SNRs ont été extraites afin de contraindre les modèles d'accélération de particules. Le SNR Puppis A présente notamment un comportement spectral inattendu, difficile à expliquer dans le cadre des modèles d'accélération de particules actuels.Un cinquième télescope, de plus grande taille, a été ajouté mi-2012 au réseau de quatre petits télescopes H.E.S.S. afin d'abaisser le seuil en énergie et d'améliorer la sensibilité du réseau. Dans ce cadre, j'ai activement participé au développement, à l'intégration et à l'analyse des données du dispositif d'étalonnage de la caméra de ce cinquième télescope. / The discovery of Cosmic Rays (CRs) dates back more than one century ago, however their origin remains unclear. There is rather convincing evidence that the bulk of Galactic CRs, up to ~3 PeV, and possibly beyond, is accelerated in supernova remnants (SNRs). However this paradigm still needs a conclusive proof. While the SNR expands, charged particles from the circumstellar/interstellar medium are accelerated at the SNR shock wave and radiate from radio to very high energies (>100 GeV). Particles acceleration and broad band radiation mechanism were studied and modelled during this PhD. $gamma$-ray astronomy instruments enable to detect radiation from particles accelerated at the SNR shock wave. In particular the pair creation telescope Fermi-LAT and the array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes H.E.S.S., enable together to detect Gamma-ray photons in the ~30 MeV-30 TeV energy range. As a member of the H.E.S.S. collaboration, I analysed and interpreted observational data from several Galactic SNRs. These studies led to the discovery of one of the faintest sources ever detected whose Gamma-ray emission is associated with the interaction of the SNR G349.7+02 with an adjacent molecular cloud. Upper limits on the integrated flux of many SNRs were extracted in order to constrain models of particle acceleration. In particular, the SNR Puppis A shows an unexpected spectral behavior difficult to explain with current models. A fifth bigger telescope was added mid 2012 to the H.E.S.S. array of four small telescopes to lower the energy threshold and to improve the sensitivity of the array. In this context I actively participated to the development, integration end data analysis of the calibration hardware of the camera of this fifth telescope.

L'explosion en supernova gravitationnelle représente le stade ultime de l'évolution des étoiles massives.La contraction du cœur de fer peut être suivie d'une gigantesque explosion qui donne naissance à une étoile à neutrons.La dynamique multi-dimensionnelle de la région interne, pendant les premières centaines de millisecondes, joue un rôle crucial sur le succès de l'explosion car des instabilités hydrodynamiques sont capables de briser la symétrie sphérique de l'effondrement.Les mouvements transverses et à grande échelle générés par deux instabilités, la convection induite par les neutrinos et l'instabilité du choc d'accrétion stationnaire (SASI),augmentent l'efficacité du chauffage de la matière par les neutrinos au point de déclencher une explosion asymétrique et d'impacter les conditions de naissance de l'étoile à neutrons. Dans cette thèse, les instabilités sont étudiées au moyen de simulations numériques de modèles simplifiés.Ces modèles permettent une vaste exploration de l'espace des paramètres et une meilleure compréhension physique des instabilités, généralement inaccessibles aux modèles réalistes.L'analyse du régime non-linéaire de SASI établit les conditions de formation d'un mode spiral et évalue sa capacité à redistribuer radialement le moment cinétique.L'effet de la rotation sur la dynamique du choc d'accrétion est également pris en compte.Si la rotation est suffisamment rapide, une instabilité de corotation se superpose à SASI et impacte grandement la dynamique.Les simulations permettent de mieux contraindre l'importance des modes non-axisymétriques dans le bilan de moment cinétique de l'effondrement du cœur de fer en étoile à neutrons.SASI pourrait sous certaines conditions accélérer ou ralentir la rotation du pulsar formé dans l'explosion.Enfin, une étude d'un modèle idéalisé de la région de chauffage est menée pour caractériser le déclenchement non-linéaire de la convection par des perturbations telles que celles produites par SASI ou les inhomogénéités de combustion pré-effondrement.L'analyse de la dimensionnalité sur le développement de la convection permet de discuter l'interprétation des modèles globaux et met en évidence les effets bénéfiques de la dynamique tridimensionnelle sur le déclenchement de l'explosion. / A core-collapse supernova represents the ultimate stage of the evolution of massive stars.The iron core contraction may be followed by a gigantic explosion which gives birth to a neutron star.The multidimensional dynamics of the innermost region, during the first hundreds milliseconds, plays a decisive role on the explosion success because hydrodynamical instabilities are able to break the spherical symmetry of the collapse.Large scale transverse motions generated by two instabilities, the neutrino-driven convection and the Standing Accretion Shock Instability (SASI),increase the heating efficiency up to the point of launching an asymmetric explosion and influencing the birth properties of the neutron star.In this thesis, hydrodynamical instabilities are studied using numerical simulations of simplified models.These models enable a wide exploration of the parameter space and a better physical understanding of the instabilities, generally inaccessible to realistic models.The non-linear regime of SASI is analysed to characterize the conditions under which a spiral mode prevails and to assess its ability to redistribute angular momentum radially.The influence of rotation on the shock dynamics is also addressed.For fast enough rotation rates, a corotation instability overlaps with SASI and greatly impacts the dynamics.The simulations enable to better constrain the effect of non-axisymmetric modes on the angular momentum budget of the iron core collapsing into a neutron star.SASI may under specific conditions spin up or down the pulsar born during the explosion.Finally, an idealised model of the heating region is studied to characterize the non-linear onsetof convection by perturbations such as those produced by SASI or pre-collapse combustion inhomogeneities. The dimensionality issue is examined to stress the beneficial consequences of the three-dimensional dynamics on the onset of the explosion.