Vitamin D inadequacy is highly prevalent among pregnant women worldwide. Inadequacy or deficiency of vitamin D can lead to adverse outcomes during pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and caesarian section. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D status during pregnancy in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, EBSCO, Cochrane CENTRAL Database of Controlled Clinical Trials, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, in addition to searching reference lists in published reviews. A comprehensive list of RCTs of vitamin D status and supplemental use in pregnancy was compiled. The random effects model was used to determine a summary effect size using pre/post means and standard deviations of serum vitamin D levels from intervention and control groups. Sixteen RCTs indicated a large effect size (d = .849, 95% CI .607 – 1.001, p < .001). Serum vitamin D concentration at delivery was higher with vitamin D supplementation, and thereby the metabolic outlook was favorable for the mother and newborn. Heterogeneity of the meta-analysis was significant (Q = 344.418, p < .001); the I-squared statistic showed moderate heterogeneity (61.89%), which warranted subgroup analysis to identify possible sources of variation among the studies. Moderators for subgroup analysis included vitamin D dosages, use of a placebo, use of multivitamins in addition to vitamin D, duration of interventions, age, low or adequate baseline vitamin D status, trimester when supplementation was started, country where the RCT was conducted (USA/UK/AUS versus other countries), and blinded versus non-blinded RCTs. Subgroup analysis only demonstrated a significant impact on heterogeneity from the trimester moderator (p < .001). Women who began vitamin D supplementation during the first trimester had a higher effect size and improved vitamin D status compared to those who began supplementation in the second or third trimester. Since pregnant women with vitamin D inadequacy or deficiency are more susceptible to complications, routine examination of vitamin D status should be conducted in pregnant women.

Abstract The Effects of a Combined Supplementation of Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate on Repeated Sprint Performance James Jeremy Barber There is well-established research that suggests both creatine and sodium bicarbonate are effective ergogenic aids. However, only one published study has examined the combined effects of creatine and sodium bicarbonate. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if a combined supplementation of creatine monohydrate and sodium bicarbonate would further enhance the well-documented effects of creatine supplementation alone on repeated sprint performance. Thirteen healthy and fit males (Mean age = 21.15 ± 0.65 years and mean VO2 max = 66.72 ± 5.78) participated in this experimental study using a double-blinded crossover study design in which each subject was used as his own control. All subjects completed 3 conditions, followed by a 3-week washout period between each condition: 1) Placebo (Pl; 5 g maltodextrin + 0.5 g/kg maltodextrin), 2) Creatine (Cr; 5 g + 0.5 g/kg maltodextrin), and 3) Creatine plus sodium bicarbonate (Cr+Sb; 5g + 0.5 g/kg sodium bicarbonate). Each condition was a 2-day supplementation. In the morning after each supplementation, peak power, RPP, mean power, RMP, fatigue index, and perceptions of fatigue and GI distress were assessed during six 10-second repeated Wingate tests. Blood bicarbonate, pH, and lactate were measured 5 minutes before testing and immediately after the last Wingate sprint. The main findings were; 1) Cr+Sb produced 7% greater relative peak power and 4.6% greater peak power values than placebo, and 2) Cr+Sb demonstrated the greatest attenuation of decline in relative peak power over six repeated sprints. However, in contrast to our hypotheses, no benefits from either supplementation were observed for relative mean power, fatigue index, and perception of fatigue. Considering that this current study found benefits from combining creatine and sodium bicarbonate, it suggests that combining the supplements may improve repeated sprint performance. Future research on a greater sample size, a specific athletic population, various exercise modes, and comparing results with a sodium bicarbonate alone supplementation would be beneficial in determining if this combined supplementation is worthwhile.

Vitamin D deficiency due to, e.g., nutritional and life style reasons is a health concern that is gaining increasing attention over the last two decades. Vitamin D3, the most common isoform of vitamin D, is only available in food derived from animal sources. However, mushrooms and yeast are rich in ergosterol. This compound can be converted into vitamin D2 by UV-light, and therefore act as a precursor for vitamin D. Vitamin D2 from UV-irradiated mushrooms has become an alternative source of vitamin D, especially for persons pursuing a vegan diet. UV-irradiated baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for the production of fortified yeast-leavened bread and baked goods was approved as a Novel Food Ingredient in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No. 258/97. The Scientific Opinion provided by the European Food Safety Authority Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies has assessed this Novel Food Ingredient as safe under the intended nutritional use. However, recent findings on the formation of side products during UV-irradiation, e.g., the photoproducts tachysterol and lumisterol which are compounds with no adequate risk assessment performed, have only been marginally considered for this EFSA opinion. Furthermore, proceedings in analytics can provide additional insights, which might open up new perspectives, also regarding the bioavailability and potential health benefits of vitamin D-fortified mushrooms and yeast. Therefore, this review is intended to give an overview on the current status of UV irradiation in mushrooms and yeast in general and provide a detailed assessment on the potential health effects of UV-irradiated baker’s yeast.

Vitamin D deficiency due to, e.g., nutritional and life style reasons is a health concern that is gaining increasing attention over the last two decades. Vitamin D3, the most common isoform of vitamin D, is only available in food derived from animal sources. However, mushrooms and yeast are rich in ergosterol. This compound can be converted into vitamin D2 by UV-light, and therefore act as a precursor for vitamin D. Vitamin D2 from UV-irradiated mushrooms has become an alternative source of vitamin D, especially for persons pursuing a vegan diet. UV-irradiated baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for the production of fortified yeast-leavened bread and baked goods was approved as a Novel Food Ingredient in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No. 258/97. The Scientific Opinion provided by the European Food Safety Authority Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies has assessed this Novel Food Ingredient as safe under the intended nutritional use. However, recent findings on the formation of side products during UV-irradiation, e.g., the photoproducts tachysterol and lumisterol which are compounds with no adequate risk assessment performed, have only been marginally considered for this EFSA opinion. Furthermore, proceedings in analytics can provide additional insights, which might open up new perspectives, also regarding the bioavailability and potential health benefits of vitamin D-fortified mushrooms and yeast. Therefore, this review is intended to give an overview on the current status of UV irradiation in mushrooms and yeast in general and provide a detailed assessment on the potential health effects of UV-irradiated baker’s yeast.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. AD is characterized clinically by cognitive, behavioral, and learning and memory impairments and neuropathologically by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation, and synaptic and neuronal loss. Although AD was first described over a century ago, there is no cure and the limited treatment options do little to slow the progression of the devastating disease. Because of these reasons, there has been a significant interest in preventative strategies for AD. Previous studies have shown that perinatal choline supplementation can improve learning and memory, dampen neuroinflammation, diminish cholinergic deficits, reduce brain amyloidosis, and increase neurogenesis in AD model mice. In these studies, we investigated the roles of perinatal choline supplementation on anxiety and exploratory behavior, spatial and fearful learning and memory, brain Aβ42 deposition, and gene expression in the AppNL-G-F AD mouse model. We found that there were slight anxiety-related behavior changes in AppNL-G-F mice compared to wildtype mice. AppNL-G-F mice had impaired spatial learning that could be prevented by perinatal choline supplementation at early ages (3- and 6-months-old) but not a later age (12-months-old). Fearful learning and memory deficits were found in AppNL-G-F mice at 9- and 12-months of age and could be abolished by perinatal choline supplementation. Perinatal choline supplementation significantly reduced Aβ42 deposition across the brain in AppNL-G-F mice. The AppNL-G-F transcriptome was characterized by changes in genes related to inflammatory, neuronal and synaptic, energy, and metabolic pathways and led to a distinct transcriptional signature from wildtype mice. Perinatal choline supplementation was able to significantly reduce the transcriptional deficits found in AppNL-G-F mice and led to the identification of choline responsive AD-pathology-associated genes (CRADPAGs). Lastly, some of the CRADPAGs identified using AppNL-G-F AD model mice correlated significantly with AD diagnosis, clinical dementia rating, and AD pathologies in a human data set. Together, the results from these studies and the previously published data suggest that adequate choline intake during development may serve as a strategy to prevent or reduce AD dementia and pathologies. / 2025-01-24T00:00:00Z

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PhD Thesis / Metabolomics offers a systemic approach to discover clinical biomarkers for early detection of chronic diseases while also revealing underlying mechanisms relevant to human disorders of complex aetiology. Metabolomic studies in support of chronic disease prevention have focused primarily on surrogate biofluids (e.g., serum, plasma) for analysis due to their routine and less invasive sample collection in a clinical setting. However, biofluids are non-organ specific and thus are reflective of confounding biochemical processes within the body that are often difficult to interpret. As a result, it is necessary to assess metabolite changes localized within tissues since they are the direct site of pathogenic processes, in order to obtain more robust and specific biomarkers. This thesis aims to contribute to new advances in biomarker discovery and tissue metabolomic studies using multiplexed separations together with innovative data workflows based on multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Chapter II introduces a high throughput yet targeted screening method for accurate quantification of serum γ‐glutamyl dipeptides from a cohort of overweight Japanese non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients that may allow for better risk assessment of long-term survivorship complementary to histopathology. Chapter III introduces a non-targeted metabolite profiling strategy for fasting plasma samples from prediabetic, older adults undergoing short-term step reduction (<1000 steps/day) in order to identify adaptive metabolic responses to abrupt changes in physical inactivity for early detection of sarcopenia in high-risk older persons. Chapter IV describes the first metabolomics study to characterize the human skeletal muscle metabolome from mass-restricted tissue biopsies together with matching plasma samples, which identified novel metabolic signatures associated with strenuous interval exercise, as well as treatment effects from high-dose bicarbonate pretreatment that delays the onset of muscle fatigue. Lastly, in Chapter V, metabolite coverage was expanded to include fatty acids for comprehensive characterization of murine placental tissue metabolome, which revealed sex-specific metabolic adaptations during gestation from maternal dams fed a standardized diet. In summary, this thesis contributes to new innovations in metabolomics for the discovery of novel biomarkers from blood and/or tissue specimens as required for early detection of chronic diseases relevant to population health, which were also used to validate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions based on physical activity to support healthy ageing. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The weaver ant is a promising biological control agent of a shoot borer, <i>Hypsipyla robusta</i> Moore, on mahogany, but techniques to conserve ant colonies redistributed to mahogany plantations have not yet been developed. The effect of food supplementation and host plant species preference of the weaver ant, <i>Oecophylla smaragdina</i> F., was evaluated in a series of field studies. A simple model was developed to estimate the number of ants within nests on <i>Khaya ivorensis</i> A. Chev. (Meliaceae): log₁₀ (Number of ants) = - 1.16 + 1.09 log₁₀ (Nest size). Nest size is calculated from estimated nest height <i>(&#293;)</i> and length <i>(à )</i> using the formula = π;r²⁺; <i>à </i>, where r = ½ <i>&#293;</i>. This model was useful for repeated assessments of ant population levels to evaluate treatment effects. It provides better estimates than previous indirect methods based on nest counts and ant trail counts on plant parts. Colonies that were relocated without their queens and very small colonies (< 10,000 ants) failed to establish on new host trees, indicating that a minimum ant population and queen needs to be transferred for colony survival. Established colonies consumed more high-protein foods (live mealworms and fish) than high-carbohydrate liquid foods (honey and –weaver ant formula–, which contained sucrose and human muscle-training powder (Enerpro™)). Relocated colonies consumed more weaver ant formula and as many mealworms as established colonies, indicating that existing and relocated colonies require different food supplementation strategies. Decreasing consumption over time and preferential consumption among high-protein food choices (i.e., of mealworms over fish) indicated that ants select and regulate food consumption based on colony needs. Therefore, food supplementation should be as needed. Preliminary indications were that self-sufficiency in trophobiont (honeydew) levels may be achieved in two months after colony relocation. The optimal colony density that would protect <i>K. ivorensis</i> was estimated to be within the range of 6 – 48 colonies per ha based on previous reports for cocoa and cashew, and a consideration of the low damage threshold for mahogany. Substituting chemical control with weaver ants at those application rates gave similar IRRs (Internal rate of return; 11.6 – 12.2 vs. 12.0%) in preliminary financial analyses, and was preferable from an ecological standpoint. Twenty-nine host plant species were found for Malaysian <i>O. smaragdina</i>, of which 11 were new species records for <i>Oecophylla</i> spp. Also, there were two new genera and eight new species records for Malaysian <i>O. smaragdina</i>. Of eight trophobiont families collected, six species were identified, yielding new trophobiont-host plant species records for four coccoid species and two membracid genera. Screening of several ant-abundant plant species that included preliminary pest risk analyses for trophobionts on <i>K. ivorensis</i>, identified <i>M. citrifolia</i> as a promising candidate for mixed-planting with this mahogany species. / Ph. D.

Anthropogenic resource provisioning of wildlife has increasingly been hypothesized to alter pathogen spread. Although bird feeding is the most widespread form of intentional wildlife provisioning, we know relatively little about how the degree of anthropogenic feeding at a site impacts wild birds in ways relevant to disease transmission. We manipulated the density of bird feeders (low versus high) available at otherwise similar sites and tracked the local abundance, body condition (scaled-mass index), feeding behavior, and movement across the landscape in wild house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), a feeder-dependent species subject to outbreaks of a contagious pathogen commonly spread at feeders. The local abundance of house finches was significantly higher at sites with high feeder density but, surprisingly, finches at high-density feeder sites had poorer body condition than those at low-density sites. Behaviorally, birds at high-density feeder sites had longer average feeding bouts and spent more time per day on feeders than birds at low-density feeder sites. Further, birds first recorded at low-density feeder sites were more likely to move to a neighboring high-density feeder site than vice versa. Overall, because local abundance and time spent on feeders have been linked with the risk of disease outbreaks in this species, effects of bird feeder density on both traits may, in turn, influence disease dynamics in house finches. Our results suggest that heterogeneity in the density of bird feeders can have diverse effects on wild birds, with potential consequences for disease transmission. / Master of Science / Feeding wildlife has increasingly been thought to change the spread of disease. Although bird feeding is the most widespread form of intentional wildlife feeding, we know relatively little about how much human feeding impacts wild birds in ways that affect disease transmission. We changed the density of bird feeders (low versus high) available at otherwise similar areas and tracked the local abundance, body condition, feeding behavior, and movement across the landscape in wild house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), a feeder-dependent species subject to outbreaks of a infectious disease commonly spread at feeders. The local abundance of house finches was significantly higher at sites with high feeder density but, surprisingly, finches at high-density feeder sites had poorer body condition than those at low-density sites. Behaviorally, birds at high-density feeder sites had longer average bouts on feeders and spent more time per day on feeders than birds at low-density feeder sites. Further, birds first recorded at low-density feeder sites were more likely to move to a neighboring high-density feeder site than vice versa. Overall, because local abundance and time spent on feeders have been linked with the risk of disease outbreaks in this species, effects of bird feeder density on both traits may, in turn, increase disease spread in house finches. Our results suggest that variation in the density of bird feeders can have diverse effects on wild birds, with potential consequences for disease transmission.