Gut microbiota is a key component in obesity and type 2 diabetes, yet mechanisms and metabolites central to this interaction remain unclear. We examined the human gut microbiome’s functional composition in healthy metabolic state and the most severe states of obesity and type 2 diabetes within the MetaCardis cohort. We focused on the role of B vitamins and B7/B8 biotin for regulation of host metabolic state, as these vitamins influence both microbial function and host metabolism and inflammation.

INTRODUÇÃO: Metionina (Met), cisteína (Cys), homocisteína (Hcy) e taurina (Tau) são os quatro aminoácidos sulfurados (AAS), mas apenas a Met e Cys são incorporadas em proteínas. Os três principais produtos doS AAS, glutationa, (GSH), Hcy e Tau influenciam, principalmente, as respostas inflamatória e imune. A Tau e GSH diminuem a inflamação, enquanto que a Hcy apresenta efeito oposto. Os pacientes HIV+ apresentam baixos níveis de GSH e outros nutrientes antioxidantes, mostrando relação direta entre Cys (e GSH) com células CD4+. Não se conhece o mecanismo pelo qual as mudanças na ingestão dos AAS influenciam este fenômeno. Paralelamente, as relações entre Hcy, doenças inflamatórias e alterações in vitro no comportamento das células imunes levantou ressalvas sobre a suplementação de dietas com AAS. OBJETIVOS : investigar as vias dos AAS em pacientes HIV+ nas condições de jejum e pós-sobrecarga de Met frente à dieta habitual (OH) isolada ou acompanhada da suplementação de Cys (NAC) ou glutamina (Gln). MÉTODOS : 12 pacientes HIV+ (6 M e 6 F, de 25 a 36 anos), sob tratamento anti-retroviral pelo esquema tríplice, sem infecções secundárias e 20 controles saudáveis (10M e 10F, 23-28 anos) foram randomicamente distribuídos para suplementação com NAC (N-acetilcisteína, 1g/d) ou Gln (20 g/d) em estudo cruzado com 7 dias de dieta separados por uma semana de washout (Wo com DH). Amostras de sangue após jejum noturno de 10 a 12 horas foram coletadas antes (MO) e após (M1) cada regime dietético. A seguir, os indivíduos ingeriram metionina (100 mg/kg), com coletas de sangue após 2 e 4 horas para a determinação da área abaixo da curva (AAC). No MO, ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto à antropometria (IMC, kg/m2), funções glomerular (uréia, creatinina) e hepatocelular (γ-GT), estados nutricional (albumina, cálcio, ácido fólico e vitamina 812) e antioxidante (ácido úrico, GSH, GSSG, Hcy), glicose, lipídios (triacilgliceróis e frações de colesterol) e AAS, serina (Ser), glicina (Gly), glutamato (Glu) e Gln. O grupo HIV também foi caracterizado pela carga viral e contagem de CD4+ e CD8+. As comparações estatísticas entre os grupos e entre as dietas mostraram homogeneidade para IMC, albumina, cálcio, vitamina 812, Hcy, HDL-colesterol, uréia e creatinina. Os pacientes apresentaram valores maiores de glicose, triacilgliceróis, γ-GT, LDL-colesterol e GSSG paralelalemente às menores concentrações de ácido úrico, GSH e todos os AAS, exceto Hcy. A sobrecarga de metionina igualou (pelos valores de delta) os grupos para Met, Hcy, Tau e Gln. As suplementações de NAC e Gln levaram o grupo HIV+ a concentrações maiores de GSH (NAC > Gln), atuando diferentemente em seus precursores: G/y (Gln > NAC) e Cys (NAC > Gln) e resultando em consumo similar de Ser e produção de Tau. Ambas as dietas reduziram GSSG/GSH (NAC > Gln) e apenas NAC aumentou (6 x) a Hcy. Esta última foi piorada pela sobrecarga de Mel. Assim, HIV+ resulta em deficiências múltiplas de vitaminas e aminoácidos levando a menores níveis de GSH e GSSG/GSH mais elevada. Os principais problemas de menor formação de Cys e menor incorporação de Cys em GSH foram resolvidos dando-se Met, NAC e Gln aos pacientes, ainda permanecendo a desvantagem do aumento da Hcy com Met ou suplementação de NAC. / BACKGROUNO: Methionine (Met), cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and, taurine (Tau) are the 4 sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), but only Met and Cys are incorporated into proteins. The 3 major products of SAA, glutathione (GSH), Hcy and Tau influence, mainly, inflammatory and of immune responses. Tau and GSH ameliorate inflammation whereas Hcy has the opposite effect. HIV+ patients present low levelis of GSH and other antioxidants nutrients, showing a direct relationship between Cys (and GSH) with CD4+/ cells. How changes in SAA intake influence this phenomenon is unknown and the relationships among Hcy, inflammatory diseases, and in vitro alterations in immune cell behavior create a cautionary note about supplementation of diets with SAA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate SAA pathways in HIV+ patients on fast and Met-overload (Met-DL) states after taken diet habitual without (HD) or with supplements of Cys (NAC) or glutamine (Gln). METHOOS: 12 HIV+ (6M and 6F, 25-36 yrs old) patients under HAART without secondary infections and 20 healthy (10M and 10F, 23-28 yrs old) controls were randomly assigned to either NAC (N-acetylcysteine, 1g/d) or Gln (20g/d) diets, in a 7-day diet crossover design, separated by a 7-day washout (with HD) period. Blood samples were drawn after overnight fast before (MO) and after each dietary treatments (M1) for the resting measurements. Immediately after blood sampling ali subjects started the Met-DL by ingesting at once 100 mg Met/kg BW and having the blood draw after 2 and 4 hours for the area under the curve (AUC) determination. At MO both groups were assessed for anthropometry (BMI, kg/m2), glomerular (plasma urea and creatinina) and hepatocellular (plasma γGT activity) funetions, nutritional (albumin, calcium, folic acid and vitamin B12) and antioxidant (uric acid, GSH, GSSG, Hey) states, glucose, lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol fractions) and SAA, serine (Ser), glyeine (Gly), glutamate (Glu) and Gln. The HIV+ group was characterized also by viral load, CD4+ and CD8+ counts. The statistical comparisons between groups and among diets showed group homogeneity for 8MI, albumin, calcium, vitamin B12, Hey, HDL-cholesterol, urea and creatinine. The patients presented higher values of glucose, triglycerides, γ-GT, LDL-cholesterol, and GSSG along with lower concentrations of uric acid, GSH and all but Hcy amino acids. The Met-OL equalized (Δ values) the groups for Met, Hcy, Tau and Gln. NAC and Gln diets led the HIV+ group to a higher concentrations of GSH (NAC > Gln) by acting differently on its precursors: Gly (Gln > NAC) and Cys (NAC > Gln), resulting similar consumption of Ser and production of Tau. Both diets reduced GSSG/GSH (NAC > Gln) and only NAC increased (6 x) Hey. The later was worsened by Met-OL. Thus HIV+ results in multiple deficiencies of vitamins and amino acids leading to lower levels of GSH and higher GSSG/GSH ration. The main problems of lower formation of Cys and low ineorporation of Cys and Gly into GSH were greatly solved by giving Met, NAC and Gln to the patients, hence remaining the drawback of increasing Hcy with Met or NAC supplements.

INTRODUÇÃO: Metionina (Met), cisteína (Cys), homocisteína (Hcy) e taurina (Tau) são os quatro aminoácidos sulfurados (AAS), mas apenas a Met e Cys são incorporadas em proteínas. Os três principais produtos doS AAS, glutationa, (GSH), Hcy e Tau influenciam, principalmente, as respostas inflamatória e imune. A Tau e GSH diminuem a inflamação, enquanto que a Hcy apresenta efeito oposto. Os pacientes HIV+ apresentam baixos níveis de GSH e outros nutrientes antioxidantes, mostrando relação direta entre Cys (e GSH) com células CD4+. Não se conhece o mecanismo pelo qual as mudanças na ingestão dos AAS influenciam este fenômeno. Paralelamente, as relações entre Hcy, doenças inflamatórias e alterações in vitro no comportamento das células imunes levantou ressalvas sobre a suplementação de dietas com AAS. OBJETIVOS : investigar as vias dos AAS em pacientes HIV+ nas condições de jejum e pós-sobrecarga de Met frente à dieta habitual (OH) isolada ou acompanhada da suplementação de Cys (NAC) ou glutamina (Gln). MÉTODOS : 12 pacientes HIV+ (6 M e 6 F, de 25 a 36 anos), sob tratamento anti-retroviral pelo esquema tríplice, sem infecções secundárias e 20 controles saudáveis (10M e 10F, 23-28 anos) foram randomicamente distribuídos para suplementação com NAC (N-acetilcisteína, 1g/d) ou Gln (20 g/d) em estudo cruzado com 7 dias de dieta separados por uma semana de washout (Wo com DH). Amostras de sangue após jejum noturno de 10 a 12 horas foram coletadas antes (MO) e após (M1) cada regime dietético. A seguir, os indivíduos ingeriram metionina (100 mg/kg), com coletas de sangue após 2 e 4 horas para a determinação da área abaixo da curva (AAC). No MO, ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto à antropometria (IMC, kg/m2), funções glomerular (uréia, creatinina) e hepatocelular (γ-GT), estados nutricional (albumina, cálcio, ácido fólico e vitamina 812) e antioxidante (ácido úrico, GSH, GSSG, Hcy), glicose, lipídios (triacilgliceróis e frações de colesterol) e AAS, serina (Ser), glicina (Gly), glutamato (Glu) e Gln. O grupo HIV também foi caracterizado pela carga viral e contagem de CD4+ e CD8+. As comparações estatísticas entre os grupos e entre as dietas mostraram homogeneidade para IMC, albumina, cálcio, vitamina 812, Hcy, HDL-colesterol, uréia e creatinina. Os pacientes apresentaram valores maiores de glicose, triacilgliceróis, γ-GT, LDL-colesterol e GSSG paralelalemente às menores concentrações de ácido úrico, GSH e todos os AAS, exceto Hcy. A sobrecarga de metionina igualou (pelos valores de delta) os grupos para Met, Hcy, Tau e Gln. As suplementações de NAC e Gln levaram o grupo HIV+ a concentrações maiores de GSH (NAC > Gln), atuando diferentemente em seus precursores: G/y (Gln > NAC) e Cys (NAC > Gln) e resultando em consumo similar de Ser e produção de Tau. Ambas as dietas reduziram GSSG/GSH (NAC > Gln) e apenas NAC aumentou (6 x) a Hcy. Esta última foi piorada pela sobrecarga de Mel. Assim, HIV+ resulta em deficiências múltiplas de vitaminas e aminoácidos levando a menores níveis de GSH e GSSG/GSH mais elevada. Os principais problemas de menor formação de Cys e menor incorporação de Cys em GSH foram resolvidos dando-se Met, NAC e Gln aos pacientes, ainda permanecendo a desvantagem do aumento da Hcy com Met ou suplementação de NAC. / BACKGROUNO: Methionine (Met), cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and, taurine (Tau) are the 4 sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), but only Met and Cys are incorporated into proteins. The 3 major products of SAA, glutathione (GSH), Hcy and Tau influence, mainly, inflammatory and of immune responses. Tau and GSH ameliorate inflammation whereas Hcy has the opposite effect. HIV+ patients present low levelis of GSH and other antioxidants nutrients, showing a direct relationship between Cys (and GSH) with CD4+/ cells. How changes in SAA intake influence this phenomenon is unknown and the relationships among Hcy, inflammatory diseases, and in vitro alterations in immune cell behavior create a cautionary note about supplementation of diets with SAA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate SAA pathways in HIV+ patients on fast and Met-overload (Met-DL) states after taken diet habitual without (HD) or with supplements of Cys (NAC) or glutamine (Gln). METHOOS: 12 HIV+ (6M and 6F, 25-36 yrs old) patients under HAART without secondary infections and 20 healthy (10M and 10F, 23-28 yrs old) controls were randomly assigned to either NAC (N-acetylcysteine, 1g/d) or Gln (20g/d) diets, in a 7-day diet crossover design, separated by a 7-day washout (with HD) period. Blood samples were drawn after overnight fast before (MO) and after each dietary treatments (M1) for the resting measurements. Immediately after blood sampling ali subjects started the Met-DL by ingesting at once 100 mg Met/kg BW and having the blood draw after 2 and 4 hours for the area under the curve (AUC) determination. At MO both groups were assessed for anthropometry (BMI, kg/m2), glomerular (plasma urea and creatinina) and hepatocellular (plasma γGT activity) funetions, nutritional (albumin, calcium, folic acid and vitamin B12) and antioxidant (uric acid, GSH, GSSG, Hey) states, glucose, lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol fractions) and SAA, serine (Ser), glyeine (Gly), glutamate (Glu) and Gln. The HIV+ group was characterized also by viral load, CD4+ and CD8+ counts. The statistical comparisons between groups and among diets showed group homogeneity for 8MI, albumin, calcium, vitamin B12, Hey, HDL-cholesterol, urea and creatinine. The patients presented higher values of glucose, triglycerides, γ-GT, LDL-cholesterol, and GSSG along with lower concentrations of uric acid, GSH and all but Hcy amino acids. The Met-OL equalized (Δ values) the groups for Met, Hcy, Tau and Gln. NAC and Gln diets led the HIV+ group to a higher concentrations of GSH (NAC > Gln) by acting differently on its precursors: Gly (Gln > NAC) and Cys (NAC > Gln), resulting similar consumption of Ser and production of Tau. Both diets reduced GSSG/GSH (NAC > Gln) and only NAC increased (6 x) Hey. The later was worsened by Met-OL. Thus HIV+ results in multiple deficiencies of vitamins and amino acids leading to lower levels of GSH and higher GSSG/GSH ration. The main problems of lower formation of Cys and low ineorporation of Cys and Gly into GSH were greatly solved by giving Met, NAC and Gln to the patients, hence remaining the drawback of increasing Hcy with Met or NAC supplements.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / K C Olson / The objective of this series of studies was to examine select factors that affect behavior of beef cattle grazing native-tallgrass rangelands. Mineral supplements with divergent palatability characteristics were delivered to beef cows grazing native tallgrass range during various seasons of the year in order to measure mineral intake, frequency of supplement use, and duration of supplement use. We concluded that molasses-based mineral supplements influenced the activities of grazing cows more strongly than salt-based mineral supplements. These influences extended to the amount of supplement consumed as well as to the frequency, duration, and timing of use. Diet selection preferences of experienced, multiparous beef cows and naïve, primiparous beef cows grazing dormant, native tallgrass pastures were examined also during a short-term winter grazing bout. Naïve, primiparous cows selected more forbs and fewer grasses than experienced, multiparous cows. Previous research indicated that preference for broadleaf plants generally increased with grazing experience; however, these conclusions were based on research with greater-quality forages than those evaluated in our study. The differences in diet selection patterns between experienced, multiparous cows and naïve, primiparous cows during a short-term winter grazing period could be indicative of differences in long-term foraging strategies. In addition, the botanical composition of diets grazed by lactating beef cows with suckling calves and non-pregnant, non-lactating beef cows grazing either burned or unburned native tallgrass prairie during summer were evaluated. There were no differences in botanical diet composition between lactating cows suckling calves and non-lactating cows. In contrast, total graminoid selection was greater on burned (74.2%) than unburned pastures (71.8%) and total forb selection was greater on unburned (28.2%) than burned pastures (25.8%). We interpreted these data to suggest that forage selection preferences of beef cows can be altered with spring burning of native tallgrass pastures. Effects of large, round hay bale feeding method on intake of smooth bromegrass hay and eating behavior by beef cows were examined on dormant tallgrass prairie pastures during winter. Three large, round hay bale-feeding systems were evaluated: bales fed in a ring feeder, bales unrolled on the ground, and bales chopped with a flail-type hay processor (20-cm particle length) and deposited on the ground. Hay intake, hay refusal, frequency of use, and duration of use were not influenced by hay-feeding method. Foraging behaviors of beef cows in our studies were influenced by supplement type, cow age, and prescribed burning of rangeland. Conversely, foraging behaviors of beef cows were not influenced by lactation or by hay-feeding method.

Nous avons mis au point un fermenteur continu multi-étagé (MSCF) dans le but de reproduire les conditions de la fermentation alcoolique en conditions œnologiques. Ce bioréacteur permet de maintenir les levures dans un milieu stable et contrôlé tout en découplant la croissance et la phase stationnaire. Le système offre donc la possibilité d'obtenir des levures non croissantes dans un milieu de composition stable. Dans un premier temps, nous avons validé la pertinence du MSCF pour reproduire les conditions de fermentation du batch, par approche intégrée (des paramètres cinétiques, des métabolites intra et exo cellulaire et de l'expression génique). Nous avons ensuite utilisé ce bioréacteur pour étudier les mécanismes d'adaptation métabolique des microorganismes suite à un ajout d'azote, pratique largement répandue en œnologie. Plusieurs résultats originaux ont été obtenus concernant, notamment, la réorganisation du cycle TCA, le transport des sources azotées et la synthèse des alcools supérieurs et esters. La fiabilité de l'outil mis au point et l'originalité des données obtenues ouvrent des perspectives à l'utilisation du MSCF pour la compréhension du métabolisme et des mécanismes d'adaptation des levures. / We set up a multi-stage continuous fermentor (MSCF) to mimic the conditions of alcoholic fermentation. In this bioreactor, the yeasts are in a steady and well controlled state representative of the growth and stationary phases of the batch. The ability of the MSCF to reproduce batch fermentation was assessed using an integrated approach (measurement of kinetic parameters, intra and exo-cellular metabolites and gene expression). We then used the MSCF to study the impact of nitrogen supplementation performed during the stationary phase, on yeasts metabolism. Several original results were obtained, concerning the TCA cycle, the transport of nitrogenous sources and the synthesis of higher alcohols and esters. This work points out the interest of using the MSCF to assess the effect of medium perturbations during alcoholic fermentation, especially during the stationary phase. More generally, the accuracy of the MSCF and the originality of the data obtained open new prospects for a better understanding of yeasts metabolism and regulation mechanisms.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’élaboration d’espaces numériques d’interaction tactile, en tant qu’ils sont rendus possibles par la connexion en réseau d’un dispositif de suppléance perceptive. Dans ce contexte, nous avons articulé une recherche appliquée, centrée sur les analyses d’usage du dispositif dans des contextes écologiques, à une recherche fondamentale, dirigée par les questions théoriques soulevées par les usages eux-mêmes.Pour cela, la méthodologie minimaliste nous offre une occasion originale d’étudier la constitution même des rencontres interpersonnelles, à travers un espace de couplage sensorimoteur inédit. Nos résultats généraux suggèrent que le processus de l’interaction est une dynamique relationnelle autonome qui émerge de l’engagement mutuel des participants. Dans une approche énactive et interactionniste de la cognition sociale, il s’agit alors de considérer que le croisement perceptif entre deux sujets, même réduit à son expression la plus simple, consiste en la rencontre de deux activités perceptives construisant du sens. Dans le contexte de rencontres strictement dyadiques, nous tentons de caractériser cette dynamique, de façon à en isoler les éléments constitutifs. Nous montrons alors que la coordination interpersonnelle résulte d’un processus actif de co-ajustements dynamiques qui se joue autant à un niveau microscopique (qualité de l’accroche perceptive) qu’à un niveau macroscopique (organisation de séquences d’interaction). Dans le contexte de l’exploration mutuelle d’un contenu numérique, nous montrons que cette dynamique d’interaction permet aux participants de faire sens de leurs engagements respectifs en fonction des objets présents. La coordination des activités perceptives se présente alors comme le support de la co-constitution d’un monde partagé de significations, à travers une compréhension interpersonnelle ancrée dans un contexte pragmatique. En outre, l’articulation des expérimentations et des analyses d’usage écologiques nous a conduits à proposer des spécifications techniques et fonctionnelles pour les espaces numériques partagés, de façon à proposer un dispositif pertinent pour les utilisateurs déficients visuels. / Our research is part of the design of tactile interaction digital spaces, as they are made possible by a network connection between perceptual supplementation devices. Within this framework, we articulated an applied research, focused on the analysis of use of the device in ecological contexts, with a fundamental one, led by theoretical issues raised by the usage itself. In this respect, minimalist methodology gives us an opportunity to study the very constitution of interpersonal encounters, through a new space of sensorimotor coupling for users.Our overall results suggest that interaction process is an autonomous relational dynamics that emerges from the mutual engagement of participants. Within an enactive and interactionist approach of social cognition, we consider that this perceptual crossing, even when reduced to its simplest expression, involves the meeting of two perceptual activities which inherently produce sense. In the context of strictly dyadic encounters, we try to characterize this dynamic, so as to isolate its fundamental features. We show that interpersonal coordination results from an active process of dynamic co-adjustments that unfolds both on a microscopic level (quality of the perceptual coupling) and on a macroscopic level (organization of interaction sequences). In the case of mutual exploration of digital content, we show that this dynamic interaction allows participants to make sense of their respective engagement relatively to the present objects. The coordination of perceptual activities is then presented as a support for the co-constitution of a shared world of meanings, from an interpersonal understanding rooted in a pragmatic context.In addition, these experiments, coupled to ecological usage analysis, have led us to propose technical and functional specifications for shared digital spaces, so as to provide a relevant device for visually impaired users.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de lipídio protegido na recria em pastagens e na terminação em confinamento sobre o desempenho produtivo de tourinhos Angus x Nelore. Foram utilizados 108 tourinhos, com 14 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 260 kg, durante seis meses em pastejo rotacionado, distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos: suplementação mineral, suplementação protéica-energética a 0,3% do peso vivo sem lipídio protegido e suplementação protéica-energética a 0,3% do PV com lipídio protegido. Ao final dos seis meses em pastejo os animais com média de 20 meses e 480 kg, iniciaram no confinamento e foram alocados em 12 baias, sendo que em seis baias os animais receberam dieta contendo lipídio protegido, e nas outras seis receberam dieta sem lipídio protegido e à medida que atingiram 545 kg de peso vivo foram abatidos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, num fatorial 3x2, três diferentes estratégias de suplementação em pastagens e duas dietas em confinamento, com 18 repetições/tratamento. Não houve interação entre a inclusão ou não de lipídio protegido na dieta em pastagens e em confinamento para as variáveis consumo, desempenho e características de carcaça. Nas condições da presente pesquisa a suplementação protéica energética com ou sem adição de lipídio protegido na fase de recria em pastagem reduz a perda por resfriamento nas carcaças por proporcionar acabamento mais uniforme nas carcaças, mais evidente nos animais que não receberam lipídio protegido / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation with protected lipid during rearing in pastures and during termination in confinement on the productive performance of young Angus x Nellore bulls. 108 young bulls with age of 14 months and initial average weight of 260 Kg were used during 6 months in rotational pasture, randomly arranged into three treatments: mineral supplementation, protein-energy supplementation with 0.3% of live weight without protected lipid and protein-energy supplementation with 0.3% of live weight with protected lipid. After 6 months in pasture, animals with average of 20 months old and 480 Kg were introduced to confinement and distributed in 12 pens, being that animals from 6 pens received diet containing protected lipid and the animals from the remaining 6 pens received diet without protected lipid and were slaughtered as they reached 545 Kg of live weight. The experimental design was totally randomized in 3x2 factorial scheme, three different supplementation strategies in pastures and two diets in confinement, with 18 repetitions/treatment. There was not interaction between the inclusion or not of protected lipid in the diet in pastures and in confinement for consumption, performance and carcass characteristics variables. Under the conditions of the present study, losses by cooling decrease with protein-energy supplementation in rearing in pasture because it provides finishing more uniform on the carcasses, more evident in animals that did not receive protected fat / Orientador: Roberto Oliveira Roça / Coorientador: Marcelo Henrique de Faria / Banca: Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves / Banca: Paulo Roberto Leme / Banca:Guilherme Fernando Alleoni / Banca: Flavio Dutra de Resende / Doutor

A caprinocultura leiteira é uma atividade que contribui para a melhoria da geração de renda e emprego, em várias localidades do Nordeste do Brasil. O uso de pasto cultivado pode reduzir o efeito da estacionalidade e tornar sustentável a produção de leite de cabra utilizando pastagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de tipos de manejo sobre o potencial de produção de leite de cabra em pasto de capim-tanzânia. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos no Ceará (3°40´58.42 latitude sul; 40°1650.5 longitude e 79m de altitude). Foram utilizadas 65 cabras Anglo Nubianas, mantidas em pasto de capim-tanzânia manejado sob lotação rotativa, com taxa de lotação variável. Os manejos foram combinações entre alturas residuais do pasto (Altr) e doses de nitrogênio (N). Os manejos foram: intensivo (Altr=32,7 cm e 600 kg de N/ha ano-1); moderado (Altr=47,2 cm e 300 kg N/ha ano-1), leve (Altr=47,3 cm sem N) e extensivo (Altr=32,1 cm sem N). Foram avaliadas características na planta, no animal e no solo. As variáveis analisadas foram: o fluxo de biomassa através da morfogênese e as características estruturais do pasto, comportamento animal, o peso e o escore de condição corporal, produção de leite, as perdas de água e sedimentos e a densidade do solo. As eficiências de uso de nitrogênio (EUN), de água (EUA) e concentrado foram quantificadas. Uma análise econômica foi realizada para determinar a viabilidade econômica dos manejos. O moderado apresentou produtividade de 10.806 kg de leite por ha ano-1 e apresentou maior ERUN (1 kg N produziu 120 kg MS) e do concentrado (0,65kg concentrado por kg de leite). Apesar da densidade do solo ter sido 1,55 g/cm3, apresentou baixa perda de sedimento (72 kg/ha ano-1) e água (0,9%) por erosão. Apesar dos bons índices técnicos o manejo foi economicamente inviável. O manejo leve, também apresentou bons indicadores técnicos, no entanto, a produção de 7.032 kg/ha ano-1 deu prejuízo. O uso de animais mais produtivos e criação de linhas diferenciadas de crédito para investimento e subsídio são opções para estimular produtores a fazer uso destes tipos de manejo. Maiores produtividades (19.442 kg leite/ha ano-1) foram registradas no manejo intensivo, que foi o único que apresentou viabilidade econômica. Apesar da maior EUA (2 kg leite/mm de água), sua dependência de insumos externos (600 kg N/ha ano-1 e 0,89 kg/kg de leite) aumenta o risco de alterações de mercado no preço de insumos o que pode tornar inviável o uso intensivo. O extensivo foi o pior desempenho (1kg concentrado/kg de leite), registrou-se perda no vigor das plantas, queda na densidade de perfilhos ao longo do ano (de 200 para 150 perfilhos/m2) e maior perda dágua por escorrimento superficial (3%) sendo o único dos manejos não indicado. Sistemas de produção sustentáveis de leite de cabra em pastagem cultivada usando os manejos moderado, leve ou intensivo dependem do desenvolvimento de métodos mais eficientes de controle de verminose. Políticas públicas incluindo linhas de crédito e subsídios são necessários para produzir leite de cabra em pastagem cultivada. / The goat milk production is an activity that contributes to improve income generation and employment in several locations in northeast of Brazil (3°40´58.42 latitude south; 40°1650.5 longitude and 79m of elevation). The use of cultivated pasture can reduce the effect of seasonality making the dairy goat production more sustainable using pasture. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of types of management on the potential production of dairy goats in Tanzania grass pasture. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Goats and Sheep in Ceará. Anglo Nubian goats (65) were kept in Guineagrass pasture managed under rotational stocking with variable stocking rate. The managements were combinations of pasture residual heights (Altr) and nitrogen doses (N). The managements were: intensive (ALTr = 32.7 cm and 600 kg N / ha year-1), moderate (ALTr = 47.2 cm and 300 kg N / ha year-1), light (ALTr = 47.3 without N cm) and extensive (ALTr = 32.1 cm without N). Plant, animal and soil characteristics were evaluated. The variables analyzed were: the flow of biomass through the morphogenetics and structural characteristics of the pasture, animal behavior, weight and body condition score, milk production, losses of water and sediment and soil density. Nitrogen (UEN), Water (WUE) and concentrate use efficiency were quantified. An economic analysis was performed to determine the economic viability of each management. Moderate treatment productivity was 10,806 kg of milk per ha year-1 and UEN (1 kg of N produced 120 kg of DM) and concentrate use efficiency (0.65 kg concentrate per kg of milk) were higher. Although soil density was 1.55 g/cm3, this treatment showed losses of sediment (72 kg / ha year-1) and water (0.9%) by erosion. Despite the good technical indexes moderate one was not economically different sustainable. Light management, as the moderate one, had good technical indicators, however, the production of 7032 kg / ha year-1 determined a negative economically viable treatment. The use of more productive animals and the possibility to create differentiated lines of credit for investment and subsidies are alternatives to encourage producers to use this kind of management. The highest yield (19,442 kg milk / ha year-1) was observed in the intensive management, which was the only economically viable treatment. Despite the higher WUE (2 kg milk/mm of water), its dependence on external inputs (600 kg N/ha year-1 and 0.89 kg/kg of milk) increases the risk of changes in market prices of inputs making the intensive system risky. Extensive management had the worst performance (1kg concentrate/kg of milk), there was loss in plant vigor, decrease in tiller density throughout the year (from 200 to 150 tillers/m2) and greater water loss by leaching (3%) and is not recommended. Sustainable goat milk production systems using moderate, light or intensive pasture management depends on the development of more efficient methods of worms control. Public policies including lines of credit and subsidies are necessary to goats milk production on cultivated pastures in Northeast area of Brazil.

No presente trabalho foram estudados a necessidade de suplementação nutricional do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz para bioconversão a etanol pela levedura Pichia stipitis, e os efeitos da agitação e da razão Vfrasco/Vmeio, em frascos agitados, sobre os parâmetros fermentativos deste processo. Os estudos da suplementação do hidrolisado para produção de etanol por bioconversão pela levedura Pichia stipitis avaliou a adição dos nutrientes: uréia ( 0 a 2,3 g/L) MgSO4.7H2O (0 a 1,0 g/L) e extrato de levedura (0 a 3,0 g/L). Este estudo mostrou que apenas a adição 3 g/L de extrato de levedura foi necessária para que o processo alcançasse bons resultados de conversão (YP/S = 0,29 g/g) e produtividade em etanol (QP = 0,24 g/L.h) não necessitando portanto da adição dos demais nutrientes. Comparado com o meio suplementado com todos os nutrientes, a suplementação com apenas 3 g/L de extrato de levedura, levou a um aumento de 14% na produtividade do processo. A avaliação da oxigenação em frascos agitados mostrou que a aeração foi um fator capaz de influenciar fortemente os parâmetros de fermentação (YP/S e QP). A condição de maior aeração favoreceu a produção de células e a condição de menor aeração favoreceu a conversão em etanol, porém com baixa produtividade, sendo a produtividade em etanol favorecida por condições intermediárias de aeração, correspondente a agitação de 200 rpm e a razão Vfrasco/Vmeio de 2,5, onde foram alcançadas conversão em produto (YP/S) e produtividade em etanol (QP) de 0,36 g/g e 0,39 g/L.h, respectivamente, o que representa um aumento de cerca de 63% a produtividade e 24% a conversão em etanol, quando comparado com as condições de aeração utilizadas anteriormente. A cinética de fermentação de Pichia stipitis no hidrolisado empregando as condições de suplementação nutricional e aeração otimizadas mostrou que a máxima concentração de etanol alcançada para o hidrolisado suplementado foi cerca de 23,6 g/L após 48 horas, consumindo neste tempo 86 % dos açúcares presentes no meio. Comportamento semelhante foi observado para o meio sintético, onde, no mesmo tempo, a máxima concentração de etanol foi de 24,4 g/L, porém com completo consumo dos açúcares. / The present work studied the necessity of nutritional supplementation of rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate for ethanol bioconversion by Pichia stipitis, and the aeration (effects of agitation and Vflask/Vmedium ratio) in agitated flasks, on the fermentative parameters of the process. The studies on the hydrolysate supplementation for ethanol production by Pichia stipitis yeast bioconversion evaluated the nutrients addition: urea (0 to 2.3 g/L), MgSO47H2O (0 to 10 g/L) and yeast extract (0 to 3.0 g/L). This study showed that only the addition of 3g/L yeast extract was enough to obtain good results for ethanol conversion (YP/S = 0.29 g/g) and productivity (QP = 0.24 g/L.h). By comparing to the medium supplemented with all the nutrients, the supplementation with only 3 g/L yeast extract increased 14% the process productivity. The evaluation of the oxygenation in agitated flasks showed that the aeration highly influenced the fermentative parameters (YP/S and QP). The condition of higher aeration favored the cells production and the condition of lower aeration favored the ethanol conversion, but with low productivity. The ethanol productivity was favored by intermediary conditions of aeration, correspondent to 200 rpm agitation and 2.5 Vflask/Vmedium ratio, thus obtaining 0.36 g/g product conversion (YP/S) and 0.39 g/L.h ethanol productivity (QP). This means an increase of approximately 63% productivity and 24% ethanol conversion, when compared to the aeration conditions previously used. The kinetics of Pichia stipitis fermentation in the hydrolysate using the optimized conditions of nutritional supplementation and aeration rate showed that the maximum ethanol concentration for the supplemented hydrolysate was about 23.6 g/L after 48h, consuming 86% sugars present in the medium. Similar behavior was observed for the synthetic medium where, with the same time, the maximum ethanol concentration was 24.4 g/L, but with the complete sugars consumption.

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar o efeito de teores crescentes de proteína no concentrado de vacas leiteiras no terço inicial da lactação mantidas em pastagens de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum), manejadas com altas taxas de lotação durante o período chuvoso, sobre as seguintes variáveis: 1) produção e composição de leite; 2) peso vivo e condição corporal dos animais; 3) consumo de matéria seca; 4) parâmetros sanguíneos; 5) parâmetros ruminais; 6) composição bromatológica e morfológica da pastagem; e 7) comportamento animal. Buscou-se também a caracterização da PB do capim e a adequação proteica da dieta, visando otimizar a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas 30 vacas (HPB × Jersey) distribuídas em 10 grupos homogêneos, cada um compondo um quadrado latino 3x3, de acordo com a composição racial, dias em lactação e produção de leite e receberam suplemento concentrado com três níveis de PB durante períodos de 21 dias. Os concentrados continham milho moído fino, minerais, vitaminas e os três níveis de proteína (T1: 7,8; T2: 15,4; T3: 20,5% PB) foram obtidos substituindo-se parte do milho por farelo de soja. O capim elefante foi adubado com 50 kg N ha-1 por pastejo e apresentou teor médio de PB de 15,5%. As produções de leite e de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura, os teores e produções de gordura, proteína e caseína no leite, o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos teores de PB dos concentrados. A concentração de nitrogênio ureico no leite aumentou linearmente (P<0,01) com o aumento dos teores de PB dos concentrados. A excreção de N pela urina foi maior (P<0,01) para os animais recebendo os concentrados contendo farelo de soja (T2 e T3) em relação àqueles consumindo o concentrado contendo apenas milho (T1). Além disso, a concentração de N amoniacal no rúmen foi menor (P<0,05) para estes últimos animais, que apresentaram, ainda, perda de peso durante o período experimental. A excreção total de N no ambiente acompanhou o comportamento do teor de PB dos concentrados. O fornecimento de farelo de soja no concentrado de vacas em terço inicial de lactação, mantidas em pastagens tropicais manejadas intensivamente, não resulta em benefício produtivo, mas favorece a acréscimo do peso corporal dos animais. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of protein in the concentrate for early lactation cows maintained in an elephant grass pasture (Pennisetum purpureum), which was managed under high stocking rate during the raining season. The following variables were evaluated: 1) milk yield and composition; 2) body weight and condition score; 3) dry matter intake; 4) blood parameters; 5) rumen parameters; 6) chemical and morphological composition of the pasture; and 7) animal behavior. Protein fractionation of the pasture, and diet protein balancing were also studied as a way to improve efficiency of nitrogen use. Thirty Holstein × Jersey cows, distributed in 10 homogenous groups according to breed composition, days on lactation, and milk production, were used. In each group a 3×3 Latin square experiment was designed. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of crude protein in the concentrate supplement (T1: 7.8; T2: 15.4; T3: 20.5% CP). Concentrates were composed of finely ground corn, and mineral and vitamin mixture. Protein levels were obtained by adding soybean meal. Elephant grass pasture was fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 after every grazing period, and presented 15.5% CP in average. Milk yield, fat corrected milk (3.5% fat), milk fat (g day-1 and %), milk protein (g day-1 and %), milk casein (g day-1 and %), and dry matter intake were not affected (P>0.05) by the supplement protein level. Concentration of ureic nitrogen in the milk increased linearly (P<0.01) as protein supplementation was increased. Nitrogen excretion in the urine was higher (P<0.01) for cows receiving the concentrates with soybean meal (T2 and T3), in comparison with those fed supplements containing just corn (T1). Moreover, these later had lower N-NH3 concentration in the rumen (P<0.05), and a negative body weight gain. Total N excretion to the environment follows the increasing in the protein level supplementation. Feeding soybean meal to early lactation cows, maintained in an intensively managed tropical pasture, does not result in productive benefits; however, it promotes an increasing in body weight of the animals.