Food fortification and nutrient supplementation are important strategies to address micronutrient deficiencies. Mandatory folic acid fortification was implemented in Canada and the U.S. in 1998 to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTD). However, the actual amount of folic acid added to foods has not been reported in Canada. We analyzed 95 fortified foods and found that there is 50% more folate in foods than that reported in food composition tables, which are primarily based on minimum mandated fortification levels. We then determined if these observed folate overages impacted the prevalence of dietary folate inadequacy or intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Using data from the 2004 nationally-representative Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2.2 (n = 35,107), adjusted for folate overages, we found a low prevalence of folate inadequacy in Canada post-fortification. However, few women 14-50y consumed 400µg/d of synthetic folic acid, an amount associated with maximal protection against an NTD. Conversely, we also showed that use of folic acid-containing supplements led to intakes >UL in the general population. To develop a tool that would help clinicians identify women with red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations that were not maximally protective against an NTD (<906nmol/L), we used data from the nationally-representative U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 to define risk factors of RBC folate <906nmol/L. We found that 35% of American women 19-45y had RBC folate <906nmol/L. Younger age, low dietary folate intake, not consuming supplemental folic acid, smoking, and being African-American were associated with increased risk of RBC folate <906nmol/L. Given our observations of a low prevalence of folate inadequacy and folic acid supplement use leading to intakes >UL, we used CCHS 2.2 data to compare the diets of supplement users and non-users in terms of inadequacy and intakes >UL for other nutrients. We showed that the prevalence of inadequacy was low for most nutrients, and from diet alone, supplement users were not at increased risk of inadequacy compared to non-users. Furthermore, inclusion of supplements led to intakes >UL above 10% for vitamins A, C, niacin, folic acid, and iron, zinc and magnesium.

Food fortification and nutrient supplementation are important strategies to address micronutrient deficiencies. Mandatory folic acid fortification was implemented in Canada and the U.S. in 1998 to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTD). However, the actual amount of folic acid added to foods has not been reported in Canada. We analyzed 95 fortified foods and found that there is 50% more folate in foods than that reported in food composition tables, which are primarily based on minimum mandated fortification levels. We then determined if these observed folate overages impacted the prevalence of dietary folate inadequacy or intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Using data from the 2004 nationally-representative Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2.2 (n = 35,107), adjusted for folate overages, we found a low prevalence of folate inadequacy in Canada post-fortification. However, few women 14-50y consumed 400µg/d of synthetic folic acid, an amount associated with maximal protection against an NTD. Conversely, we also showed that use of folic acid-containing supplements led to intakes >UL in the general population. To develop a tool that would help clinicians identify women with red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations that were not maximally protective against an NTD (<906nmol/L), we used data from the nationally-representative U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 to define risk factors of RBC folate <906nmol/L. We found that 35% of American women 19-45y had RBC folate <906nmol/L. Younger age, low dietary folate intake, not consuming supplemental folic acid, smoking, and being African-American were associated with increased risk of RBC folate <906nmol/L. Given our observations of a low prevalence of folate inadequacy and folic acid supplement use leading to intakes >UL, we used CCHS 2.2 data to compare the diets of supplement users and non-users in terms of inadequacy and intakes >UL for other nutrients. We showed that the prevalence of inadequacy was low for most nutrients, and from diet alone, supplement users were not at increased risk of inadequacy compared to non-users. Furthermore, inclusion of supplements led to intakes >UL above 10% for vitamins A, C, niacin, folic acid, and iron, zinc and magnesium.

To examine the effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on the rate of fatigue as measured by changes in peak torque. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study, 35 recreationally active subjects consumed beetroot (BR) juice or black currant juice (PL) 12 and 2.5 hours before the exercise procedure. Peak torque was measured on the BIODEX dynamometer by performing 50, maximal effort, concentric knee extensions at 90°/s. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded before and after exercise. No significant difference between BR and PL in the rate of fatigue measured by change in peak torque. By stage 3, subjects retained 87.6±6.9% of strength with BR and 86.7±6.3% with PL (p= 0.363). Stages 10 was as follows: BR 47.9±12.6 vs. PL 46.9±12.9% (p= 0.419). The rate of work fatigue showed no significant differences. By stage 4, mean percent work fatigue showed 20.6±9% with BR and 21.8±10.1% with PL (p= 0.224). Stage 10 was as follows: BR 52.5±12.6% vs. PL 53.2±13% (p= 0.571). Post-exercise diastolic BP (BR: 67.2±9.8 vs. PL: 64.5±7.9mmHg, p= 0.039) and MAP (BR: 91.6±9.3 vs. PL: 88.8±8.2mmHg, p= 0.011) were higher with BR supplementation. Acute bouts of beetroot juice supplementation had no significant effect on knee extensor muscle fatigue measured during isokinetic contractions

Introduction: Creatine is a nitrogen-containing compound that is found in many supplements that claim to increase muscle mass and there is increasing evidence that creatine supplementation can increase muscle mass in older individuals. Purpose: To evaluate the safety of 12-months creatine supplementation and resistance exercise in older adults by monitoring measures of kidney and liver function, complete blood count, and reports of adverse events. Methods: Older adults (n=70, males 50 years of age or older (39), and post-menopausal females (31) who were not performing resistance exercise were recruited for the study and randomized by computer to creatine (32; 18 males, 14 females) or placebo (38; 21 males, 17 females) groups. Other exclusionary criteria were: presence/history or kidney impairments, consumption of creatine supplement/bone altering drugs, and the presence of fragility fractures. Participants were given creatine or placebo (0.1g/kg/day) consumed before and after resistance training on exercise days and with a meal on non-exercise days. The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Blood and urine were collected to assess complete blood cell count, liver function indicators (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Bilirubin), and creatinine clearance (kidney function) at baseline, 4 months, 8 months, and 12 months. A mixed ANOVA was used to determine differences in the kidney and liver measures within and between groups, and chi-square analysis was used to determine if the frequency counts for liver, kidney, and other adverse events were different between groups.

Potential protein supplements to grazing cattle were evaluated in two projects. In the first project, Karanja seedcake samples were prepared and ruminally incubated using the in situ method to measure nutrient disappearance in cattle consuming low-quality forage. Organic matter and CP were fractionated by degradability into A, B, and C fractions. Organic matter fraction A degradability ranged from 59.6 to 89% (P < 0.05) for all the karanja seedcake samples. Fraction A of CP ranged from 61.6 to 96.2% degradability for all the samples (P < 0.05). Karanja seedcake samples were observed to contain highly degradable nutrients and our results indicate karanja seedcake may possibly be utilized in grazing cattle protein supplements, consequently increasing economic sustainability of biofuel production. In the second experiment, four non-protein nitrogen supplements were ruminally infused in steers consuming low-quality forage. Supplements included a 40% CP mineral mix (40MM), 60% CP mineral mix (60MM), 25% CP liquid (25L), or 35% CP liquid (35L). Protein provision stimulated forage OM intake and total OM intake for both liquid supplements. Forage OM intake tended to be greater for the liquid supplements; 25L (P = 0.06) and 35L (P = 0.08), then control. Total OM intake significantly increased (P < 0.01) for both liquid supplements, when compared to the control treatment. Total digestible OM intake was greater (P < 0.01) for 25L (3.4 kg/d) and 35L (3.36 kg/d) than control (2.94 kg/d). Forage and total OM intake were not significantly affected by 40MM or 60MM treatments. Total tract digestions (OM and NDF) were not observed to be significantly different (P ≥ 0.11) between supplements and control. Ruminal ammonia was greater (P < 0.01) for all supplements then control and total ruminal VFA concentrations increased from 84.7 to 98.7 mM for control versus supplemented. Supplementation with liquids had a significant effect on intake. Our results indicate of the four supplements, liquid supplements improved the utilization of low-quality forage by cattle, thus improving nutrient stewardship.

Microbial crude protein (MCP) is the main source of protein supplied to ruminants. Several studies report that the efficiency of MCP production (eMCP) from tropical forages is low due to low rumen degradable protein (RDP) content. The studies reported in this thesis determined the eMCP from tropical forages varying in crude protein (CP) and dry matter digestibility (DMD), examined strategies to increase eMCP and the possible practical methods of application under extensive cattle production systems. This was done through four metabolism experiments, one rate of digestion experiment and a preference test experiment. In Experiment 1, the eMCP of 3 tropical forages (speargrass (Heteropogon contortus), Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp) and pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha)), and temperate ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cultivar aristocrat) was measured. All tropical forages were associated with low eMCP (102 - 110 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM)) due to low CP and RDP content. The RDP content of the tropical forages ranged from 43 - 103 g RDP/kg DOM compared to 214 g RDP/kg DOM in ryegrass. Retention time of Cr-EDTA and Ytterbium in the rumen ranged from 13 - 34 and 29 - 59 h for tropical forages respectively, compared to 10.2 and 13.2 h for ryegrass. In Experiment 2, the rate of digestion of speargrass, Mitchell grass and ryegrass varied when incubated in the rumen of steers consuming speargrass hay (1.8% CP). Addition of a variety of nitrogen supplements; urea-ammonium sulphate (US), US plus branch chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) plus phenylalanine (USAA), casein, cottonseed meal (CSM), yeast and Chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidea) algae to supply approximately 170 g RDP/kg DOM improved the rate of digestion of all three substrates. However, there was no difference in rate of digestion of the three substrates between the different nitrogen supplements. In Experiments 3 and 4, steers fed medium quality pangola grass hay (9.9% CP and 61% DMD) or low quality Mitchell grass hay (4.5% CP and 41% DMD) were supplemented with US, casein and USAA. US was provided at 130, 170, 210 and 250 g RDP/kg DOM. The USAA treatment was provided at a RDP/DOM of 170 with US and then amino acids (USAA) were provided in the same ratio and level as the amino acids in the casein treatment at 130, 170, 250 and 300 g RDP/kg DOM. Increased RDP intake from all supplements increased the rumen ammonia-N concentration for both hays. The molar percentage of branch chain fatty acids (BCFA) increased 3 - 4 fold (6.6% of total VFA) above control with increasing intake of USAA or casein supplements for both hays. However, eMCP did not increase in response to increasing RDP intake from either supplement for both hays. The RDP supplementation also had no effect on intake, rate of digestion and retention time of Cr-EDTA in the rumen. In Experiment 5, steers fed Mitchell grass hay (3.8% CP and 44% DMD) were supplemented with US and Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae. The US was supplied to provide 90, 130, 170 and 210 g RDP/kg DOM and the Spirulina supplied to provide 90, 130, 170 and 290 g RDP/kg DOM. Increased RDP intake from US and Spirulina was associated with linear and quadratic increases in eMCP respectively. The eMCP at the highest level of US (93 g MCP/kg DOM) was below the minimum feeding standards value of 130 g MCP/kg DOM, whilst the highest level of Spirulina reached the higher end of the feeding standards (166 g MCP/kg DOM). Increasing RDP intake resulted in increased hay DM intake and total DOM intake, which were both higher for the Spirulina than the US supplement (24.5 vs.18.5 g DM/kg W/d and 11.9 vs. 7.6 g DOM/kg W/d). The retention time of Cr-EDTA and lignin in the rumen decreased with increasing RDP intake and were both shorter with Spirulina compared with US supplementation (15 vs. 21 h for Cr-EDTA; 45 vs. 56 h for lignin). In addition, Spirulina increased the BCFA concentration to 4.2% of total VFA. In Experiment 6, four different concentrations of Spirulina solution were offered to steers fed restricted amounts (14 g DM/kg W/d) of pangola hay (3.4% CP). Drinking water containing Spirulina was highly preferred and had no deleterious effect on water or hay intake. Steers strongly preferred Spirulina solution to water, when offered both solutions. Approximately 20.5% of imbibed water by-passed the rumen, which was not influenced by the Spirulina concentration in the drinking water. It may be concluded that RDP is the primary factor affecting eMCP. High eMCP was associated with low retention time of water in the rumen and high intake. Once RDP is not limiting eMCP, a source of RDP rich in true protein, nucleic acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, such as Spirulina algae, may be required for cattle fed low quality tropical hay to achieve the maximum eMCP reported in the feeding standards.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pelicia_vc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 573771 bytes, checksum: fd2ce9d0178dd84d00ef53a5abc11196 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação da dieta com aditivos fitogênicos (AFs) e glutamina mais ácido glutâmico (GLn/Glu), associados ou não, como alternativa aos antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidianos (AMD/AC), sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e partes de frangos de corte criados no sistema alternativo de produção. Foram alojados 500 pintos machos em galpão experimental na densidade de 10 aves/m2, conforme recomendação para criação alternativa de frangos de corte, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos: dieta controle (DC); DC + AMD/AC; DC + Gln/Glu; DC + AFs; DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. Foram coletados dados de desempenho nos períodos acumulados de 1 a 7, 1 a 21 e 1 a 42 dias de idade. Os dados de rendimento de carcaça e partes foram obtidos aos 42 dias de idade. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para as variáveis de desempenho nos períodos analisados. O maior rendimento de carcaça (P<0,05) foi observado nos tratamentos DC + Gln/Glu e DC + Gln/Glu + AFs em relação ao DC, não diferindo do tratamento com AMD+AC e AFs que não diferiram entre si. O maior rendimento de peito (P<0,05) foi observado no tratamento DC + Gln/Glu em relação ao tratamento DC e AMD/AC, que não diferiram entre si, não diferindo dos demais tratamentos. Nas condições deste experimento, glutamina mais ácido glutâmico não diferem do controle e antibiótico melhorador de desempenho mais anticoccidiano quando se considera características de desempenho, porém melhoram o rendimento de carcaça e de peito de frangos de corte criados no sistema alternativo de produção / The objective of this work was evaluate the effect the diet supplementation with the phytogenics additives (AFs) and glutamine added glutamic acid (Gln/Glu), in association or not, as an alternative to antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial drugs (AMD/AC), in the performance and carcass and parts yield of the broilers created in the alternative system of production. It was housed 500 male chicks in the experimental aviary, the density was 10 chicks/m2, corresponding the recommendation of alternative breeding of broilers, which was allotted to completely randomized design, with 5 treatments: control diet (DC), DC + AMD/AC; DC + Gln/Glu; DC + AFs; DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. The datas of performance was collected in the accumulated periods of 1 at 7, 1 at 21 and 1 at 42 days of age. The datas of carcass and parts yield was obtained at 42 days of age. Did not have effect of the treatment to the performance on analysed periods. The biggest carcass yield (P<0,05) was observed in the DC + Gln/Glu and DC + Gln/Glu + AFs treatment compared with DC, did not have difference with the AMD/AC and AF which did not differ between. The biggest breast yield (P<0,05) was observed in the DC + Gln/Glu treatment compared to DC and AMD/AC treatments, which did not differ between, did not have differences to others treatments. In the condition of this experiment, glutamine added glutamanic acid do not differ from control and antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial drugs when it is considered that features of performance, but improve the carcass and breast yield of broilers created in alternative system of production

Submitted by LUTTI MANECK DELEVATTI null (gauchovane@bol.com.br) on 2016-05-02T16:09:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Lutti_Maneck_Delevatti.pdf: 934426 bytes, checksum: d04683b10cd57cb991adfbfa1360099c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-04T18:00:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 delevatti_lm_me_jabo.pdf: 934426 bytes, checksum: d04683b10cd57cb991adfbfa1360099c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T18:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 delevatti_lm_me_jabo.pdf: 934426 bytes, checksum: d04683b10cd57cb991adfbfa1360099c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, a digestibilidade da dieta, parâmetros ruminais e síntese de proteína microbiana de novilhos suplementados na fase de recria em pastagens durante o período das águas. Foram utilizados 12 piquetes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, pastejados a 15, 25 e 35 cm por bovinos de corte canulados em fase de recria, em lotação contínua, com taxa de lotação variável. Foram utilizadas as estratégias de suplementação: suplementos múltiplos na quantidade de 0,3% e 0,6% do peso corporal (PC) para os animais dos pastos de 15 cm; 0,1% e 0,3% do PC nos pastos de 25 cm; e mistura mineral e 0,1% do PC nos pastos de 35 cm. Foram mensurados o consumo e digestibilidade da dieta, síntese de proteína microbiana, dinâmica da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e parâmetros ruminais dos animais recriados em cada sistema correspondente às alturas de pastejo associado a suplementação. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi quadrado latino duplo incompleto, com doze animais cânulados no rúmem, seis tratamentos, e quatro períodos experimentais na estação chuvosa. Foram aplicados testes para pressuposições estatísticas sobre os dados obtidos, análise de variância, e teste Fisher’s Protected Least-Significant Difference (LSD) para comparação de médias e avaliação do efeito dos tratamentos (P<0,10). Não foram observadas diferenças no consumo de forragem e matéria seca total pelos animas (P≥0,14), porém observou-se maior consumo de proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) (P≤0,03), nos animais dos tratamentos com suplementação a 0,3 e 0,6% do peso corporal. Não foram verificadas diferenças nas digestibilidade de PB, matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro (P≥0,21). As taxas de degradabilidade da FDN não variaram entre os tratamentos (P≥0,19). Os resultados de concentração molar de ácido acético e butírico apresentaram variação no tempo (P≤0,06), apresentando seus menores valores logo após a suplementação, já os valores de pH, N-amoniacal e ácido propiônico apresentaram interação entre tratamento e tempo (P≤0,04). A suplementação não alterou os parâmetros ruminais, porém foi capaz de aumenta a ingestão total de nutrientes em tratamentos com maiores níveis de suplementos. / The dry matter intake, diet digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis of supplemented bulls during the growing phase at pastures during the wet season were evaluated. Twelve paddocks of Brachiaria brizantha Marandu (palisade grass) were used, grass grazing heights were 15; 25 and 35 cm by cannulated yearling steers in growing phase, in continuous stocking with variable stocking rate. The supplementation strategies used were: multiple supplements in the amount of 0.3% to 0.6% of body weight (BW) to the animal grazing pasture of 15 cm; 0.1% and 0.3% PC in pastures of 25 cm; and mineral mixture and 0.1% of the PC in the pastures of 35 cm. Were estimated the dry matter intake and digestibility of forage and supplement, microbial protein synthesis, dynamics of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation, dietary nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters by yearling steers growing while grazing pasture with different heights and supplement level. The experimental design used was incomplete double Latin square with twelve cannulated animals, six treatments and four experimental periods during the wet season. Statistical tests were applied for assumptions on the obtained data, analysis of variance, and Tukey test for mean comparison and evaluation of the treatment effect (P <0.10). There were no differences on the forage and total dry matter intake per animal (P≥0.14), however it was exhibited higher crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) (P≤0.03) intake for the animals of the different treatments with supplementation 0.3 and 0.6% of BW. There was no differences in the CP, DM and NDF digestibility (P≥0.21). The NDF degradability rates did not differ among the treatments (P≥0.19). Results of the molar concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid exhibited variation during time (P≤0.06) showing their lowest values after supplementation, as pH values, ammonia-N and propionic acid exhibited interaction among treatment and sampling time (p ≤ 0.04). Supplementation shows no ability to change the ruminal parameters as expected, however was able to increase the total intake of nutrients in the diets with higher levels of supplements. / FAPESP: 2014/21138-3

Submitted by MICHELE CRISTINA DE CAMARGO OLIVEIRA null (michelecrisco@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-25T20:34:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Michele Oliveira.pdf: 1504288 bytes, checksum: 916801277367906d52bd367af3a0124d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-29T12:14:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_mcc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1504288 bytes, checksum: 916801277367906d52bd367af3a0124d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T12:14:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_mcc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1504288 bytes, checksum: 916801277367906d52bd367af3a0124d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-06 / Este trabalho incluiu um estudo sobre os efeitos da adição de selênio em dietas secas extrusadas na mucosa intestinal de cães. Utilizou-se uma única formulação para produzir cinco dietas sendo uma dieta controle com adição de 0,13ppm de selenito de sódio, uma segunda dieta com 0,33ppm de selênio levedura, outra com 0,66ppm de selênio levedura, a quarta contendo 0,99ppm de selênio levedura e a quinta com 0,66ppm de selenito de sódio. Foram utilizados 30 cães em três blocos de 10 cães e cada período teve duração de 210 dias incluindo adaptação e fase experimental. Ao final de cada período foram coletadas amostras de mucosa do trato gastrintestinal por endoscopia e colonoscopia para avaliação. Um segundo estudo avaliou o efeito da gelatinização do amido na digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, produção de fezes e produtos de fermentação de cães alimentados com dietas extrusadas incluindo dois estudos. No estudo 1 uma mesma formulação foi processada de quatro maneiras diferentes resultando em três dietas extrusadas com moagens de 0.5, 1.8 e 2.0 mm e uma dieta peletizada com moagem de 1.8mm com diferentes graus de gelatinização. Foram utilizados 24 cães, seis por tratamento e avaliou-se a digestibilidade e os produtos de fermentação. No estudo 2 foi utilizada uma base de dados publicados e a digestibilidade de dietas preparadas para construir regressões polinomiais entre o grau de gelatinização do amido e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. No primeiro estudo a análise histológica demonstrou diferença significativa com a dieta suplementada com selênio orgânico 0,66ppm comparado com as dietas suplementadas com selênio orgânico 0,33ppm e 0,99ppm. Não houve diferença entre as dietas suplementadas e a dieta controle. É possível que a suplementação de selênio possa trazer benefícios a saúde intestinal. No estudo 1 do segundo estudo houve aumento linear da proteína bruta (p<0.002), e aumento quadrático da digestibilidade do amido (p<0.001) seguindo o aumento da gelatinização do amido das dietas. As concentrações fecais de acetato, propionato, butirato, ácido valérico e isobutírico reduziram linearmente enquanto o lactato reduziu quadraticamente com aumento da gelatinização do amido (p<0.001). No estudo 2 a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica (R2 de 0,63 a 0,26), proteína bruta (R2 de 0,91 a 0,26), amido ou extrativos não nitrogenados (R2 de 0,95 a 0,23), e gordura (R2 d 0,84 a 0,46) aumentou com a maior gelatinização do amido (p<0.05). A digestibilidade da proteína parece ser mais influenciada pela gelatinização do amido. A gelatinização do amido entre 83% a 87% parece ser capaz de maximizar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. / This work included a study on the effects of the addition of selenium in extruded dry diets in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. It was used a single formulation to produce five diets and a control diet with the addition of 0,13ppm sodium selenite, a second diet with selenium yeast of 0,33ppm, another diet with 0,66ppm selenium yeast, the fourth diet containing 0, 99ppm of selenium yeast and the fifth with 0,66ppm sodium selenite. It was used a total of 30 dogs in three blocks of 10 dogs and each period lasted 210 days including adaptation and experimental phase. At the end of each period mucosa samples were collected from the gastrointestinal tract by endoscopy and colonoscopy for evaluation. A second study evaluated the effect of starch gelatinization in the apparent digestibility of nutrients, production of feces and dog fermentation products fed extruded diets including two studies. In Study 1 the same formulation was processed in four different ways, resulting in three extruded diets of grindings 0.5, 1.8 and 2.0 mm and a pelleted diet with grinding of 1.8mm with different degrees of gelatinization. Twenty-four dogs were used, six dogs per treatment and digestibility and fermentation products were evaluated. In the second study it was used a published database and diet digestibility prepared to construct polynomial regressions between the degree of starch gelatinization and apparent nutrient digestibility. In the first study histological analysis showed a significant difference with the diet supplemented with organic selenium 0,66ppm compared with the diets supplemented with organic selenium 0,33ppm and 0,99ppm. There was no difference between the supplemented diets and the control diet. It is possible that selenium supplementation may benefit intestinal health. In Study 1 of the second study crude protein increased linearly (p <0.002), and starch digestibility increase quadratically (p <0.001) following the increased starch gelatinization. Fecal concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyric acid and valeric reduced linearly while the lactate reduced quadratically with an increase in starch gelatinization (p <0.001). In study 2 the organic matter digestibility (R2 0.63 to 0.26), crude protein (R2 0.91 to 0.26), starch or nitrogen free extract (R2 .95 to .23) and fat (R2 0.84 to 0.46) increased with higher starch gelatinization (p <0.05). The digestibility of the protein seems to be more influenced by gelatinization. The gelatinization from 83% to 87% seems to be able to maximize the apparent digestibility of nutrients.

Submitted by ROGÉRIO FONSECA GUIMARÃES PERES null (rfgperes@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-14T21:47:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OK Tese Doutorado com Ficha Catalográfica Rogerio Peres Final.pdf: 3471137 bytes, checksum: afcec40d26ee7845fa56d00b5abdc36e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-17T14:03:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_rf_dr_bot.pdf: 3471137 bytes, checksum: afcec40d26ee7845fa56d00b5abdc36e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T14:03:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_rf_dr_bot.pdf: 3471137 bytes, checksum: afcec40d26ee7845fa56d00b5abdc36e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os hormônios metabólicos IGF-1, GH e leptina são alterados de acordo com o status nutricional dos animais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar as concentrações desses hormônios em vacas paridas e novilhas Nelore entre 12 e 16 meses de idade e seus efeitos na reprodução nos experimentos do Capítulo 2. No Capítulo 3, vacas primíparas, multíparas e novilhas Nelore de dois anos foram suplementadas ou não com milho moído durante o protocolo de IATF até o diagnóstico de gestação com o intuito de avaliar a alteração nos hormônios metabólicos e seus impactos na reprodução. No Capítulo 4, multíparas Nelore de duas fazendas foram suplementadas ou não com virginiamicina adicionada ao sal mineral. Em todos os experimentos as fêmeas foram submetidas a protocolos de IATF e colocadas com touro até o fim da estação de monta, sendo que apenas nos experimentos do Capítulo 3, as fêmeas receberam segunda IATF caso estivessem vazias antes da entrada dos touros. No experimento 1 do Capítulo 2 e no experimento 1 do Capítulo 3 houve efeito linear positivo da concentração de IGF-1 no dia da inseminação na probabilidade de prenhez a IATF. Em todos os experimentos realizados, também houve efeito linear positivo da concentração de IGF-1 no dia da inseminação na probabilidade de prenhez ao final da estação de monta, exceto no experimento 2 do capítulo 2. A concentração de IGF-1 no diagnóstico de gestação apresentou efeito linear negativo na probabilidade de prenhez em quatro estudos. O efeito do GH e da leptina nos parâmetros reprodutivos não foi consistente entre os estudos. A suplementação com milho não alterou a taxa de prenhez à IATF, mas houve tendência no aumento da prenhez na segunda inseminação e aumentou a taxa de prenhez ao final da estação de monta de primíparas, diminuiu a taxa de prenhez ao final da estação de monta em multíparas e aumentou somente o peso a desmama dos bezerros de primíparas. A suplementação com virginiamicina não aumentou a taxa de prenhez a IATF e ao final da estação de monta na Fazenda A, enquanto que na fazenda B não aumentou a taxa de prenhez a IATF, mas aumentou a porcentagem de fêmeas ciclando no diagnóstico de gestação e uma tendência no aumento da probabilidade de prenhez ao final da estação de monta. O peso a desmama aumentou em ambas fazendas com suplementação de virginamicina. Conclui-se que o IGF-1 no momento da IA e no momento do DG são possíveis importantes marcadores de fertilidade em bovinos e que estratégias nutricionais podem alterar esses hormônios com ou sem impacto na reprodução. / The metabolic hormones IGF-1, GH and leptin change according to nutritional managmentof the herd. The aim of these trials was to measure the concentration of these metabolic hormones in 12-16 months old Nellore heifers and multiparous cows and associate with the reproduction performance in experiments of Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, 2-years old heifers, primiparous and multiparous Nellore cows received or not ground corn starting in the begginning of TAI protocol until pregnancy check on day 30 to associate with metabolic hormones and reproduction. In Chapter 4, multiparous Nellore cows of two farms were supplemented or not with virginiamycin in mineral salt and the association with metabolic hormores and reproduction was evaluated. In all studies TAI was performed and bulls stayed from 7 days after TAI until the end of breeding season, except on trials of Chapter 3, which second TAI was performed in open cows before being exposed to bulls. In experiment 1 of Chapter 2 and experiment 1 of chapter 3 there was a linear positive effect of IGF-1 concentration on day of insemination on TAI pregnancy rate. In all trials, IGF-1 concentrations on insemination had a linear positive effect on pregnancy rate in the end of breeding season, except in experiment 2 of chapter 2. The IGF-1 concentrations on pregnancy rate had a linear negative association with TAI pregnancy rate in 4 studies. Concentraions of GH and leptin had no consistent association with reproduction rates. Corn supplementation did not alter TAI pregnancy rate, but tended to improve pregnancy rate on second AI and increased final pregnancy rate in primiparous cows, reduced final pregnancy rate in multiparous cows and increased weaning rate of primiparous calves supplemented with corn. Virginiamycin supplementation did not increase TAI and final pregnancy rates in farm A, while farm, B did not increase TAI pregnancy rate, but increased the percentage of cycling cows on pregnancy check and tended to increase final pregnancy rate in the end of the breeding season. In both farms, calves weaning weight increased with virginiamycin supplementation. In conclusion, IGF-1 concentrations on TAI and pregnancy check can be possible markers for fertility in Bos indicus cows and nutritional strategies can change metabolic hormones affecting or no reproduction parameters. / FAPESP: 2014/03209-0