Bakgrund: Att genomgå ett missfall kan vara psykiskt tungt och återhämtningen kan vara lång. Var fjärde kvinna går igenom ett missfall som innebär att kroppen själv spontant avbryter en graviditet. Varför ett missfall uppstår är okänt men det finns flertalet riskfaktorer som kan orsaka ett missfall. Kvinnor och deras partner kan uppleva en intensiv sorg efter förlusten. De båda ska få vara delaktiga i missfallupplevelsen och bemötas med empati och respekt. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter i samband med missfall. Metod: En litteraturbaserad studie baserad på tio vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Fyra teman identifierades; ett personligt misslyckande präglat av sorg och besvikelse, behovet av emotionellt stöd, tungt att återgå till vardagen och önskan om att bli förstådd. Konklusion: Det finns vissa brister gällande information, kommunikation och känslomässigt stöd när kvinnor söker vård för missfall. För att kunna bemöta kvinnorna finns det fortfarande behov av kunskap av en god kommunikation och information från vården och förbättra kvinnors erfarenheter i samband med missfall. Ämnet behöver lyftas mer för att normaliseras och förbättra kvinnors erfarenheter vid missfall. / Background: Having a miscarriage can be psychologically difficult and recovery can be long. Every fourth woman goes through a miscarriage, which means that the body itself spontaneously terminates/interrupts a pregnancy. Why a miscarriage occurs is unknown, but there are several risk factors that can affect a miscarriage. Women and their partners experience intense grief after the loss. The woman and her partner must be allowed to participate in the miscarriage experience and be treated with empathy and respect. Aim: To describe women's experiences in connection with miscarriage. Method: A literature-based study with ten qualitative articles. Findings: Four themes were identified; A personal failure characterized by sadness and disappointment, the need for emotional support, heavy to return to everyday life and the desire to be understood. Conclusions: There are certain flaws regarding information, communication and emotional support when women seeking medical care for miscarriage. In order to respond to women, there is still a need for knowledge of good communication and information from medical care and to improve women's experiences of miscarriage. The subject needs to be talked about more in order to normalize and improve women's experiences of miscarriage.

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In this thesis I processed the options of support for women during pregnancy and maternity which could be offered by the legislation of the Czech Republic and also the possibilities which were connected with their accession to the European Union. I also mentioned planned law changes which the new government of the Czech Republic wants to get through in their election period of 2013-2017. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part, "The Social Security of Women During Pregnancy and Maternity According to Czech Legislation" consists of four chapters: 'The Evolution of Social Security', 'The Social Security and Its Systems', 'The Social Security Within the Sickness Insurance' and 'The Social Security of Women Within the National Social Support'. In these individual chapters there are processed historical context of social security law evolution and then individual institutes serving for securing woman during pregnancy and maternity. The institutes consist of benefits in maternity and equalized contribution within the sickness insurance and also of child benefit, maternity grant and parental allowance within the national social support. The second part, 'The Social Security of Women During Pregnancy and Maternity According to European Union Legislation', consists of the following chapters:...

JUDr. Ing. Miloslav Kaše, CSc., Selected Aspects of Pension Reform in the Czech Re- public, Doctoral Thesis, Charles University, Faculty of Law, Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law, Prague, 2020. Number of pages of doctoral thesis is 205. The dissertation topic evolves around certain selected aspects of the pension reform in the Czech Republic, which is the most discussed in the preparation phase of the Czech pension system reform. The chosen topic acknowledges the current problems of the Czech pension system, consisting mainly of the unfavorable development of demographic struc- ture and population aging, which is characterized by a large and irregular number of peaks and troughs on the demographic chart of the Czech Republic, connected to historical events and migration. The thesis focuses on the issue of developing and determining the retirement age and insurance coverage required for entitlement to pension and analyzes the pitfalls of increas- ing the retirement age and the length of insurance coverage required to qualify for a retirement pension. At the same time, it considers the possibilities of establishing an ad- justable retirement age range and flexibility of the whole pension system. The possibility of active economic earning vitality of pensioners is closely related to the...