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During adolescence, peer relationships become increasingly important in various aspects of development, such as self-esteem and emotional adjustment. Unfortunately, a number of adolescents experience peer victimization, placing them at increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems. Research has consistently demonstrated the link between peer victimization and poor outcomes. However, exploration of the mechanisms underlying this link, including potential buffers of negative outcomes, is needed. The current study examined social support as a moderator of the relationship between peer victimization and maladjustment in order to assess whether social support from adults and peers protects adolescents from developing emotional and/or behavioral problems. The current study also examined disclosure of victimization to explore the role of a specific type of enacted social support in the link between peer victimization and poor outcomes. Adolescents (N = 633) in grades 10 through 12 completed a background questionnaire, the Revised Peer Experiences Questionnaire, the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, and the Youth Self-Report. Regression analyses were used to evaluate social support as a moderator of the relationship between peer victimization and internalizing and externalizing behaviors and to explore the role of disclosure. Overall, peer victimization predicted higher levels of social anxiety, anxiety/depression, and aggressive and delinquent behaviors. Strength and direction of moderation effects varied according to the type of peer victimization and source of social support and type of disclosure. The results of this study further our understanding of mechanisms underlying the link between peer victimization and maladjustment and can be used to inform prevention and intervention efforts.

This thesis used attachment theory and the common sense model of illness as theoretical backgrounds to examine the mechanisms that contribute to the quality of the support seeking behaviour and social interactions between patients with type 2 diabetes and their partners. Specifically, this thesis examined actor and spouse effects of working models of attachment on health outcomes, and illness perceptions on health outcomes for both patients and partners. Furthermore, it determined if support seeking, supportive interactions, and negative interactions mediated between the attachment and health outcomes and illness perception and health outcomes. At study entry, 70 patients with type 2 diabetes and their partners completed measures on attachment, illness perceptions, support seeking, receipt of supportive interactions and of negative interactions, satisfaction with support received, and health outcomes. Health outcomes included psychological distress and physical health for patients and partners, and diabetes well-being for patients only. Six months later, participants again completed measures on supportive and negative interactions, satisfaction with support received, and health outcomes. The data were examined both cross-sectionally (including mediational analyses) and longitudinally. The cross-sectional analyses revealed a number of actor and spouse effects in the relationships between attachment and health outcomes, and illness perceptions and health outcomes. Patients who scored higher on attachment-anxiety experienced higher levels of psychological distress and lower levels of diabetes well-being. Also, the partners of these patients experienced higher levels of psychological well-being. Furthermore, covert support seeking behaviour and negative interactions were found to be significant mediators between patient attachment-anxiety and patient psychological distress and diabetes well-being. In addition, support satisfaction mediated the relationship between patient attachment-anxiety and patient psychological distress. Illness perceptions, specifically timeline cyclical perceptions, were also shown to be related to health outcomes, and receipt of negative interactions. Patients and partners who scored higher on timeline cyclical experienced higher levels of psychological distress. Also receipt of negative interactions mediated the relationship between timeline cyclical and psychological distress. Some significant changes over time found when the data were examined longitudinally. For example, patients who scored higher on attachment-anxiety at study entry experienced higher levels of psychological distress over time, and had a partner who also experienced higher levels of psychological distress over time. In addition, partners who scored higher on personal control and who had a spouse (patient) who scored higher on timeline cyclical at study entry experienced higher levels of psychological distress overt time. Taken together, both the cross-sectional and longitudinal findings emphasize the contribution of the partner and his or her interactions with the patient to patient well-being. In the same manner, the results also highlight the effect of the patient’s illness on the partner’s well-being. These findings have important practical implications, especially for practitioners who aim to design intervention to help patients and their partners better adapt to the patient’s illness.

Students who are engaged in their high school environment have higher graduation rates, fewer discipline problems, and lower delinquency rates. In addition, students who are connected to teachers and involved in extracurricular activities consistently experience positive outcomes. However, although the benefits of school resources such as extra-curricular activities and connections to supportive individuals during high school have been well documented, the factors influencing utilization of these resources have not yet been established. Given the known benefits of activity participation and connection to supportive individuals in school settings, and the voluntary nature of their utilization, it is important to investigate factors influencing students' decision to use these resources. The current study investigated potential barriers and facilitating factors for high school students' activity involvement and support seeking from school personnel. Survey data were collected from 1522, 9-12th grade students in four Pinellas County high schools. Questions regarding students' school, family, and social relationships were assessed via psychometrically valid scales, district records, and items created collaboratively with school district administrators for this specific project. Results were analyzed using bivariate correlations and hierarchical multiple regression. Race, free/reduced lunch status, parent involvement and psychological distress were among the strongest correlates with the support seeking outcomes whereas gender, race, free/reduced lunch status, global self worth, self esteem, antisocial peer group, and perceived school support were among the variables most strongly correlated with the activity involvement outcomes. All significant relationships found were in the predicted direction with barrier variables leading to lower levels of school engagement and facilitating factors leading to higher levels of school engagement. Contrary to the hypotheses, the selected barriers and facilitating factors did not contribute to a significant amount of variance above that accounted for by gender, race, and free/reduced lunch status. In general, males, students receiving free/reduced lunch, and black students had the lowest rates of school engagement. The current results add to existing literature by showing that students who would benefit most from positive assets such as support seeking from adults at school and activity involvement are least likely to engage in the behaviors.

abstract: An expanse of research has demonstrated that persons with mental illness (PWMI) tend to avoid formal psychological treatment.One possible explanation for this failure to pursue formal treatment is the tendency of religious individuals to construe mental illness as spiritual in nature, leading religious communities to actively discourage emotional and psychological help-seeking through non-spiritual means. The present study examined help-seeking behaviors among religious PWMI by examining the impact of religiosity and gender on the relationship between mental illness stigma and help-seeking behaviors. Results indicate that higher levels of perceived stigma and religious salience relate to higher reported indirect support-seeking (ISS). Moreover, only religious salience appears to significantly relate to ISS among men, whereas perceived mental illness stigma significantly predicts direct and indirect support-seeking behaviors among women. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2020

For women, sexual assault is a widespread problem with numerous psychological consequences, yet many victims do not seek support. The present study investigates this lack of support seeking in the context of stigma. It is hypothesized that sexual assault victims who perceive themselves as stigmatized (due to their status as a sexual assault victim) will be less likely to seek support than those who do not perceive themselves as stigmatized. It is also hypothesized that Christian fundamentalism will play a role in the stigmatization of sexual assault victims, with higher degrees of fundamentalism being associated with greater likelihood of self-perceptions of stigmatization among sexual assault victims. Results indicate that there is a relationship between perceived stigma and certain support sources (clergy, parents, and other relatives), but this relationship is positive. The hypothesized relationship between Christian fundamentalism and perceived stigma was partially supported.

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) posits that survivors of a traumatic event have the ability to influence their own outcomes and do so most aptly when they perceive they can exert control over their outcomes. Posttraumatic growth outcomes are associated with a greater perception of controllability, while posttraumatic stress outcomes can be related to the lack of perceived control. In the context of the Virginia Tech shootings, several social factors were examined three months after the trauma (T1) and one year later (T2) to further explore the dynamic interplay between these factors and psychological outcomes. Social support seeking was conceptualized as both a coping strategy (situational) and as a coping style (dispositional) and was hypothesized to predict greater growth outcomes, while social constraints were hypothesized to predict higher levels of posttraumatic stress outcomes. These variables were also examined as moderators of the relationship between perceived threat and psychological outcomes at both time points. As expected, dispositional social support seeking was negatively related to posttraumatic stress at T1, and positively related to posttraumatic growth at T1 and T2. Social constraints were positively related to posttraumatic stress at T1 and negatively related to posttraumatic growth at T1 and T2. Situational social support seeking served as a moderator for the relationship between perceived threat and posttraumatic stress at T1. Lower levels of situational social support seeking lessened the relationship between perceived threat and posttraumatic stress, while high levels of situational social support seeking exacerbated this relationship. / Master of Science

Although an extensive body of literature exists on the consequences of work-family conflict (WFC), comparatively little research has examined the construct's antecedents. Research on two sets of antecedent variables, personality and coping style, is particularly scarce. Thus, the present study expands the literature by examining four personality variables (conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and locus of control) and five coping styles (problem solving, support seeking, positive cognitive restructuring, rumination, and escape) in relation to work-interference-with-family (WIF) and family-interference-with-work (FIW) conflict. Additionally, coping style, which was assessed separately for managing work stressors and for managing family stressors, was examined as a potential mediator between personality and both directions of WFC. Two hundred and four participants, recruited from a snowball approach, completed surveys. Additionally, significant others provided ratings of conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism. Of the four personality variables, only neuroticism related to WIF and FIW. Furthermore, among the hypothesized relationships between coping and WFC, only rumination and escape for work stressors related to WIF, though several cross-domain relationships were observed. Overall, the present study found little support for coping as a mediator between personality and WFC, though there was some evidence that rumination mediated the relationship between neuroticism and WIF. As a supplementary analysis, coping was examined as a moderator between personality and WFC. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future directions, are discussed.

Studien syftade till att utforska vad skolkuratorer upplever som verkningsfullt för att öka högstadiepojkars benägenhet att söka kontakt med dem. Genom en kvalitativ metod genomfördes fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med skolkuratorer, med fokus på att identifiera hinder och verkningsfulla strategier. Resultaten visade att maskulina normer och stigma betydligt hindrar pojkar från att söka stöd. Däremot ansågs synlighet, tillgänglighet och det förebyggande arbetet hos skolkuratorer vara avgörande för att minska dessa hinder. Kuratorerna betonade vikten av att bygga relationer och vara synliga i gemensamma utrymmen för att skapa förtroende och minska stigmat. Studien drog slutsatsen att en omdefiniering av maskulina normer och förbättrad tillgänglighet hos kuratorer vara avgörande för att uppmuntra pojkar att söka stöd, vilket främjar en mer inkluderande och stöttande skolmiljö. Med stigmateorin och relationsbaserat socialt arbete som teoretiska ramverk framhävdes vikten av att förstå och bemöta de sociala och relationella dimensionerna av högstadiepojkars stödbehov. / The study aimed to explore what school counselors perceive as effective in increasing middle school boys' tendency to seek contact with them. Using a qualitative method, five semi structured interviews were conducted with school counselors, focusing on identifying barriers and effective strategies. The results showed that masculine norms and stigma significantly hinder boys from seeking support. However, visibility, accessibility, and preventive work by school counselors were deemed crucial in reducing these barriers. The counselors emphasized the importance of building relationships and being visible in common areas to create trust and reduce stigma. The study concluded that redefining masculine norms and improving counselors' accessibility are crucial to encouraging boys to seek support, promoting a more inclusive and supportive school environment. With stigma theory and relationship-based social work as theoretical frameworks, the study highlighted the importance of understanding and addressing the social and relational dimensions of middle school boys' support needs.

Cette thèse se propose d'apporter une contribution aux débats relatifs aux effets de la discrimination et du risque de discrimination perçus au travail par les personnes homosexuelles sur deux dimensions-clés de leur socialisation au travail : la recherche de soutien social et le bien-être psychologique au travail. A partir des travaux récents conduits en psychologie, nous posons l'hypothèse que les effets de la discrimination et du risque de discrimination perçus au travail sur ces dimensions, sont médiatisés par les stratégies de présentation de soi utilisées par les homosexuels au travail : la feinte, l'évitement et le dévoilement (Woods, 1993). Toutefois, l'examen des travaux empiriques fait état de résultats contradictoires concernant les relations : entre la discrimination – et le risque de discrimination – perçus d'une part, et les stratégies de présentation de soi au travail d'autre part ; les stratégies de présentation de soi utilisées au travail d'une part, et la construction des relations interpersonnelles et le bien-être psychologique au travail d'autre part. Ces résultats contradictoires nous amènent, en référence au modèle d'une socialisation plurielle et active (Malrieu, 1979), à formuler l'hypothèse que ces relations sont modulées par le jeu de variables liées à d'autres temps et lieux de socialisation. Une enquête, conduite par un questionnaire en ligne auprès de 234 sujets homosexuels en activité professionnelle, nous a permis de valider nos hypothèses. Ces résultats nous conduisent à discuter les pratiques actuelles de gestion de la diversité dans les organisations, ainsi que les pratiques cliniques proposées aux homosexuels. / This work aims to analyze the effects of perceived discrimination and discrimination risk on two key-dimensions of work socialization among gay and lesbian individuals : social support seeking and psychological well-being at work. Drawing from recent LGBT vocational literature, we assume that the relationships between discrimination (and discrimination risk) and these variables are mediated by identity management strategies (Woods, 1993) used by lesbian women and gay men (e.g., counterfeiting, avoiding and integrating). However, empirical evidence showed mixed findings regarding the relationships between: perceived discrimination (and discrimination risk) and identity management strategies; identity management strategies and interpersonal relationships building; identity management strategies and psychological well-being. With reference to Malrieu’s theory (1979) of a plural and active socialization, we attempt to overcome these mixed findings and posit that the relationships mentioned above are modulated by variables referring to the diversity of times and backgrounds in which individuals live. Data were collected using an online survey, which has been completed by 234 participants currently employed, and who identified themselves as lesbian or gay. Most of our hypothesis are validated and permit us to discuss both clinical practices targeted to sexual minority individuals and diversity management practices targeted to organizations.