Osteosarcoma is the most common bone malignancy in children and adolescents with poorly understood aetiology. Recently, disease susceptibility and aetiology in several cancers have been associated with genomic copy-number (CN) change. We therefore studied the contribution of CN change in osteosarcoma. We report that individuals with osteosarcoma have increased germline structural variation compared to controls. These CN variants (CNVs) preferentially localize to genes implicated in control of osteoblast differentiation, bone mineralization and ossification. We propose that germline CNVs contribute to osteosarcoma susceptibility through deregulation of developmental processes controlled by genes contained within CNVs. Further supporting the notion that germline CNVs in individuals with osteosarcoma are pathogenic, we demonstrate that CNVs are associated with poor patient survival. Finally, we characterize two germline CNVs, at chromosome 1q43 and 2p11.2, which are overrepresented in osteosarcoma patients and propose that they contribute to osteosarcoma susceptibility through effect on neighbouring genes, which could be involved in control of microtubule dynamics and tumour suppression. We further characterize two regions in the tumour genome of osteosarcoma patients that harbour recurrent CN alterations (CNAs). These include deletions at chromosome 3q13.31 and vi ii amplifications at chromosome 7p14.1, which are the most altered regions in osteosarcoma and contest the view that CNAs in osteosarcoma are non-recurrent. Both chromosome 3q13.31 and 7p14.1 CNAs involve genes implicated in carcinogenesis, including LASMP at 3q13.31 and TARP at 7p14.1, while 3q13.31 CNAs also involve two non-coding RNAs. We further show that expression of 3q13.31 genes correlates with the presence of 3q13.31 CNAs. We report that chromosome 3q13.31 and 7p14.1 CNAs are also common in other cancers, identifying these loci as candidates with a global role in carcinogenesis. Supporting the notion that 3q13.31 deletions play a role in osteosarcomagenesis, we find that depletion of 3q13.31 genes promotes proliferation of osteoblasts by regulation of apoptotic and cell-cycle transcripts and also VEGF receptor 1 and that genetic deletions of 3q13.31 are associated with poor survival of osteosarcoma patients. In summary, our study implicates germline and somatic CN changes in osteosarcoma and represents a model approach for elucidation of elements contributing to disease susceptibility and aetiology in human cancer.

Mosaicism occurs due to postzygotic genetic alterations during early embryonic development. The phenomenon is common, present in all humans, animals, and plants, and is associated with phenotypic variability and heterogeneity. Mosaic pathogenic gene variants result in a mosaic disease state, in which the individual can present with mild, generalized disease, a localized disease phenotype in specific organs and tissue regions, or full-blown clinical features which are indistinguishable from the heterozygous disease state. Multiple studies have described the prevalence and clinical correlations associated with low-level mosaicism for various genetic disorders, including several tumor suppressor gene (TSG) syndromes, which are well-known to display mosaicism. However, the extent of mosaicism research varies widely between TSG syndromes. Currently there is no comprehensive, up to date review covering multiple TSGs and focusing on mosaicism prevalence, diagnostic strategies and transmission risk. Here, in this literature review, I focus on 8 common tumor suppressor genes NF1, NF2, TSC1, TSC2, RB1, PTEN, VHL, and TP53; reporting the following disease aspects: • Role and function of each tumor suppressor gene, disease prevalence, inheritance pattern, penetrance/expressivity pattern, age of onset clinical features, organs affected, and benign or malignant tumors seen • Different types of mosaicism, including critical review of recent, representative publications for each tumor suppressor gene syndrome • Established criteria for clinical diagnosis of inherited versus mosaic disease, molecular diagnosis, and current methods of genetic analysis Then more extensively, this thesis discusses the most informative, representative original studies for each TSG and provides a summary which covers: • The number of mosaic patients analyzed and the spectrum of clinical features of the cohort they were sampled from • The spectrum of variant allele frequency (VAF), tissue types analyzed, and different analysis methods performed • Whether or not the mosaic patients met clinical criteria for diagnosis of inherited disease • The number of patients who were persistently classified as no mutation identified (NMI) after genetic analysis • Spectrum and type of mosaic mutational event(s) identified • Age of onset and age range of mosaic patients • Patient ascertainment and family history (sporadic or familial cases) and • Type of mosaicism seen Furthermore, it compares and discusses disease severity, possibility of malignancy, and genotype-phenotype correlations for each TSG. Ultimately, by juxtaposing these TSGs, this review aims to centralize existing knowledge about mosaicism and provide insight into how molecular techniques can be broadly applied for better diagnosis of mosaic disease. / 2022-11-10T00:00:00Z

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Les enzymes de la famille Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) sont des oxygénases dépendantes du 2-oxoglutarate et du Fe (II) capables d’hydroxyler les cytosines méthylées. La conversion en 5-hydroxyméthylcytosines constituerait une étape vers la déméthylation et les protéines TET seraient donc impliquées dans le contrôle épigénétique de la transcription. Des mutations inactivatrices acquises du gène TET2 ont été décrites dans environ 20% des hémopathies myéloïdes humaines. L'analyse de deux modèles murins d’invalidation de Tet2 montre que Tet2 contrôle l'hydroxyméthylation et l’homéostasie du compartiment hématopoïétique. Son inactivation entraine des anomalies pléiotropiques des stades précoces et tardifs de l’hématopoïèse et le développement d'hémopathies myéloïdes. L'étude du statut de TET2 chez une grande série de patients porteurs d'hémopathies lymphoïdes matures retrouve des mutations de ce gène chez 12% des cas de lymphomes T. Celles-ci sont significativement associées aux mutations du gène DNMT3A et sont plus fréquemment observées au sein de deux sous-types, le lymphome T angio-immunoblastique et le lymphome T périphérique non spécifié. L’analyse de populations triées montre la préexistence des mutations de TET2 ou de DNMT3A dans les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques chez certains patients.En conclusion, les mutations de TET2 peuvent survenir dans des progéniteurs précoces, leur conférer un avantage sélectif par rapport aux progéniteurs sauvages et conduire au développement d’une hématopoïèse clonale. Des anomalies génétiques additionnelles semblent nécessaires à la transformation tumorale aussi bien myéloïde que lymphoïde. Ces deux types d’hémopathies pourraient donc se développer à partir d’une même atteinte du compartiment des cellules souches hématopoïétiques. / The Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) enzymes belong to a family of oxygenases that are dependent on 2-oxoglutarate and Fe (II) and are able to oxidize methylcytosines. This may represent a step toward DNA demethylation and as such these proteins are involved in the epigenetic control of transcription. Acquired TET2 loss-of-function mutations have been reported in about 20% of human myeloid malignancies.Analysis of two Tet2-deficiency mouse models shows that Tet2 controls hydroxymethylation and homeostasis in the hematopoietic compartment. Tet2 deficiency results in pleiotropic abnormalities of both early and late steps of hematopoiesis and leads to the development of myeloid disorders. The sequencing of TET2 in a large series of patients with mature lymphoproliferations identifies TET2 mutations in 12% of T-cell lymphoma. They are significantly associated with DNMT3A mutations and are more frequently observed in two subtypes, the angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and the peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not other specified. Analysis of flow-sorted populations shows the presence of TET2 and DNMT3A alterations in hematopoietic progenitors in some patients. In summary, TET2 mutations may affect early progenitors, confer a selective advantage compared with controls progenitors and result in a clonal hematopoiesis. Some additional genetic events are likely required to the myeloid or lymphoid transformation. Both diseases could therefore arise from a common alteration of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment.

Afin de mieux connaître les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le cancer du sein, nous avons entrepris l’étude de la fonction du gène suppresseur de tumeur WWOX comprenant le site fragile FRA16D. Nous avons mis en évidence l’association de WWOX avec des composants de la voie de signalisation intracellulaire Wnt/β-caténine : Dvl-2, BCL9 et BCL9-2, ainsi que, l’histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). Nous avons défini, pour la première fois, WWOX en tant que nouvel inhibiteur de la voie Wnt/β-caténine. Nos résultats suggèrent que WWOX agit sur cette voie en séquestrant Dvl-2 dans le cytoplasme et en inhibant les activités transcriptionnelles de BCL9 et BCL9-2. En outre, nous avons démontré que HDAC3 est également capable d’inhiber l’activité transcriptionelle de BCL9-2. HDAC3 agirait en recrutant WWOX sur BCL9-2 et cela indépendamment de son activité déacétylase. L’inhibition de la voie Wnt/β-caténine par WWOX suggère que l’inhibition de l’expression de WWOX, souvent observée dans le cancer du sein, pourrait conduire à la suractivation de cette voie et par conséquent à la stimulation de la progression tumorale. En parallèle de ce travail, nous avons étudié l’implication des nouveaux partenaires moléculaires de WWOX que nous avons trouvé dans la carcinogenèse mammaire. Nous avons mis en évidence une surexpression de BCL9, et non pas de BCL9-2, dans les tumeurs du sein, cette surexpression serait due, au moins en partie à des polyploïdies et des amplifications du gène, suggérant un rôle important de BCL9 dans cette pathologie. / In our attempt to better understand the molecular mecanisms in breast carcinogenesis, we studied the role of the tumor suppressor gene WWOX that encompasses the common fragile site FRD16D. We have identified actors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as new interactors of WWOX: Dvl-2, BCL9 and BCL9-2 just as HDAC3. We show, for the first time, that WWOX is an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our results suggest that WWOX binds Dvl-2 in the cytoplasm and inhibits BCL9 and BCL9-2’s transcriptionnal activities. Moreover, we have shown that HDAC3 inhibits as well the transcriptional activity of BCL9-2 by recruiting it on WWOX. We then demonstrated that HDAC3 acts independently of its deacetylase activity. The inhibition of the Wnt/b-catenin pathway by WWOX suggests that the down expression of WWOX, frequently found in breast tumors, could trigger the over activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and therefore a tumor progression. In parallel, we have studied the implication of the newly identified molecular partners of WWOX in the mammary carcinogenesis. We have identified an overexpression of BCL9, but not BCL9-2, in a large serie of invasive breast tumors, this overexpression is due, at least in part to polyploidy and gene amplification, suggesting BCL9 plays an important role in this pathology.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Tumor suppressor genes play a role as a growth regulator and a gatekeeper of a cell. Their inactivation is often detected in malignant tumors. Identification of novel tumor suppressor gene candidates may help to further understand tumorigenesis and aid in the discovery of a new treatment leading toward cure of cancer. This PhD research project aimed to understand functional significance of a novel tumor suppressor gene candidate, myosin IC (MYO1C) and to identify potential interaction(s) of the MYO1C protein with key components of the signaling pathways involving in cancer development. In an experimental rat model for endometrial carcinoma (EC), detailed molecular genetic analysis of a candidate tumor suppressor region located distal to the tumor protein 53 (Tp53) suggested the myosin IC gene (Myo1c) as the best potential target for deletion of the genetic material. The question arising was whether and how MYO1C could function as a tumor suppressor gene. By using qPCR, Western blot or immunohistochemistry analyses, we examined MYO1C protein level in panels of well-stratified human colorectal cancer (CRC) and EC respectively. We found that MYO1C was significantly down-regulated in these cancer materials and that for the EC panel, the observed down-regulation of MYO1C correlated with tumor stage, where tumors at more advanced stages had less expression of MYO1C. In cell transfection experiments, we found that over-expression of MYO1C significantly decreased cell proliferation, and silencing MYO1C with siRNA increased cell viability. Additionally, knockdown of MYO1C impaired the ability of cells to migrate, spread and adhere to the surface. Recent published studies suggested a potential interplay between MYO1C and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. To examine this hypothesis, we analyzed the expression and/or activation of components of the PI3K/AKT and RAS/ERK signaling pathways in vivo in CRC samples, and in vitro in cells transfected with the MYO1C gene expression construct or MYO1C-targeted siRNA. To identify other potential pathways/ mechanisms through which MYO1C may exert its tumor suppressor activity, we additionally performed new sets of MYO1C-siRNA knockdown experiments. At different time points post transfection, we performed microarray global gene expression experiments followed by bioinformatics analysis of the data. Altogether, the results suggested an early PI3K/AKT response to altered MYO1C expression. We additionally identified several cancer-related genes/pathways with late response to MYO1C knockdown. All things considered, the identification of MYO1C-expression impact on cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion in combination with its interplay between several cancer-related genes and signaling pathways provide further evidence for the initial hypothesis of a tumor suppressor activity of MYO1C. / Cellular, Molecular and Functional Characterization of the Tumor Suppressor Candidate MYO1C

Les mutations du gène MEN1 prédisposent au syndrome des Néoplasies Endocriniennes Multiples de type 1 (NEM1), caractérisé par des tumeurs endocrines multiples. Les souris hétérozygotes pour Men1 développent des tumeurs similaires, ainsi que des cancers de la prostate et des glandes mammaires, avec une incidence faible. J’ai pu montrer que l’expression de la protéine menin, codée par ce gène, est totalement inactivée dans les carcinomes prostatiques développés chez ces souris et est associée à une dérégulation de l’expression du récepteur aux androgènes et une inactivation de l’inhibiteur des CDK p27, un gène cible connu de menin. Des souris WapCre-Men1 F/F, où le gène Men1 est invalidé dans les cellules mammaires, développent des néoplasies intraépithéliales mammaires (MIN) avec une forte incidence à partir de 9 mois. Une fuite d’expression du transgène WapCre dans l’hypophyse entraîne en plus le développement de prolactinomes chez ces souris, les conduisant à une mort prématurée. Par diverses analyses, j’ai pu déterminer que l’augmentation de l’incidence de ces lésions ne pouvait pas être seulement expliquée par l’influence des prolactinomes. De manière intéressante, j’ai pu mettre en évidence une nette diminution du marquage membranaire de beta-caténine, un partenaire connu de menin, ainsi que de E-cadhérine dans les lésions MIN, suggérant une altération de la cohésion cellulaire en absence de menin. L’ensemble des données obtenues pendant ma thèse indiquent un rôle potentiel de l’invalidation du gène Men1 dans le développement de carcinomes prostatiques et de néoplasies mammaires chez la souris / Mutations of the MEN1 gene predispose to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, characterized by the occurrence of multiple endocrine tumours. Heterozygous Men1 mutant mice not only recapitulate MEN1 pathology, but also display prostatic and mammary carcinomas with a low incidence. I showed that the expression of menin, coded by the Men1 gene, was completely inactivated in the prostatic carcinomas developed in these mice. Deregulated expression of androgen receptor and the inactivation of p27 CDK inhibitor, a menin target gene, were also found in these lesions. In addition, my data demonstrated that mammary-specific disruption of the Men1 gene in mice led to high incidence of mammary intraepithelial neoplasia (MIN) from 9 months of age in the mutant mice. An unexpected leakage activity of the WapCre transgene in pituitary resulted in the development of prolactinomas and premature death in the mutant mice. Several analyses provided evidence showing that the increased incidence of MIN lesions could not be simply explained by the influence of prolactinomas. Interestingly, we observed a strong reduction of beta-catenin, a known menin partner, and E-cadherin membrane expression in these lesions, suggesting an alteration of cellular adhesion in the absence of menin. On the whole, these data indicate a potential implication of Men1 disruption in the development of prostate carcinomas and mammary intraepithelial neoplasia in mice