<p>In recent decades, alternatives to traditional coal and fossil fuels were utilized to reduce carbon emissions. Among these alternatives, natural gas is a cleaner fuel and is abundant globally. Shale gas, a form of natural gas that also contains light alkanes (C2-C4), is presently being employed to produce olefins, which can be upgraded to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. This thesis describes efforts to develop new catalytic materials and characterizations for the conversion of shale gas to fuels.</p> <p>In the first half, silica supported Pt-Cr alloys containing varying compositions of Pt and Pt₃Cr were used for propane dehydrogenation at 550°C. Although a change in selective performance was observed on catalysts with varying promoter compositions, the average nano-particle structures determined by <i>in situ</i>, synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were identical. Further, this work presents a method for the characterization of the catalytic surface by these methods to understand its relationship with olefin selectivity. From this, we can gain an atomically precise control of new alloys compositions with tunable surface structures.</p> <p>Once formed by dehydrogenation, the intermediate olefins are converted to fuel-range hydrocarbons. In the second half, previously unknown single site, main group Zn²⁺ and Ga³⁺ catalysts are shown to be effective for oligomerization and the resulting products follow a Schutlz Flory distribution. Mechanistic studies suggest these catalysts form metal hydride and metal alkyl reaction intermediates and are active for olefin insertion and b-H elimination elementary steps, typical for the homogeneous, Cossee-Arlman oligomerization mechanism. Evidence of metal hydride and metal alkyl species were observed by XAS, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and H₂/D₂ isotope exchange. Understanding the reaction intermediates and elementary steps is critical for identifying novel oligomerization catalysts with tunable product selectivity for targeted applications. </p> <p> Through controlled synthesis and atomic level <i>in situ </i>characterizations, new catalysts compositions can be developed with high control over the resulting performance. An atomically precise control of the catalyst structure and understanding how it evolves under reaction conditions can help shed light on the fundamental principles required for rational catalyst design. </p>

Cette étude porte sur la compréhension et l'amélioration de la réactivité des charbons pour la catalyse de la réaction du craquage du méthane. Pour ce projet, nous avons produit des charbons à partir de la gazéification de bois de peuplier à 750°C sous vapeur d'eau. Par la suite, deux traitements de fonctionnalisation ont été appliqués. D'une part, une oxygénation en phase gaz a été réalisée pour augmenter la concentration des sites oxygénés. D'autre part, une imprégnation en phase liquide dans différentes solutions de sel de nitrate (calcium et potassium) a permis d'accroître la quantité de minéraux. Les propriétés physico-chimiques (structure carbonée, sites oxygénés, minéraux et porosité/surface spécifique) des charbons bruts et fonctionnalisés ont été caractérisées. Les résultats ont montré que les deux traitements de fonctionnalisation ont augmenté la concentration des sites actifs visés. Par ailleurs, les évolutions des propriétés texturales et de la structure carbonée lors des deux fonctionnalisations ont été mises en évidence. Les tests catalytiques du craquage du méthane sur les différents charbons, à 700°C, ont montré que les minéraux sont les sites les plus réactifs vis-à-vis de cette réaction. Les fonctions oxygénées basiques et les défauts de structure sont également des sites actifs. Une diminution de l'efficacité lors du craquage a été observée due à la désactivation progressive de la surface des biochars. Le développement d'un modèle, à l'échelle du pore, a permis de montrer que la concentration initiale de sites actifs à la surface et leur différence de réactivité étaient deux paramètres importants dans la prédiction du comportement de désactivation de la surface. / This study is focused on the reactivity of biochar to catalyze the methane cracking reaction. Biochar was produced from steam gasification of poplar wood (750°C, 30 min, 20°C/min, 90%H2O/10%N2, fluidized bed) and then functionalized by an O2 gas-phase treatment and a wet impregnation into nitrate salts solutions to increase oxygen functions and minerals (calcium and potassium) concentrations at the biochar surface respectively. A set of characterization was performed on the raw and functionalized biochars to evaluate their surface physico-chemical properties. The oxygenated functions, the mineral particles, the carbonaceous structures and the textural properties (specific surface area and porosity) were analyzed. Results showed that the two functionalization treatments increased the concentration of the targeted functions and modified the carbon structures and the textural properties as well. Methane cracking tests were then performed on the biochars to compare their activities and correlate with their physico-chemical properties. It has been highlighted the minerals particles of potassium and calcium are the main active sites of the biochar surface. In fact, the reactivity of the impregnated biochars was twice to 4 times higher than the one of the raw biochar. The porosity of the biochar is the second most important criteria to notably obtain a good dispersion of the minerals particles. Basic oxygenated functions and disordered carbonaceous structures (defaults into the graphene sheets) are reactive as well. However, coke deposition progressively deactivated the biochars surface over the reaction in any case. A model at the pore scale has been proposed to better understand the surface deactivation.

It was found that the measurements captured by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy had a statistically significant difference for bovine tissue. There was not a statistically significant for porcine and poultry tissue. The intent of the study is to perform a comparative study to examine efficacy of two distinct technologies for a singular purpose: tissue surface roughness characterization. The two technologies compared are a confocal reflectance microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The comparison was made by comparing two surface roughness parameters [Ra and Rq] within ImageJ. The study examined three different animal species [porcine, bovine, and poultry] to highlight if different tissues presented alternative conclusions for the efficiency of either technology. Additional analysis was produced comparing two cutting methods [Kleen Kut versus conventional], as well as six different poultry processing technique combinations.

No description available.

The primary focus of my work is the application of informatics methods to the fields of materials science and analytical chemistry. The statistical analysis of data has become increasingly important in understanding the properties of materials and analytes. Statistical methods like principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR) are widely used for analysis in chemistry and other fields given their ability to categorize spectra in an unsupervised way. PCA is relatively easy to apply and has appealing mathematical properties. However, the results can be challenging to interpret, even for experienced users. In contrast, MCR results can be more interpretable, because the factors resemble real spectra and do not have negative scores or loadings. Nevertheless, the useful orthogonality properties of the scores and loadings in PCA are sacrificed in doing so. Other statistical analysis methods like cluster analysis and partial least squares regression (PLS-R) present their own challenges. Pattern recognition entropy (PRE) is a novel application of Shannon’s information theory for understanding the underlying complexity in spectra. Unlike PCA and MCR, PRE is a summary statistic that adopts the mathematical quantification of information and applies it for chemometric analysis. PRE values reflect the shape and complexity of spectra. Chapter 1 contains a description of the analytical methods/instruments that provided the data I analyzed by PRE and other informatics tools, including (i) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and (ii) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), (iii) a discussion of some of the commonly used statistical analysis tools like PCA, MCR, cluster analysis and PLS-R, and (iv) a description of PRE. Chapter 2 describes in much greater detail the theory associated with the statistical tools I used and PRE. Chapter 3 describes the PRE and informatics analysis of depth profiles through thin films by XPS and ToF-SIMS. Chapter 4 introduces the concept of the ‘reordered spectrum’ as an intuitive, visual representation of spectra to address the abstraction associated with PRE result. Total ion current chromatograms (TICCs) generated using LC-MS are often extremely complex and ‘noisy’. Chapter 5 describes the application of PRE as a variable reduction method for producing higher quality TICCs. Chapter 6 discusses the limitations associated with the application of PRE to TICCs and presents a new method using cross-correlation (CC) in conjunction with a PRE analysis. Chapter 7 discusses a new methodology that uses CE and PRE to detect autologous blood doping (ABD). Chapter 8 presents my conclusions of this present work and discusses the scope of future work on PRE. The thesis also contains several appendices. Appendix 1 introduces polyallylamine (PAAm) as a simple, easy-to-apply adhesion promoter for the widely used photoresist SU-8. Appendices 2, 3 and 4 contain articles I wrote that relate to trends in modern XPS instrumentation and 5-8 contain supplemental information relating to Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 7 respectively.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemical Engineering / Keith L. Hohn / To characterize surface properties by current techniques, metal oxides typically have to be pre-treated at high temperature to remove surface absorbents. Therefore, a new low temperature method which can provide information on the surface chemistry is desired. In this work, the surface properties of metal oxide samples were studied by tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDE) chemiluminescence (CL). This chemiluminescent method was also employed in probing the properties of reversed microemulsions. It was found that the emission intensity vs. reaction time curve (I[subscript]t) of catalyzed TDE CL on MgO was affected by the distributions and types of surface hydroxyl groups. Isolated hydroxyls with lower coordination were found to have higher catalytic reactivity for the emission of TDE CL. Although hydrogen bonded hydroxyls also catalyze the TDE oxidation reaction, the influence on the light emission was negative. Because the properties of surface hydroxyls are associated with specific orientations of adjacent ions, information on surface hydroxyls can provide information about some general surface characteristics of a metal oxide. When characterizing surface hydroxyls on Al[subscript]2O[subscript]3 by TDE CL, it was found that the catalytic reactivity of isolated hydroxyl groups is strongly associated with the stretching frequency of isolated hydroxyl. The stretching frequency of an isolated hydroxyl group is related to the modification of the adjacent ions and the coordination of the isolated hydroxyl. The results showed that the blue-shifts in the stretching frequencies of isolated hydroxyls led to increases in the catalytic reactivity of Al[subscript]2O[subscript]3 surfaces for the emission of TDE CL. TDE CL was further applied in characterizing the surfaces of other metal oxides and chemically grafted Al[subscript]2O[subscript]3. The results indicated that the isolated hydroxyl groups with fewer adjacent ions likely have higher affinity for the binding of grafting agents. Higher emission intensities were obtained from catalyzed TDE CL on metal oxides featuring higher percentages of isolated hydroxyls. The determination of a surfactant’s critical micellar concentration was accomplished by measuring the decay rate of the emission of TDE CL in a reversed microemulsion system. In this study, the CMC values of non-ionic and ionic surfactants were measured in different non-polar solvents.

Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de la présente thèse se positionnent dans le contexte de la caractérisation des propriétés de surface des particules. La forme ainsi que les propriétés de surface sont fortement reliées aux propriétés fonctionnelles et à la réactivité des poudres alimentaires. Toutefois, le nombre de techniques disponibles pour l'étude et la caractérisation de la surface d'une particule alimentaire sont très réduites. Ainsi, l'objectif de ce travail a été de développer de nouvelles techniques et protocoles de caractérisation de la forme et de la surface des particules de poudre de lait et de semoule. L'objectif ultime est de mettre en relation les propriétés de surface et la réactivité des particules. Le fil conducteur de ce travail est une approche multi-échelle mettant en jeu différentes techniques d'analyse et de caractérisation. A l'échelle atomique, des techniques pour caractériser la surface et le coeur des particules par EDX ont été développées (permettant de sonder la particule à 1 µm de profondeur). L'adaptation de l'EDX couplé à l'XPS (5 nm de profondeur) permet de remonter à des valeurs de composition de surface (lactose, lipides, protéines) à partir des pourcentages atomiques. A l'échelle moléculaire, les gradients de composition par couplage de l'EDX et l'XPS ainsi que les différentes fractions de matière grasse (matière grasse libre, encapsulée et totale) ont été étudiés. En parallèle, un protocole de caractérisation a permis d'évaluer les propriétés de forme à l'aide d'un granumorpholomètre. L'énergie libre de surface a été déterminée par la CGI et la Monté Capillaire. Ces techniques novatrices dans le domaine des poudres alimentaires ont démontré leur intérêt. Finalement, à l'échelle de la microstructure, la modification de la surface par des contraintes externes a été étudié. Ainsi, les interactions particule/eau et la modification de la surface par enrobage à sec ont été étudiés Pour cela, des composants purs comme enrobant (carbohydrates ou protéines) ont été utilisés / The work carried out on this PhD thesis is positioned in the context of the characterization of the food particle surface properties. The shape and surface characteristics are strongly related to the functional properties and reactivity of food powders. However, the number of techniques available, to perfromethe study and characterization of food particles surface is reduced. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop new techniques and protocols in order to characterize the shape and surface of milk powder and semolina particles. The ultimate goal is to relate the particle surface properties and reactivity. A multi-scale approach raised in this work involves different analytical techniques and characterization. At the atomic scale, techniques to characterize the surface and the heart of particles by EDX were developed (exploration of the particle at 1 micron depth). The adaptation of the EDX coupled to the XPS (5 nm depth) permit figure out the values of surface composition (lactose, fat, protein) from atomic percentages. At the molecular level, the composition gradients studied by coupling the EDX and XPS as well as different fractions of fat (fat free, encapsulated and total) were studied. In parallel, a characterization protocol was used to evaluate the shape properties using a granumorpholometer. The surface free energy was determined by IGC and Capillary rise. These innovative techniques in the field of food powders have demonstrated to be of interest. Finally,a at the microstructural scale, the surface modification by external contraintswas studied. Thus, interactions particle / water and surface modification by dry coating,to do it, pure components as coating (carbohydrates or proteins) were used

O estudo avaliou a efetividade de tratamentos de superfície na modificação superficial e adesão da zircônia ao cimento resinoso; a estabilidade de união após ciclagem termomecânica entre coroas metal free com copings em zircônia ou coroas monolíticas em zircônia e pilares personalizados do mesmo material, submetidos a tratamento superficial, e a influência destes na sobrevida dos sistemas protéticos após fadiga termomecânica acelerada. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em 2 etapas. Na primeira, discos de zircônia foram distribuídos em sete grupos (n=6): G1 (Rocatec); G2 (ácido hidrofluorídrico 40%, 210 segundos); G3 (ácido hidrofluorídrico 40%, 210 segundos + Rocatec); G4 (nanopartícula ZrO2); G5 (nanopartícula SiO2); G6 (nanopartícula SiO2ZrO2); G7 (nanopartícula SiO2ZrO2 + silano). Uma amostra por grupo (n=1) foi analisada por espectroscopia infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios-x (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As demais, submetidas a microscopia confocal a laser (n=5) para determinação da rugosidade superficial (Ra) e teste de cisalhamento. Molhabilidade e energia de superfície foram desenvolvidas em triplicata (n=3). G1, G3, G5 e G7 apresentaram valores de resistência ao cisalhamento superiores aos demais. Os melhores resultados definiram os tratamentos da etapa seguinte. Na segunda etapa, 162 análogos de implante conexão tipo Morse foram utilizados. Sobre eles, instaladas bases de titânio conectando pilar de zircônia ao análogo. Os 162 pilares foram distribuídos em 2 grupos de acordo com o ensaio: ciclagem termomecânica ou fadiga termomecânica acelerada. Para cada ensaio, duas modalidades restauradoras foram planejadas (Mono - coroa monolítica em zircônia, Pren - coping em zircônia + cobertura de vitrocerâmica fluorapatita). Pilares foram distribuídos a depender do tratamento recebido: MonoRo (Rocatec), MonoSi (nanopartícula SiO2), MonoSiZr (nanopartícula SiO2ZrO2 + silano). Grupo Pren recebeu os mesmos tratamentos. Sobre pilares, foram cimentadas coroas. Coroas monolíticas, copings e pilares foram obtidos via CAD/CAM. A adesão foi quantificada por teste de resistência à tração após ciclagem termomecânica (n=9) (2x106 ciclos, 2Hz, 120N e ciclos térmicos de 5º-55ºC). Valores de resistência à tração e padrões de falha obtidos foram registrados. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre grupos para resistência à tração, mas o comportamento médio da força foi diferente nos grupos dependendo da falha. Sobrevida dos conjuntos foi analisada após fadiga termomecânica acelerada (n=18) (cargas progressivas a cada 2x104 ciclos de 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 e 320N em 5Hz até 14x104 ou a falha, com ciclos térmicos de 5º- 55ºC). Resistência à fadiga foi comparada pela probabilidade de sobrevivência em cada intervalo. Padrões de falha foram classificados em ambos testes e amostras representativas de cada falha analisadas em MEV. MonoRo e MonoSiZr são semelhantes e têm maior probabilidade de sobrevivência que os demais. Pertencer a PrenSiZr, MonoSi, PrenRo ou PrenSi diminui a probabilidade de sobrevivência. / The study evaluated the effectiveness of surface treatments in surface modification and zirconia adhesion to resin cement; the bonding stability after thermomechanical cycling between free metal crowns with zirconia copings or monolithic zirconia crowns and customized abutments of the same material, subjected to surface treatments, and their influence in the survival of prosthetic systems after accelerated thermomechanical fatigue. The research was developed in 2 stages. In the first, zirconia discs were distributed in seven groups (n = 6): G1 (Rocatec); G2 (hydrofluoric acid 40%, 210 seconds); G3 (hydrofluoric acid 40%, 210 seconds + Rocatec); G4 (nanoparticle ZrO2); G5 (SiO2 nanoparticle); G6 (SiO2ZrO2 nanoparticle); G7 (SiO2ZrO2 nanoparticle + silane). One sample per group (n = 1) was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The others were submitted to laser confocal microscopy (n = 5) for determination of surface roughness (Ra) and shear test. Wettability and surface energy were developed in triplicate (n = 3). G1, G3, G5 and G7 presented higher values of shear strength than the others. The best results defined the treatments of the next stage. In the second stage, 162 Morse type implant analogues were used. On them, installed a titanium base, connecting zirconia abutment to analog. The 162 abutments were distributed in 2 groups according to the test: thermomechanical cycling or accelerated thermomechanical fatigue. For each test, two restorative modalities were planned (Mono - monolithic zirconia, Pren - zirconia coping + vitroceramic fluorapatite revestment). Abutments were distributed depending on the treatment received: MonoRo (Rocatec), MonoSi (nanoparticle SiO2), MonoSiZr (nanoparticle SiO2ZrO2 + silane). The Pren Group received the same treatments. Crowns were cemented on abutments. Monolithic crowns, copings and abutments were obtained by CAD/CAM. The adhesion was quantified by tensile strength test after thermomechanical cycling (n = 9) (2x106 cycles, 2Hz, 120N and thermal cycles of 5º-55ºC). Values of tensile strength and obtained failure patterns were recorded. No significant differences were found between groups for tensile strength, but mean force behavior was different in groups depending on failure. The survival of the sets was analyzed after accelerated thermomechanical fatigue (n = 18) (progressive loads every 2x104 cycles of 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 and 320N in 5Hz up to 14x104 or failure, with thermal cycles of 5º- 55ºC). Fatigue resistance was compared by the probability of survival at each interval. Failure patterns were classified in both tests and representative samples of each failure analyzed in SEM. MonoRo and MonoSiZr are similar and more likely to survive than the others. Belonging to PrenSiZr, MonoSi, PrenRo or PrenSi reduces the probability of survival.

O estudo avaliou a efetividade de tratamentos de superfície na modificação superficial e adesão da zircônia ao cimento resinoso; a estabilidade de união após ciclagem termomecânica entre coroas metal free com copings em zircônia ou coroas monolíticas em zircônia e pilares personalizados do mesmo material, submetidos a tratamento superficial, e a influência destes na sobrevida dos sistemas protéticos após fadiga termomecânica acelerada. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em 2 etapas. Na primeira, discos de zircônia foram distribuídos em sete grupos (n=6): G1 (Rocatec); G2 (ácido hidrofluorídrico 40%, 210 segundos); G3 (ácido hidrofluorídrico 40%, 210 segundos + Rocatec); G4 (nanopartícula ZrO2); G5 (nanopartícula SiO2); G6 (nanopartícula SiO2ZrO2); G7 (nanopartícula SiO2ZrO2 + silano). Uma amostra por grupo (n=1) foi analisada por espectroscopia infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios-x (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As demais, submetidas a microscopia confocal a laser (n=5) para determinação da rugosidade superficial (Ra) e teste de cisalhamento. Molhabilidade e energia de superfície foram desenvolvidas em triplicata (n=3). G1, G3, G5 e G7 apresentaram valores de resistência ao cisalhamento superiores aos demais. Os melhores resultados definiram os tratamentos da etapa seguinte. Na segunda etapa, 162 análogos de implante conexão tipo Morse foram utilizados. Sobre eles, instaladas bases de titânio conectando pilar de zircônia ao análogo. Os 162 pilares foram distribuídos em 2 grupos de acordo com o ensaio: ciclagem termomecânica ou fadiga termomecânica acelerada. Para cada ensaio, duas modalidades restauradoras foram planejadas (Mono - coroa monolítica em zircônia, Pren - coping em zircônia + cobertura de vitrocerâmica fluorapatita). Pilares foram distribuídos a depender do tratamento recebido: MonoRo (Rocatec), MonoSi (nanopartícula SiO2), MonoSiZr (nanopartícula SiO2ZrO2 + silano). Grupo Pren recebeu os mesmos tratamentos. Sobre pilares, foram cimentadas coroas. Coroas monolíticas, copings e pilares foram obtidos via CAD/CAM. A adesão foi quantificada por teste de resistência à tração após ciclagem termomecânica (n=9) (2x106 ciclos, 2Hz, 120N e ciclos térmicos de 5º-55ºC). Valores de resistência à tração e padrões de falha obtidos foram registrados. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre grupos para resistência à tração, mas o comportamento médio da força foi diferente nos grupos dependendo da falha. Sobrevida dos conjuntos foi analisada após fadiga termomecânica acelerada (n=18) (cargas progressivas a cada 2x104 ciclos de 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 e 320N em 5Hz até 14x104 ou a falha, com ciclos térmicos de 5º- 55ºC). Resistência à fadiga foi comparada pela probabilidade de sobrevivência em cada intervalo. Padrões de falha foram classificados em ambos testes e amostras representativas de cada falha analisadas em MEV. MonoRo e MonoSiZr são semelhantes e têm maior probabilidade de sobrevivência que os demais. Pertencer a PrenSiZr, MonoSi, PrenRo ou PrenSi diminui a probabilidade de sobrevivência. / The study evaluated the effectiveness of surface treatments in surface modification and zirconia adhesion to resin cement; the bonding stability after thermomechanical cycling between free metal crowns with zirconia copings or monolithic zirconia crowns and customized abutments of the same material, subjected to surface treatments, and their influence in the survival of prosthetic systems after accelerated thermomechanical fatigue. The research was developed in 2 stages. In the first, zirconia discs were distributed in seven groups (n = 6): G1 (Rocatec); G2 (hydrofluoric acid 40%, 210 seconds); G3 (hydrofluoric acid 40%, 210 seconds + Rocatec); G4 (nanoparticle ZrO2); G5 (SiO2 nanoparticle); G6 (SiO2ZrO2 nanoparticle); G7 (SiO2ZrO2 nanoparticle + silane). One sample per group (n = 1) was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The others were submitted to laser confocal microscopy (n = 5) for determination of surface roughness (Ra) and shear test. Wettability and surface energy were developed in triplicate (n = 3). G1, G3, G5 and G7 presented higher values of shear strength than the others. The best results defined the treatments of the next stage. In the second stage, 162 Morse type implant analogues were used. On them, installed a titanium base, connecting zirconia abutment to analog. The 162 abutments were distributed in 2 groups according to the test: thermomechanical cycling or accelerated thermomechanical fatigue. For each test, two restorative modalities were planned (Mono - monolithic zirconia, Pren - zirconia coping + vitroceramic fluorapatite revestment). Abutments were distributed depending on the treatment received: MonoRo (Rocatec), MonoSi (nanoparticle SiO2), MonoSiZr (nanoparticle SiO2ZrO2 + silane). The Pren Group received the same treatments. Crowns were cemented on abutments. Monolithic crowns, copings and abutments were obtained by CAD/CAM. The adhesion was quantified by tensile strength test after thermomechanical cycling (n = 9) (2x106 cycles, 2Hz, 120N and thermal cycles of 5º-55ºC). Values of tensile strength and obtained failure patterns were recorded. No significant differences were found between groups for tensile strength, but mean force behavior was different in groups depending on failure. The survival of the sets was analyzed after accelerated thermomechanical fatigue (n = 18) (progressive loads every 2x104 cycles of 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 and 320N in 5Hz up to 14x104 or failure, with thermal cycles of 5º- 55ºC). Fatigue resistance was compared by the probability of survival at each interval. Failure patterns were classified in both tests and representative samples of each failure analyzed in SEM. MonoRo and MonoSiZr are similar and more likely to survive than the others. Belonging to PrenSiZr, MonoSi, PrenRo or PrenSi reduces the probability of survival.

Les standards d’économie de carburant à venir génèrent un développement rapide des véhicules électriques et hybrids. Ces contraintes régulatrices vont affecter le design des boîtes de vitesse qui conduit à des changements au niveau du type, de la taille et de la qualité des engrenages. Ainsi, les fabricants de roues dentées ont besoin de créer des flancs de dentures de haute qualité avec des modifications topologiques spéciales. Les objectifs principaux sont l’accroissement de la capacité de tenue en chargement et la réduction de la bruyance denture. En effet, la surface des flancs est au cœur des mécaniques de l’engrènement et un des éléments générateur d’excitations. Les mécanismes d’usure les plus communs sont les micro-piqûres, les piqûres et l’écaillage, qui apparaissent dans les premières étapes de défaillance. Bien que les effets des défauts macro-géométriques des surfaces des flancs de denture ont été largement étudiés, les échelles micro- et méso-métriques et leur influence n’est pas encore entièrement compris. De plus le choix et l’optimisation de procédé de finition denture (rectification, powerhoning…) pour améliorer le confort acoustique des conditions d’engrènement reste une issue majeure dans la fabrication des engrenages. Ces travaux proposent une approche multiéchelle de la fabrication, à la fois expérimentale et numérique, dans le but d’identifier l’effet d’échelle des défauts micro- et méso-métriques sur les vibrations de l’engrenage. Un banc d’essai vibratoire instrumenté de faible puissance a été développé et validé par la comparaison de mesures sur boîte de vitesse sur un moyen industriel Renault. Les études expérimentales des relations entre la finition des surfaces des flancs, caractérisée par l’utilisation d’une décomposition multiéchelle basée sur la transformée par ondelettes continues, et les modes vibratoires générés mettent en avant un impact non-négligeable de des échelles de rugosité et d’ondulation. Les mesures de bruit de frottement sur les flancs ont par ailleurs permis de comprendre le lien entre la cinématique du contact (vitesse), les échelles de surface (espacement entre aspérités) et les fréquences vibratoires. Une simulation 3D d’un contact rugueux a alors été développée. Les résultats couplés avec une analyse statistique des contributions des paramètres surfaciques et de contact ont montré un large effet des échelles micrométriques. Enfin, un modèle éléments finis d’un engrenage hélicoïdal intégrant des topographies réelles mesurées et calculant l’erreur de transmission a aussi été développé et validé expérimentalement. L’importance de la qualité des engrenages et de leurs caractéristiques topologiques sur la densité de puissance et les problématiques acoustiques a alors été calculée et discutée. / Upcoming fuel economy standards result in the rapid development of electric and hybrid vehicles. Such regulatory demands will affect the transmission design, which drives changes in the type, size and quality levels of gears. Thus, gear manufacturers need to create high quality gear flanks with special topological modifications. The main objectives are to increase the load-carrying capacity of gears, and also to reduce the gear noise behavior. The teeth surface is indeed at the heart of the gear meshing mechanics and one of the elements generating excitations. The most common wear mechanisms in gear are micro-pitting, pitting and spalling, which occur on the teeth surface at the early stage of failure. While the effect of the macro-geometric defects of the gear teeth surface on the acoustics response of spur gear pair has been studied quite thoroughly, the micro and meso scales and their influence are not entirely understood. Moreover, the choice and optimization of the tooth flank finishing process (grinding, powerhoning…) to manage the acoustic comfort of the meshing conditions is still a major issue in gear manufacturing. This study addresses a multiscale manufacturing approach, both experimental and numerical, in order to identify the scale effect of micro/meso defects on gear vibrations. A low-powered instrumented vibratory test bench has been developed and validated by comparing the measurements with the ones done at the industrial scale on a gear box test rig from Renault. The experimental work investigated the relationship between the surface finish of tooth flanks, which was characterized using a multiscale decomposition based on continuous wavelet transform, and the modes of the generated vibrations as a function of roughness and waviness scales. The friction noise measurements on tooth flanks have besides permitted to understand the link between the contact kinematics (speed), the surface scales (space between the asperities) and the vibration frequencies. A 3D finite-element simulation model of a rough contact was hence developed. The results coupled with the statistical analysis of the contributions of the surface and contact parameters have shown the large effect of the micro-scales. A 3D finite-element gear simulation using real measured topographies and transmission error calculation has also been performed and experimentally validated. The prevalence of the gear quality and its topological features on power density and sound issues are hence computed and discussed.