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Anthropogenic infrastructure such as roads, ditches and culverts have strong impacts on hydrological processes, particularly surface drainage patterns. Despite this, these structures are often not present in the digital elevation models (DEMs) used to provide surface drainage data to hydrological models, owing to the coarse spatial resolution of many available DEMs. Modelling drainage patterns in human-modified landscapes requires very accurate, high-resolution DEM data to capture these features. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing technique that is used for producing DEMs with fine resolutions that can represent anthropogenic landscapes features such as human modifications on the landscape such as roadside ditches. In these data, roads act as a barrier to flow and are treated as dams, where on the ground culverts and bridges exist. While possible to locate and manually enforce flow across these roads, there is currently no automated technique to identify these locations and perform flow enforcement. This research improves the modelling of surface drainage pathways in rural anthropogenic altered landscapes by utilizing a novel algorithm that identifies ditches and culverts in LiDAR DEMs and enforces flow through these features by way of breaching. This breaching algorithm was tested on LiDAR datasets for two rural test sites in Southern Ontario. These analyses showed that the technique is an effective tool for efficiently incorporating ditches and culverts into the hydrological analysis of a landscape that has both a gradient associated with it, as well as a lack of densely forested areas. The algorithm produced more accurate representations of both overland flow when compared to outputs that excluded these anthropogenic features all together.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2019-02-27T17:52:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Andreza Rocha de Freitas.pdf: 8684706 bytes, checksum: ec6dba5566bcde08b4ca415194eb5e6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-27T17:52:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Andreza Rocha de Freitas.pdf: 8684706 bytes, checksum: ec6dba5566bcde08b4ca415194eb5e6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-30 / Os fenômenos de inundações e enxurradas têm se tornado cada vez mais preocupantes quando se trata de medidas a serem tomadas no planejamento urbano. Neste sentido, o objetivo da presente tese é entender as inundações e enxurradas ao identificar áreas potencializadoras desses processos na Bacia Arroio dos Pereiras no Município de Irati-Pr. Foi proposta a metodologia do Índice de Áreas Potencializadoras de Inundações e Enxurradas (IAPIE), por meio do qual é possível identificar quais as áreas, de uma bacia hidrográfica urbana, apresentam maior potencial para desencadear inundações e enxurradas em áreas a jusante. Além disso, a metodologia pode ser empregada na elaboração de cenários futuros de uso e ocupação da bacia em análise, por meio dos parâmetros: Precipitação, Infiltração da água no solo, Declividade, Balanço Hídrico, Morfometria e Tipos de solos. Inicialmente deve-se realizar a setorização da bacia estudada e cada parâmetro será analisado, por setor, através de classificações quantitativas e qualitativas dos mesmos. O parâmetro Precipitação considera valores de precipitação por meio de pluviogramas que utilizam totais mensais de chuvas em um dado lugar e no período escolhido; a Capacidade de Infiltração da água em diferentes usos é identificada por meio de mapas detalhados de uso do solo; o parâmetro Declividade identifica as áreas com potencial maior ou menor de escoamento da água; o Balanço Hídrico contabiliza a disponibilidade hídrica de uma região em bases climatológicas e comparativas; a Suscetibilidade Morfométrica a inundações e enxurradas, avalia morfometricamente as bacias que apresentam maiores condições no desenvolvimento de inundações e enxurradas, através de parâmetros que têm ligação direta com a ocorrência destes fenômenos e Tipos de Solos, avalia a capacidade de permeabilidade dos Solos. Por meio da aplicação do IAPIE foi possível identificar que o setor 2, correspondente ao Centro da cidade de Irati, potencializa em 57,11% a ocorrência de inundações e enxurradas na Bacia Arroio dos Pereiras. Isto ocorre devido a alta taxa de impermeabilização do solo, pois neste setor estão concentradas atividades comerciais e de prestação de serviços, além de residências. O Setor que menos influencia na ocorrência de inundações e enxurradas é o 6, localizado no alto curso da bacia (Área Rural), contribuindo com 33,31%. Para este setor devem ser pensadas políticas que incentivem a permeabilização do solo, pois trata-se de uma área onde são encontrados os solos mais profundos, que propiciam a infiltração da água. Devido à condição atual determinada pelo IAPIE, o setor 6 apresenta potencial baixo na influência de inundações e enxurradas, no entanto, se a impermeabilização da área for ampliada, este setor poderá ser caracterizado com potencial médio na ocorrência de inundações e enxurradas. Nesta perspectiva, caso aconteçam mudanças no uso do solo na Bacia Arroio dos Pereiras, que impermeabilizem o solo, a ocorrência de inundações e enxurradas pode ser potencializada em áreas onde já ocorrem e podem acontecer em áreas que ainda não foram acometidas por estes fenômenos. / Flood processes have become increasingly worrying when it comes to measures to be taken in urban planning. In this sense, the objective of this thesis is to understand the floods and floods when identifying potential areas of these processes in the Arroio dos Pereiras Basin in the Municipality of Irati-PR. The methodology of the Index of Potentializing Areas of Flood and Enxurradas (IAPIE) was proposed, through which it is possible to identify which areas of an urban river basin present greater potential to trigger floods in downstream areas. In addition, the methodology can be used in the elaboration of future scenarios of use and occupation of the basin under analysis, through the parameters: Precipitation, Infiltration of water in the soil, Declivity, Water Balance, Morphometry and Soil Types. Initially the sectorization of the studied basin should be carried out and each parameter will be analyzed, by sector, through quantitative and qualitative classifications of the same. The Precipitation parameter considers precipitation values by means of pluviograms that use monthly rainfall totals in a given place and in the chosen period; the Infiltration Capacity of water in different uses is identified through detailed maps of land use; the parameter Declivity identifies the areas with greater or lesser potential of water flow; the Water Balance accounts for the water availability of a region on a climatological and comparative basis; the Morphometric Susceptibility, evaluates morphometrically the basins that present greater conditions in the development of floods and floods, through parameters that have direct connection with the occurrence of these phenomena and the last parameter Types of Soils, evaluates the permeability capacity of Soils. Through the application of the IAPIE, it was possible to identify that sector 2, corresponding to the Center of the city of Irati, increases the occurrence of floods and floods in the Arroio dos Pereiras Basin by 57.11%. This is due to the high rate of waterproofing of the soil, since in this sector are concentrated commercial and service activities, as well as residences. The sector that has the least influence on the occurrence of floods and floods is the 6, located in the high course of the basin (Rural Area), contributing with 33.31%. For this sector, policies that encourage the permeabilization of the soil must be considered, since it is an area where the deepest soils are found, which provides water infiltration. Due to the current condition determined by IAPIE, sector 6 has low potential in the influence of floods and floods, however, if the waterproofing of the area is increased, this sector can be characterized with average potential in the occurrence of floods and floods. In this perspective, if there are changes in land use and occupation in the Arroio dos Pereiras Basin, which waterproof the soil, the occurrence of floods and floods can be potentiated in areas where they already occur and may occur in areas that have not yet been affected by these phenomena.

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Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-03-23T14:31:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adilson Nunes Ruiz.pdf: 6007533 bytes, checksum: 99ead3c6678aa04d133ce01f857fe6f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T14:31:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adilson Nunes Ruiz.pdf: 6007533 bytes, checksum: 99ead3c6678aa04d133ce01f857fe6f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP / In view of the large volume of waste generated by the construction industry coupled with the growing understanding of environmental preservation by the population, it was necessary to carry out studies with the firm intention of reusing these wastes. This work focuses on the residues generated in the area of road pavement construction, especially those resulting from the maintenance, restoration and improvement of roads paved with asphalt concrete. As the use of this material is not always carried out in a technical and adequate way, even though several studies are directed to the good technique of using recycled asphalt pavement, this work intends to present another technical form for the application of this important residue, to use in the construction of rigid concrete barriers and in gutters, half wire and gutters. These services normally run within the road works, that is, it aims to keep the material generated within the limits of the generating source. In order to achieve this, studies focused on meeting the technical specifications of the National Department of Infrastructure and Transport (DNIT) and the Department of Roads of the State of S?o Paulo (DER-SP), minimizing the output of milling from the generating source, considering that these public agencies are the main sources of this waste and performers of the services for which it is intended. This study compared the physical characteristics of conventional concrete and concrete with embedded asphalt milling, thus evaluating its technical, economic feasibility and environmental. The study was carried out in concrete with a characteristic compressive strength of 25MPa, intended for road safety elements, and at 20MPa for surface drainage elements. It was observed that the increase of recycled asphalt pavement in the concrete mixture directly influences the mechanical resistance, reducing its resistant capacity. When analyzing the substitution content of recycled asphalt pavement in the mix, it was found that percentages higher than 15% substantially affect the concrete's strength properties. The concrete with recycled asphalt pavement presents less rise and absorption of water by capillarity, as well as less absorption in the test of immersion, important qualities for mixtures that will be destined to the manufacture of structures that will be exposed to the elements or the contact with the water. The use of this residue in the concrete generates reduction in the cost of manufacture, besides providing reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases (CO2). In Brazil, it can be estimated that the use of asphalt milling in the concretes studied, can generate the approximate annual reduction of 270 thousand tCO2, besides saving approximately US$ 97 million/year through the sale of CO2 ("green" income) And the reduction of costs with the acquisition of natural raw materials extracted from deposits (sand and crushed stone), as well as to finance with this amount the construction of approximately 23 thousand popular residences of 40m2. / Tendo em vista o grande volume gerado de res?duos pela ind?stria da constru??o aliado ao fato do crescente entendimento pela popula??o da preserva??o ambiental, fez-se necess?ria a realiza??o de estudos com o firme prop?sito de reutiliz?-los. Este trabalho foca no res?duo gerado na ?rea da constru??o de pavimenta??o vi?ria, principalmente naqueles advindos das obras de manuten??o, restaura??o e melhoria do leito vi?rio pavimentado revestido com concreto asf?ltico. Como a utiliza??o deste material ? realizada nem sempre de forma t?cnica e adequada, mesmo tendo diversos estudos direcionados ? boa t?cnica de utiliza??o do fresado asf?ltico, este trabalho tem a pretens?o de apresentar mais uma forma t?cnica para a aplica??o deste importante res?duo, o de utilizar na constru??o de barreiras r?gidas de concreto e em canaletas, meios fio e sarjetas. Servi?os estes normalmente executados dentro das obras vi?rias, ou seja, visa manter o material gerado dentro dos limites da fonte geradora. Para isso, foram realizados estudos focados em atender as especifica??es t?cnicas do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura e Transporte (DNIT) e do Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem do Estado de S?o Paulo (DER-SP) em parte das obras de seguran?a vi?ria e drenagem, tendo em vista que estes ?rg?os p?blicos tem o dom?nio das principais fontes geradoras deste res?duo e s?o executores dos servi?os ao qual se destina. Este estudo comparou as caracter?sticas f?sicas do concreto convencional e do concreto com fresado asf?ltico incorporado, avaliando assim a sua viabilidade t?cnica, econ?mica e ambiental. O estudo foi realizado em concreto com resist?ncia caracter?stica ? compress?o de 25MPa, destinado a elementos de seguran?a vi?ria, e com 20MPa, para os elementos de drenagem superficial. Foi constatado que o incremento de fresado asf?ltico na mistura do concreto influencia diretamente nas resist?ncias mec?nicas, reduzindo sua capacidade resistente. Ao analisar o teor de substitui??o de fresado asf?ltico na mistura, foi constatado que percentuais superiores a 15% afetam substancialmente as propriedades mec?nicas do concreto. O concreto com fresado asf?ltico apresenta menor ascens?o e absor??o de ?gua por capilaridade, bem como menor absor??o no ensaio de imers?o, qualidades importantes para misturas que ser?o destinadas ? fabrica??o de estruturas que ficar?o expostas ?s intemp?ries ou ao contato com a ?gua. O uso deste res?duo no concreto gera redu??o no custo de fabrica??o, al?m de proporcionar redu??o da emiss?o de gases do efeito estufa (CO2). No Brasil, pode-se estimar que o uso do fresado asf?ltico nos concretos estudados, pode gerar a redu??o anual aproximada de 270mil tCO2, al?m de possibilitar economia aproximada de US$ 97 milh?es/ano atrav?s da comercializa??o do CO2 (renda ?verde?) e da redu??o de custos com a aquisi??o de mat?rias primas naturais extra?das de jazidas (areia e pedra britada), bem como financiar com este valor a constru??o de aproximadamente 23mil resid?ncias populares de 40m?.

From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / The quantification of snowpacks in relation to inventory-prediction may be useful in the development of water yield improvement practices involving vegetation management in the mixed conifer forests in Arizona. While mixed conifer forests are relatively limited in extent in Arizona, the potential for water yield improvement by manipulation of snow storage through vegetation management may be high. Sample points on the north fork of Thomas Creek showed high initial snow storage followed by slow melt in association with low forest densities, low potential insolation values, and high elevation. Sample points exhibiting these conditions also possessed maximum storage-duration index values. Low initial snow storage followed by rapid melt was associated with high forest densities, high potential insolation values, and low elevations

From the Proceedings of the 1973 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 4-5, 1973, Tucson, Arizona / All groundwater in fort valley is presently found in perched aquifers. The regional water table in the area is estimated to lie at a depth of approximately 1750 feet. Groundwater reservoirs are perched on impermeable clay zones located at the base of alluvial units. Groundwater is also found in highly fractured volcanic zones overlaying impermeable clay zones. Perched aquifers also occur in interflow zones above either impermeable clays or unfractured volcanics. Groundwater in fort valley is the result of infiltration or runoff and from precipitation. This recharge water infiltrates the alluvium or fractured volcanic rocks until an impermeable zone is reached where it becomes perched groundwater. Greatest well yields come from these recharge aquifers; their reliability is largely dependent on precipitation and runoff. Most wells in the fort valley area supply adequate amounts of water for domestic use.