O objetivo do presente estudo é caracterizar a hidrodinâmica e o transporte de material particulado em suspensão (MPS) no estuário de Caravelas sob diferentes condições de maré e vazão fluvial. Foram realizadas quatro campanhas hidrográficas durante ciclos completos de maré, sendo em condições de maré de sizígia e quadratura, e durante os períodos seco e chuvoso. Dados de nível de água, velocidade e direção de correntes, salinidade, temperatura e turbidez foram obtidos em uma estação fixa próxima da desembocadura do estuário. A partir destes dados foram obtidos os transportes residuais de MPS e calculado os mecanismos de transporte. As maiores concentrações médias de material particulado em suspensão ocorreram em condições de sizígia. Em condições de maré de quadratura o transporte resultante de MPS foi com sentido estuário acima, porém de pequena intensidade. Em condições de sizígia o estuário é caracterizado por correntes mais intensas e assimétricas, com dominância de vazante. Durante a condição de sizígia o estuário pode atuar como importador ou exportador de MPS. O estuário do rio Caravelas foi classificado como bem misturado e fracamente estratificado. A hidrografia e o balanço sedimentar são principalmente modulados pela altura da maré e o aporte de água doce é irrelevante. / The objective of the present study is to characterize the hydrodynamics and the suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Caravelas Estuary under different tidal and river regimes. Four hydrographic campaigns were carried out comprising a complete semi-diurnal tidal cycle, comprising neap and spring tidal phases, and during dry and wet seasons. Water level, current speed and direction, salinity, temperature and turbidity were recorded in an anchored station near to the estuarine mouth. The residual SPM flux and the mechanisms of transport were calculated. The higher SPM concentrations were recorded during the spring tidal phase. During neap tides, the net SPM flux 1 was up-estuary, although with low scale. During spring tides the tidal currents are strongly ebb dominant, and the net flux can be either up- or down-estuary. The estuary was classified as well mixed or weakly stratified. The hydrography and the sediment balance are firstly modulated by the tidal range, and the fresh water inflow is negligible.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate which method for emptying of septic tanks that contributed with the lowest particle content in outgoing water during the period of a year. The methods for emptying in the comparison was mobile dewatering using polymer, complete pump-out and mobile dewatering using mechanic separation. Within the study, wastewater was sampled from septic tanks third compartment, however, only from septic tanks that were dewatered using polymer. Samples were taken one time before emptying followed by five occasions after emptying. The results from those samples were compared to previously existing results from complete pump-out and mobile dewatering using mechanic separation. Due to differences in method for sampling, the comparison in the discussion was limited to; samples taken before emptying and two weeks after emptying from septic tanks that had been completely pumped-out and dewatered using mechanic separation. The samples taken before emptying showed the particle content after using the septic tanks for a year since the previous emptying. Based on those samples there were no significant difference between mobile dewatering using polymer and complete pump-out or between mobile dewatering using polymer and mobile dewatering using mechanic separation. Two weeks after emptying the lowest particle contents were found in septic tanks that had been completely pumped-out followed by the two dewatering methods.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T13:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Isabel Rodrigues da Rocha - 2018.pdf: 13506861 bytes, checksum: 62a627a5358951b6c7a08e05e36e6b7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T15:50:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Isabel Rodrigues da Rocha - 2018.pdf: 13506861 bytes, checksum: 62a627a5358951b6c7a08e05e36e6b7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T15:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Isabel Rodrigues da Rocha - 2018.pdf: 13506861 bytes, checksum: 62a627a5358951b6c7a08e05e36e6b7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The development of mankind has always been connected to water resources. Currently, they have been more intensely exploited, especially in electrical power generation, through the opening of countless hydropower plants in Brazil from which many are found in the biome called Cerrado, due to its great water resources. From the need of studies on artificial reservoir once its made, the study on Salto do Rio Verdinho ́s river basin and waterpower plant ́s reservoir, located in the lower part of Verde river ́s river basin, close to Paranaíba river ́s downstream, tributary of Paraná river, was chosen. Verde river ́s flow is the verge of Caçu and Itarumã counties, in the south of Goiás state. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to comprehend the dynamics of usage and occupation of the river basin ́s lands and Salto do Rio Verdinho ́s waterpower plant relating to its water quality. With that in mind, the landscape was rated according to its physical features and the relation among its geology, soils, slope, geomorphology and remaining natural vegetation, based on the observation of the structural principle of the landscape, revealing that the environment of the river basin region belongs to Mesozoic era ́s geological formations, such as flattened relief and predominance of slope with very soft dissection between interfluves. Data on the changes in usage and occupation of the lands was possible through satellites images, where it was found that between 2005 and 2015, the main usage was pasture with 546 km2, the second, was areas intended to temporary cultures, with 237,4 km2. The analyses regarding the quality of the water from the reservoir, were made according to the resolution no 357 from 2005 of CONAMA, it was ranked as of very low quality due to its high percentage of nitrite and phosphorus. It was ranked as class 4. The variables: TDS and CE, Temp and TDS, Temp and CE, present significant correlations. The components optically active in the water (chlorophyll, concentration of suspended sediment, transparency and murkiness) that interfere in the electromagnetic spectra, present correlations with the measures of reflectance in the wavelength of 716 nm and 720 nm in January 2015, while the variables correlated better with the wavelength of 647 nm, 697 nm e 704 nm in February 2016, pointing that these wavelengths belong to the color red. The reflectance during the rainy months, January 2015 and February 2016, registered values between 0,04 and 0,23%, while in the dry season, July 2015 and August 2016, 0,03 and 0,14%. Generally speaking, that the research led to comprehend the current dynamics of the river basin environment and of the hydropower plant Salto do Rio Verdinho ́s reservoir, on their natural and man induced components that affect the water quality, thus, fulfilling the intended general aim. / O desenvolvimento da humanidade, sempre esteve ligado aos usos dos recursos hídricos. E na atualidade esses recursos, vem sendo explorado com mais intensidade, especialmente para a geração de energia elétrica, a partir da implantação de inúmeras hidrelétricas no Brasil e sobretudo muitas no Bioma Cerrado, que detém grande riqueza de recursos hídricos. Na perspectiva, de estudos necessários em ambiente de reservatório artificial após a sua implantação, o objeto do estudo selecionado foi a bacia hidrográfica e o reservatório da usina hidrelétrica (UHE) Salto do Rio Verdinho, localizada no trecho inferior da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Verde, próximo a jusante no Rio Paranaíba, afluente do Rio Paraná. Assim, o curso fluvial do Rio Verde é o limite territorial dos municípios de Caçu e Itarumã, no sul do estado de Goiás. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo geral, compreender a dinâmica de uso e ocupação das terras da bacia e do reservatório da UHE Salto do Rio Verdinho em relação a qualidade das suas águas. Diante disso, foram realizadas avaliações da paisagem a partir da caracterização física e da relação dos seus atributos de geologia, solos, declividade, geomorfologia e remanescentes de vegetação natural, baseado na observação de princípio estrutural da paisagem, revelando que o ambiente da região da bacia como todo pertence a formações geológicas da Era Mesozoica, com relevos aplainados, e predomínio de declividades com dissecação muito fraca entre os interflúvios. As alterações no Uso e Ocupação das Terras, foram realizadas a partir de interpretação de imagens de satélites, onde se verificou que entre 2005 a 2015, o uso predominante são destinadas às áreas de pastagens com 546 km2, e a segunda classe de maior uso, foram de áreas destinadas para culturas temporárias com 237,4 km2. A análise da qualidade das águas do reservatório, foram realizadas segundo a Resolução no 357 de 2005 do CONAMA, sendo classificada como de péssima qualidade, devido aos elevados valores do nitrito e do fósforo nas águas do reservatório, que permitiram enquadra- las na classe 4. As variáveis TDS e CE, Temp e TDS, Temp e CE apresentaram correlações significativas. Os Componentes Oticamente Ativos (Clorofila, Concentração de Sedimentos em Suspensão, Transparência da água e Turbidez) na água que interferem nos espectros eletromagnéticos, apresentaram correlações com às medidas das reflectâncias nas faixas de 716 nm e 720 nm no mês de janeiro de 2015, enquanto que em fevereiro de 2016 as variáveis se correlacionaram melhores com as faixas de 647 nm, 697 nm e 704 nm, indicando que essas faixas compreendem ao comprimento de onda de luz vermelha. As reflectâncias dos meses chuvosos, de janeiro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016, registraram valores entre 0,04 e 0,23%, já nos períodos secos registraram valores entre 0,03 e 0,14%, para os meses de julho de 2015 e agosto de 2016. De modo geral, a pesquisa, permitiu compreender a dinâmica atual do ambiente da bacia e do reservatório da UHE Salto do Rio Verdinho, sobre suas componentes naturais e antrópicas que afetam a qualidade das águas, assim, atingindo o objetivo geral proposto.

Durante as últimas décadas, têm sido realizados vários estudos sobre a aplicação de veículos suspensos como em teleféricos, bondinhos, linhas de transporte e/ou montagem em indústrias, e robôs para finalidades diversas. Como veículos suspensos possuem comportamento de pêndulo, estão suscetíveis as ações de forças externas que geram oscilações e balanços indesejados no veículo que podem comprometer sua função e segurança. Um levantamento bibliográfico mostrou a deficiência de estudos de sistemas que mantenham a estabilidade física de veículos suspensos. Usando conceitos de conservação de energia e quantidade de movimento foi concebida a ideia de desmembrar o corpo do veículo suspenso em duas partes, uma massa fixa e uma massa móvel de atuação e estabilização da estrutura do veículo; dessa forma fazendo uso apenas de componentes internos ao veículo, uma vez que em sistemas suspensos é grande a dificuldade de aplicação de forças externas para correção de posicionamento. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema ativo de autoestabilização para veículos suspensos capaz de amenizar os efeitos de forças externas que possam comprometer a atividade desempenhada pelo veículo. Para a autoestabilização foi montado um sistema de controle em malha fechada com sensor de detecção de inclinação (posição) e atuador com motor de corrente contínua para deslocar uma massa móvel dentro do robô suspenso, acionados por um microcontrolador embarcado. A eficiência do sistema foi comprovada com a montagem de um protótipo, onde uma programação baseada em controle proporcional e derivativo foi suficiente para garantir uma eficiente e rápida estabilização no robô quando sujeito a forças externas como atuação de ventos, por exemplo. / During the last decades, many researches and studies have been done about suspended vehicles such as chair lifts, cable cars, carrying and assemblies of parts in the industry, etc. Suspended vehicles behave like a pendulum and they are susceptible to the action of external forces which cause oscillations and unwanted swing at the vehicle that may affect function and security of the vehicle. For several applications it is important to keep the physical stability of suspended vehicles (or part of them), such as in autonomous robots for inspection. In suspended systems it is very difficult to apply external forces to correct its position due the swing; so, it is proposed a new stabilizing system for suspended vehicles based on the conservation of energy and quantity of motion. Using only internal components of the suspended vehicle, the mass of the system was separated in two parts: an active mobile part that stabilizes a fixed part such as the structure of the vehicle. In this work, it is described an active system for swing control on suspended vehicles, able to soften the effects of external forces that can dangerously damage the performance of the vehicle. An autonomous off-board microcontroller with feed-back program was assembled to stabilize the structure of the vehicle by using an inclination sensor attached to it. A DC motor is used to move the mobile part of the suspended vehicle to correct the equilibrium of the vehicles structure. The microcontroller program based on proportional-derivative control system was implemented and tests were performed on a prototype vehicle. A good performance of the system was obtained with an efficient and fast stabilization of the prototype structure under the action of external forces, such as wind forces.

O objetivo do presente estudo é caracterizar a hidrodinâmica e o transporte de material particulado em suspensão (MPS) no estuário de Caravelas sob diferentes condições de maré e vazão fluvial. Foram realizadas quatro campanhas hidrográficas durante ciclos completos de maré, sendo em condições de maré de sizígia e quadratura, e durante os períodos seco e chuvoso. Dados de nível de água, velocidade e direção de correntes, salinidade, temperatura e turbidez foram obtidos em uma estação fixa próxima da desembocadura do estuário. A partir destes dados foram obtidos os transportes residuais de MPS e calculado os mecanismos de transporte. As maiores concentrações médias de material particulado em suspensão ocorreram em condições de sizígia. Em condições de maré de quadratura o transporte resultante de MPS foi com sentido estuário acima, porém de pequena intensidade. Em condições de sizígia o estuário é caracterizado por correntes mais intensas e assimétricas, com dominância de vazante. Durante a condição de sizígia o estuário pode atuar como importador ou exportador de MPS. O estuário do rio Caravelas foi classificado como bem misturado e fracamente estratificado. A hidrografia e o balanço sedimentar são principalmente modulados pela altura da maré e o aporte de água doce é irrelevante. / The objective of the present study is to characterize the hydrodynamics and the suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Caravelas Estuary under different tidal and river regimes. Four hydrographic campaigns were carried out comprising a complete semi-diurnal tidal cycle, comprising neap and spring tidal phases, and during dry and wet seasons. Water level, current speed and direction, salinity, temperature and turbidity were recorded in an anchored station near to the estuarine mouth. The residual SPM flux and the mechanisms of transport were calculated. The higher SPM concentrations were recorded during the spring tidal phase. During neap tides, the net SPM flux 1 was up-estuary, although with low scale. During spring tides the tidal currents are strongly ebb dominant, and the net flux can be either up- or down-estuary. The estuary was classified as well mixed or weakly stratified. The hydrography and the sediment balance are firstly modulated by the tidal range, and the fresh water inflow is negligible.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo principal estimar o aporte sedimentar em suspensão na baía da Babitonga a partir de um setor de sua área de contribuição hidrográfica, com base em uma análise geomorfológica da relação entre precipitação, relevo e uso da terra. Adotou-se como referências teórico-metodológicas principais os trabalhos de Ab?Saber, sobre os níveis de tratamento para pesquisas em geomorfologia, e de Tricart, que propõe a classificação dos ambientes segundo seu funcionamento ecodinâmico. Efetuou-se em campo monitoramento mensal das vazões dos dez rios que compõem a área da pesquisa e coletas de amostras de água para quantificação de sedimentos em suspensão em laboratório. Os resultados obtidos indicaram um nítido diferencial no comportamento hidrológico e hidrossedimentológico entre as bacias hidrográficas, que se reflete em distintas parcelas de contribuição de cada bacia no aporte sedimentar em suspensão na baía. Estimou-se que são lançadas na Baía da Babitonga, a partir da área da pesquisa, cerca de 7.624 toneladas/ano de sedimentos em suspensão, estando 77,8% deste volume concentrado na foz do Rio Cubatão. / The research had as main goal to estimate the suspended sediment yield into the Babitonga Bay from a sector of its hydrographic contribution area and was based on a geomorphological approach of the relationship among precipitation, relief and land use. The theorical methodological references were the works from Ab?Saber, about treatment levels for geomorphological research, and from Tricart, which proposes environmental classification based on its ecodynamic behavior. Field monitoring of discharge values was accomplished once a month for all ten rivers of the research área, as well as water sample collecting for laboratory suspended sediment quantification. Results indicate a clear distinct hydrological and hydrossedimentological behavior of the watersheds, which reflect the distinguished suspended sediment yield of each individual watershed into the bay. It was estimated that ca. 7,624 year/tons of suspended sediment are introduced into the Babitonga Bay, with 77.8% of that volume concentrated at the Cubatão river estuary.

Os geotêxteis não-tecidos desempenham, dentre outras funções, papel relevante na filtração e drenagem de solos. Nesta função, necessitam ter vazios suficientemente grandes para permitir a livre passagem de água e, ao mesmo tempo, vazios suficientemente pequenos para impedir o arraste de partículas, de sorte a evitar a erosão interna do solo. Critérios de dimensionamento para atender a ambos os requisitos estão disponíveis na literatura e são utilizados com sucesso há vários anos. Uma situação menos estudada e compreendida refere-se ao desempenho desses geotêxteis na filtração de água com sólidos em suspensão. Trata-se de uma situação tida como crítica, pela possibilidade de colmatação do geotêxtil por essas partículas, de acordo com diferentes mecanismos. Neste trabalho, verifica-se o desempenho, em laboratório, de geotêxteis não-tecidos frente à filtração de suspensões de solo em água, tal qual poderia ocorrer por ocasião de enxurradas. Nessa perspectiva, tenta-se verificar qual poderia ser o desempenho desses geotêxteis quando utilizados para compor sistemas de proteção da entrada de estruturas de captação de água, como bocas de lobo e bueiros. O trabalho utiliza um geotêxtil não tecido de fibras curtas, fabricado a partir de poliéster e suspensões contendo bentonita e uma areia fina argilosa, solo típico da região de São Carlos, em diferentes concentrações. Estabelecem-se correlações entre diferentes características e propriedades dos geotêxteis estudados e estuda-se o mecanismo de colmatação, que em geral ocorreu para todos os geotêxteis, em intervalos de tempo associados às características do geotêxtil e à concentração de solo na suspensão. As severas condições de colmatação observadas e o comprometimento da permeabilidade dos geotêxteis sugerem que para as concentrações de solo utilizadas, os geotêxteis não seriam capazes de cumprir com a proteção da entrada de estruturas de drenagem. / Nonwoven geotextiles play an important role in filtration and drainage of soils, among other functions. In these functions, they need to have large enough internal voids to allow free passage of water and at the same time these voids should be small enough to prevent the passing of particles and preventing piping formation or erosion of soil. Design criteria to satisfy both requirements are available in the literature and have been used successfully for many years. A topic that has not been deeply addressed refers to the performance of geotextiles on filtration of water with suspended solids since the possibility of geotextile clogging is real, impairing its behavior. In this work, the performance of nonwoven geotextiles in laboratory tests designed to observe the filtration of water containing solid particles in suspension is addressed. The tests were devised trying to understand what could be the performance of these geotextiles when used to compose inlet protection systems for drainage structures, such as culverts. The study used nonwoven short-fibers geotextile, made of polyester and suspensions containing bentonite and clayey fine sand, a typical soil of São Carlos area, Brazil, in different concentrations. The laboratory test results show that there exist correlations among different characteristics and properties of geotextiles studied and allowed to evaluate the mechanism of clogging, which generally occurred for all geotextiles, in time intervals associated to some characteristics of the geotextile and to the soil concentration in suspension. The severe clogging observed and the reduction of permeability of geotextile suggest that, for the solids concentration used, the geotextiles could not protect the entrance of drainage structures.

The biological treatment of metalworking fluids (MWFs) is a cost effective alternative to conventional waste disposal processes. While research has proven that this process is capable of treating large volumes of wastes with high organic concentrations, there are uncertainties about the mechanisms by which the treatment occurs, and there are limitations that must be overcome. There is a need to understand the importance of the mechanisms by which carbon (and hence COD) is removed from the wastewater. This will allow for waste practitioners to make better decisions for optimizing the process, and for disposing of waste (i.e sludge) that is generated. The biological treatment process is also susceptible to biocides present within formulations. These compounds either need to be removed before the treatment process, or the bioreactors need to be made more resistant to them to ensure that their presence does not hinder the reactor functioning. This study aims to answer the uncertainties about the carbon removal mechanisms involved in the treatment of oil-containing MWFs. In the first experimental chapter, it is shown that the predominant mechanism of carbon removal is oil/water separation induced by emulsifier degradation, and hence the bioprocess treatment rate is significantly affected by the biodegradability of surfactants and by the presence of cations found naturally in the water that used to prepare the emulsions. The study then provides insights into the potential that coagulation and coalescence has for removing inhibitory components commonly found in MWFs. Coagulation and coalescence is shown to effectively remove biocides with low aqueous solubility (iodopropynyl butylcarbamate) and those that partition themselves into the oil phase (o-phenyl phenate and its sodium salt). Finally, to improve the resistance of reactors to inhibitory compounds, factors influencing the development of fixed-film reactors are investigated. A micro-cosmic system is used to study the both physico-chemical effects and nutritional factors on the development of biofilm reactors. It is shown that biofilm yields can be controlled through pH adjustment, and that these yields are maximized with phosphate stimulation and ammonium limitation. It is then shown that fixed-film reactors are able to treat metalworking fluids even under conditions deemed to be inhibitory. In summary, this project provides insights into further understanding and enhancing the biological treatment of MWFs.

Simultaneous in-situ measurements of waves, currents, water depth, suspended sediment concentrations and bed profiles were made in a rip channel on Perranporth Beach, Cornwall, UK. Perranporth is a high energy beach (annual offshore Hs = 1.6 m) which is macro-tidal (mean spring range = 6.3 m) and the grain size is medium sand (D50 = 0.28 – 0.34 mm). It can be classified as a low tide bar – rip beach and exhibits a relatively flat inter-tidal zone with pronounced rhythmic low tide bar - rip morphology. Data were collected over two field campaigns, totalling 14 tidal cycles and including 27 occurrences of rip currents, in a range of offshore wave heights (Hs = 0.5 – 3 m). The in-situ measurements were supplemented with morphological beach surveys. Sediment samples were taken for grain size analysis. The rip current was found to be tidally modulated. The strongest rip flow (0.7 m/s) occurred at mid to low tide, when waves were breaking on the adjacent bar. Rip flow persisted when the bar had dried out at the lowest tidal elevations. The rip was observed to pulse at a very low frequency (VLF) with a period of 15 - 20 minutes, which was shown to be influenced by wave breaking on the adjacent bar. The rip was completely in-active at high tide. Bedforms were ubiquitous in the rip channel and occurred at all stages of the tide. Visual observations found bedforms to be orientated shore parallel. When the rip was active, mean bedform length and height was 1.45 m and 0.06 m respectively. The size and position of the bedforms in the nearshore suggested that they were best classified as megaripples. When the rip was not active, the mean bedform length and height was 1.09 m and 0.06 m respectively. In rip conditions, with typical mean offshore flow rates of > 0.3 m/s, the bedforms migrated in an offshore direction at a mean rate of 0.16 cm/min and a maximum rate of 4.6 cm/min. The associated mean bedform sediment transport rate was 0.0020 kg/m/s, with a maximum rate of 0.054 kg/m/s. In the rip, migration rates were correlated with offshore directed mean flow strength. In non-rip conditions, bedform migration was onshore directed with a mean rate of 0.09 cm/min and a maximum rate of = 2.2 cm/min. The associated mean bedform transport rate was 0.0015 kg/m/s, with a maximum rate of = 0.041 kg/m/s. The onshore bedform transport was correlated with incident wave skewness, and was weakly correlated with orbital velocity. Over a tidal cycle, the offshore directed bedform transport was only marginally larger in rip currents than when it was when onshore directed in non-rip conditions. Sediment suspension in the rip current was shown to be dependent on the presence of waves. Suspended sediment transport was dominated by the mean flux. The mean flux contributed > 70% of total suspended transport on 19 out of the 27 observed rip current occurrences. The net contribution of the oscillatory flux was small compared to the mean flux. Within the oscillatory component, a frequency domain partitioning routine showed that the VLF motion was an important mechanism for driving offshore directed sediment transport. This was balanced by onshore directed sediment transport at incident wave frequency of a similar magnitude. Depth integration showed that the mean total suspended sediment transport was in the range of 0.03 kg/m/s to 0.08 kg/m/s. At high tide, when the rip was inactive suspended sediment transport rates were minimal compared to when the rip was active. Bedform transport was (on average) 6% of the total suspended sediment transport in a rip current. The new results presented here show that rip currents make an important contribution to offshore directed sediment transport. The magnitudes of transport indicate that future improvements to morphology change models should include rip driven offshore sediment transport.

Ce travail présente une étude par diffusion micro-Raman de membranes de graphène suspendu.La spectroscopie Raman est présentée comme un outil rapide et peu invasif pour estimer les contraintes natives dans du graphène suspendu et est utilisée pour en sonder quantitativement la déflexion, induite soit par une différence de pression d’air soit électrostatiquement. Dans des bulles de graphène pressurisées, une analyse minutieuse des intensités et fréquences des principaux modes Raman permet une détermination tout-op que de la topographie de la bulle, du module de Young et des paramètres de Grüneisen du graphène. Une grille électrostatique offre une manière élégante d’introduire à la fois des contraintes et du dopage dans le graphène. Des mesures Raman permettent une détermination précise de la déflection induite par la force électrostatique (jusqu’à l’effondrement irréversible), en très bon accord avec un modèle électromécanique. / This work presents a micro-Raman scattering study of undoped suspended graphene membranes. Raman spectroscopy is introduced as a fast and minimally invasive tool to estimate sample dependent built-in strain in suspended graphene, and is further employed to quantatively probe the membrane deflection, which may be induced either by an air pressure difference or electrostatically. In pressurized graphene blisters, an all-optical determination of the blister topography, the Young’s modulus and the Grüneisen parameters of graphene is achieved by a thorough analysis of the intensity and frequency of the main Raman modes. Electrostatic gating offers an elegant way to simultaneously strain and dope graphene. Raman measurements allow an accurate determination of the electrostatically-induced graphene deflection (up to irreversible collapse), in very good agreement with an electromechanical model.