Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2006.

Thesis (M.Sc. Earth and Ocean Sciences)--University of Waikato, 2008. / Title from PDF cover (viewed September 16, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-169)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-131). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves: [56]-57)

Thesis (Docteur de 3ème cycle)--Université de Bretagne occidentale, 1979. / Cover title. At head of title: Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne, Unité Littoral. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-136).

Thesis--Oregon State University. / Bibliography: p. 117-122. Also available on the World Wide Web.

The untreated overflow of combined sewer system contains a variety of pollutants that can contaminate the receiving water body. Total suspended solids (TSS) transported in the sewer networks can adsorb these pollutants and become the main contaminant source. Existing models contain a numerous formulas that make the calculation process complex and time consuming. A simplified model was presented in this thesis to simulate the process of TSS transport in combined sewer pipes. The combined sewer system evaluated was a combination of an existing sewer system in Le Marais and an example system provided with the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). SWMM was used in this research to simulate the rainfall event, pollutant build-up and wash-off process, and to provide hydraulic calculations for the combined sewer system. A spreadsheet model was created to calculate the TSS concentration profile and flow velocity profile. The total TSS transport rate was computed using a numerical estimation of the integral of the concentration in the cross-section area multiplied by the velocity. The flow depth, velocity, and Froude number of each pipe was calculated to show that the combined sewer system was under proper working conditions. The first flush phenomenon was observed by plotting the TSS concentration pollutograph of the combined sewer system. From the TSS transport pollutograph, the maximum transport rate was found (0.2609 kg/s at 6:45). The study of TSS profile showed that the concentration distribution was based on the solid density. The TSS particle also affected the transport rate. A sensitivity analysis of particle size was conducted in this thesis. A second order polynomial was used to describe the relationship between median particle size d50¬ ¬and TSS transport rate.

A consequence of stirring sea bottoms within construction sites is that suspended particles are being released. Pollutants such as heavy metals are often bonded to suspended particles which can spread over long distances. Analyzing the levels of particles in the water can either be made in a laboratory, or by measuring turbidity. Turbidity is a measure of the water’s ability to diffuse light and is used to determine the content of suspended material. This thesis is made in collaboration with AFRY who is preforming water sampling during a construction of a new quay area in Kallholmsfjärden, Skellefteå. The purpose of this study has been to investigate if, and how, suspended substances are being spread during water-based constructions that causes stirring of the sea bottom. The study was carried out by analyzing data sampled from Kallholmsfjärden. In summary, the result indicate that water-based constructions may result in suspended substances being spread into the water. Suspended material is correlating with turbidity, which means that turbidity can be used as an indicator for suspended materials. The kind of operation preformed during construction, affects the turbidity and dredging leads to higher particle scattering than padding. The result underlines the importance of taking preventive measures that reduce particle scattering, and one way of doing that is by using silt curtains. According to the result, silt curtains fulfill its purpose by preventing particle scattering. Finally, there is no difference in suspended material between dissimilar depths. The result of this theses is relevant when planning similar projects.

La première détection d'une Onde Gravitationnelle (OG) a été faite le 14 Septembre 2015 par la collaboration LIGO-Virgo avec les deux détecteurs de LIGO. Elle a été émise par la fusion de deux Trous Noirs, fournissant ainsi la première preuve directe de l’existence des Trous Noirs. Advanced Virgo est la version améliorée de l’interféromètre Virgo et il va rejoindre les détecteurs LIGO dans les mois qui suivent. Le passage d'une OG induit un changement différentiel de la distance entre masses-test (uniquement sensibles à la force gravitationnelle). Cette variation de distance est proportionnelle à l'amplitude de l'OG, néanmoins le déplacement le plus grand qui peut être observé depuis la Terre est de l'ordre de 10⁻¹⁹ m/sqrt(Hz) en terme de densité spectrale. C'est pour cela que l’interféromètre de Michelson est l'instrument idéal pour détecter cet effet différentiel. Les détecteurs d’OG utilisent des miroirs suspendus, qui se comportent comme masses-test. Le passage d'une OG va produire un changement dans la distance entre les miroirs qui va modifier la condition d’interférence et donc une variation de puissance lumineuse mesurée par la photodiode de détection. Cependant, un Michelson simple n'est pas assez sensible et des améliorations ont été ajoutées. La première génération de détecteurs a ajouté des cavités Fabry-Pérot dans les bras pour augmenter le chemin optique. De plus un nouveau miroir a été ajouté pour recirculer la lumière réfléchie vers le laser et augmenter la puissance effective, en créant une nouvelle cavité connue comme Power Recycling Cavity (PRC). Son effet est d’autant plus important que le Michelson est en fait optimalement réglé sur une frange noire. Tous les miroirs du détecteur ressentent le bruit sismique et les longueurs des cavités, entre autres, changent en permanence. Il est donc nécessaire de contrôler activement la position longitudinale et angulaire des cavités pour les maintenir en résonance. Pendant ma thèse j'ai étudié le contrôle de Advanced Virgo d’abord en simulation puis pendant le commissioning lui-même. D'abord j'ai simulé la stratégie de contrôle utilisée dans Virgo avec des simulations modales. L'objectif était de vérifier si la même stratégie pouvait être appliquée à Advanced Virgo ou s'il fallait l'adapter. Avec Advanced Virgo les cavités Fabry-Pérot ont une finesse plus grande ce qui entraîne de nouveaux effets dynamiques et qui demande une stratégie de contrôle spéciale, stratégie que j'ai modifiée pour l'adapter aux besoins du commissioning. Concernant la PRC, j’ai étudié l'impact de sa stabilité dans le fonctionnement de l’interféromètre. Comme elle est très proche de la région d’instabilité, l’onde lumineuse être très sensible à l'alignement et a l'adaptation du faisceau à la cavité. J’ai vérifié avec les simulations son impact sur les contrôles longitudinaux, qui peuvent devenir instables, et une solution a été validée. Ensuite j'ai utilisé cette information pour le commissioning d'Advanced Virgo. Dans cette thèse les détails du commissioning des contrôles longitudinal et angulaire de l’interféromètre sont présentés. La stabilisation en fréquence est aussi présentée, puisqu'elle joue un rôle très important dans le contrôle de l’interféromètre car étant le bruit dominant. / The first detection of a Gravitational Wave (GW) was done on September 14 th of 2015 by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration with the two LIGO detectors. It was emitted by the merger of a Binary Black Hole, providing the first direct proof of the existence of Black Holes. Advanced Virgo is the upgraded version of the Virgo interferometer and it will join the LIGO detectors in the next months. The passage of a GW on Earth induces a change on the distance between test masses (experiencing only the gravitational interaction) in a differential way. This distance variation is proportional to the amplitude of the GW however the largest displacement observable on Earth will be of the order of 10⁻¹⁹ m/sqrt(Hz). Taking this in account, a Michelson interferometer is the ideal instrument to detect this differential effect. GWs detectors will use suspended mirrors to behave as test masses. The passage of a GW will cause a change on the distance between the mirrors that will spoil the interference condition, allowing some light to leak to the detection photodiode. However, a simple Michelson interferometer does not provide enough sensitivity. For this reason the first generation of detectors added Fabry-Perot cavities in the arms, in order to increase the optical path. A second change was the addition of an extra mirror in order to recycle the light that comes back towards the laser, to increase the effective power, creating a new cavity also known as Power Recycling Cavity (PRC). Its effect is more important when the Michelson is tuned in an optimal way in a dark fringe. All the mirrors of the detector are affected by the seismic noise and so their distance is continuously changing. It is necessary to control the longitudinal and angular position of the cavities in order to keep them at resonance. During my thesis I have studied the control of Advanced Virgo using simulation and during the commissioning itself. First of all I have simulated the control strategy used in Virgo using modal simulations. The aim was to check if the same strategy could be applied to Advanced Virgo or if it needs adaptation. In Advanced Virgo the Fabry-Perot cavities have a higher finesse, which arises new dynamical problems and requires a special control strategy that I have modified to match the commissioning needs. Regarding the PRC, we have studied the impact of its stability on the performance of the interferometer. As it is very close from the instability region, the electrical field inside will be very sensitive to alignment and matching of the laser beam. We have checked using simulations its impact on the longitudinal controls, which can become unstable, and a solution has been validated. Then I have used this information during the commissioning of the Advanced Virgo detector. In this thesis the details of the commissioning of the longitudinal and angular control of the interferometer will be presented. It includes the frequency stabilization, which has a key role in the control of the interferometer, since it is the dominant noise.

This study examines the wastewater treatment system on BillerudKorsnäs integrated pulpand paper mill at Karlsborg, with focus on the effluent of suspended solids. Due to lowerregulatory limits for the emissions of suspended solids BillerudKorsnäs is looking forways to improve the efficiency of the wastewater treatment. Therefore, this study seeksto create a statistical model for the emissions of suspended solids and to find which factorsin the production, wastewater treatment and surrounding environment that affects theemissions. The purpose of the study is to extend the current understanding of the treatmentsystem to create a base for future decisions. The methods used for the modelling areElastic net regression and Random forest classifier, which were selected for the variableselection properties they provide. Unfortunately, the results show that the fitted modelscan only explain a small part of the variation of the emissions of suspended solids.The lack of fit in the models indicate that the current data is not sufficient to explain thevariation in the emissions of suspended solids. During the study deficiencies in the datacollection has been detected and improvements to overcome these deficiencies are proposedin the hope of creating more reliable data for the company and to create a betterbasis for future studies. / Denna studie undersöker avloppsvattenreningen på BillerudKorsnäs integrerade massaoch pappersbruket i Karlsborg, med fokus på utsläppen av suspenderade ämnen. Pågrund ut av sänkta gränser för utsläppen av suspenderade ämnen undersöker BillerudKorsnäsmöjligheter för att öka effektiviteten i avloppsvattenreningen. Därför försöker dennastudie att skapa en statistisk modell för utsläppen av suspenderade ämnen och undersökavilka faktorer i produktion, avloppsvattenrening, och omgivande miljö som påverkar utsläppen.Syftet med studien är att förbättra förståelsen för avloppsvattenreningen och attskapa beslutsunderlag för framtida förbättringar. Metoderna som används i modellernaär Elastic net regression och Random forest classifier, vilka valdes för deras variabel selectionegenskaper. Resultaten för modellerna visar att modellerna endast kan förklara enliten del av variationen i utsläpp av suspenderade ämnen. Det dåliga resultatet indikeraratt nuvarande data inte är tillräckligt för att skapa den typ av modeller som används. Understudien så har brister i datainsamlingen upptäckts, och förbättringar för att överbryggadessa brister är föreslagna med ändamål att göra insamlad data mer pålitlig och skapa enbättre bas för framtida studier.