CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O desenvolvimento sustentÃvel (DS) tem sido amplamente debatido por governos e sociedade civil nos paÃses industrializados e em desenvolvimento. A matÃria engloba questÃes complexas que devem ser tratadas de forma multidisciplinar, dado que os estudos, o planejamento e as aÃÃes devem acontecer em um contexto abrangente e sistÃmico. Este trabalho tem como finalidade propor uma metodologia que verifique o processo de qualquer projeto rumo ao desenvolvimento sustentÃvel, possibilitando assim conhecer os seus limites, por meio do cÃlculo de seu Ãndice e grau de sustentabilidade obtidos por quatro escopos â indicadores ambientais, sociais, econÃmicos e institucionais. A pesquisa foi bibliogrÃfica utilizando-se do mÃtodo sistÃmico. Para se conhecer a efetividade da proposta houve a aplicaÃÃo no projeto Cultivo de Algas Vermelhas, no distrito de Flecheiras, litoral oeste do Estado do CearÃ. A problemÃtica ambiental, embora seja comum a toda humanidade, existem diferentes maneiras de se vivenciar as relaÃÃes sociedade-natureza, por comportar diferentes grupos sociais e para cada grupo as questÃes temporal e espacial serem Ãnicas. EntÃo, o grande desafio do DS Ã como conseguir suficiÃncia, seguranÃa e vida boa para todos (desenvolvimento) dentro de regras e limites do ambiente biofÃsico (sustentabilidade). Nesse sentido, a efetividade do DS precisa estar pautada dentro dos seus prÃprios limites e os indicadores, como forma de avaliaÃÃo, podem identificar o grau de sustentabilidade a que se propÃe chegar e possibilitar um melhor conhecimento da relaÃÃo sociedade-natureza de hoje, e melhores aÃÃes para o amanhÃ. / Sustainable Development (SD) has been widely debated by government and civil society in industrialized and developing countries. The matter gathers complex question that must be treated in a multidisciplinar way, given that the studies, the plans and the actions should happen in a wide and systemic context. This thesis aims to propose a methodology that verifies the process of any project towards sustainable development, making possible to discover its limits by means of calculating its rate and degree of sustainability obtained by four scopes - environmental, social, economical and institutional indicators. The research was bibliographical, using the systemic method. To get to know the effectiveness of the proposal, there was an application in the project âCultivation of Red Algaeâ, in the city of Flecheiras, western coast of the state of CearÃ. Environmental problems, though common to all mankind, are experienced in different society-nature relationships, as different social groups are involved and temporal and spatial matters are unique for each group. So, the biggest challenge for SD is how to get sufficiency, security and good life for everyone (development) within rules and limits of the biophysical environment (sustainability). In this sense, the effectiveness of the SD needs to be put into its own limits and the indicators, as evaluation means, may identify the degree of sustainability which we aim and make possible a better knowledge of the society-nature relationship nowadays, and better actions for tomorrow.

Esta pesquisa propõe a aplicação de indicadores de sustentabilidade urbana em um conjunto habitacional, na cidade de Manaus/AM, a partir de princípios de desenvolvimento sustentável investigados em experiências bem sucedidas na Europa e no Brasil. Os exemplos pesquisados, denominados bairros sustentáveis, são iniciativas urbanísticas comprometidas com os indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável que propõem um novo modelo de ocupação urbana. Este modelo prioriza o uso racional de recursos naturais, a utilização de materiais ecológicos, de fontes renováveis de energia, o controle de resíduos, a reutilização da água das chuvas, incentivos para o \'não uso de carros\' promovendo o pedestre, o ciclista e o transporte público com impactos na melhoria na qualidade de vida de seus moradores. Para tanto, a metodologia pauta-se em um corpus teórico das idéias que tem sido discutidas sobre a sustentabilidade em proposições que se apresentam com distintas adjetivações como: \"Desenvolvimento Sustentável\", \"Ecodesenvolvimento\", \"Sociedades Sustentáveis\", \"Comunidades Sustentáveis\", termos estes, abordados nos Acordos/Encontros Internacionais, configurando-se como um panorama histórico da questão ambiental e a cidade. Segue-se com as definições de indicadores, índices e princípios de sustentabilidade urbana e aescolha de cinco experiências apoiadas pelos critérios de representatividade do diferencial entre elas, pelo pioneirismo, pelo reconhecimento nos meios especializados e pelo potencial de difusão. Considerou-se também importante, a inclusão de experiências internacionais que se destacassem por seu grau de inovação, estruturação e consolidação. Esta soma de saberes específicos contribuiu para a formulação de um quadro-síntese dos indicadores de sustentabilidade urbana aplicáveis ao conjunto habitacional \'Parque Residencial Manaus\'. / This research proposes the application of urban sustainability indicators in a public housing in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, since the principles of sustainable development investigated in successful experiences in Europe and Brazil. The examples studied, called sustainable neighborhoods, are urban initiatives are committed to the sustainable development indicators which offer a new model of urban settlement. This model emphasizes the rational use of natural resources, the use of green materials, renewable sources of energy, waste control, reuse of rainwater, incentives for the \'non-use of cars\' promoting the pedestrian, the cyclist and public transportation to improve the quality of life for its residents. For this, the methodology is guided in a corpus of theoretical ideas that have been discussed on the sustainability of propositions that are presented with different adjectives such as \"Sustainable Development\", \"Ecodevelopment\", \"Sustainable Societies\", \"Sustainable Communities\", terms discussed in the Agreements / International Meetings, configuring it as a historical overview of environmental issues and the city. Then, it presents the definitions of indicators, indices and principles of urban sustainability and the choice of five experiments that were chosen using the representativeness criteria of the differential between them, the pioneering, recognition in specialist circles and the diffusion potential. It was also important to include international experiences that stood out for their musical innovation, restructuring and consolidation. This sum of specific knowledge contributed to formulate of a summary table of urban sustainability indicators that were applied to the public housing \'Parque Residencial Manaus\'.

O objetivo desse trabalho é verificar se os critérios e indicadores das certificações LEED New Construction, LEED Existing Building - Operations and Maintenance, LEED Comercial Interiors, AQUA Escritórios e Edifícios escolares e o regulamento brasileiro PROCEL, podem ser atendidos pelas tecnologias disponíveis no Brasil em termos de lâmpadas, luminárias, reatores (sistemas de iluminação), bem como avaliar se tais critérios e indicadores estão de acordo com as normas da ABNT e/ou normas internacionais. Para verificar os indicadores, foram realizadas simulações através do programa de cálculo Dialux 4.10/2012, utilizando os arquivos fotométricos fornecidos pelos fabricantes mais especificados no Brasil. Foram escolhidos dois estudos de caso para essa verificação, um escritório e uma escola que são ambientes comuns nas certificações e selos de sustentabilidade que serão analisados. Os resultados das simulações mostrarão se é possível obter as certificações e/ou selo de sustentabilidade utilizando a tecnologia disponível referente aos sistemas de iluminação comercializados nos dias de hoje. / The main goal of this dissertation is to verify if Brazilian available technology can meet some certification´s criteria and indicators. The chosen certifications are: LEED New Construction, LEED Existing Building - Operations and Maintenance, LEED Comercial Interiors, AQUA offices and educational buildings and the Brazilian standard PROCEL. Lamps, fixtures, ballasts (lighting systems), were analyzed to check whether these criteria and indicators are in line with the ABNT and / or international standards. To check the indicators, simulations were performed using DIALUX 4.10/2012, a professional light planning software. In these simulations the most specified photometric files provided by the manufacturers were used. To this research two cases were chosen for analysis, an regular office and a school, that are common environments in sustainability standards and certifications. Simulation results will show if it is possible to obtain a certification using the available technology in lighting systems.

O objetivo desse trabalho é verificar se os critérios e indicadores das certificações LEED New Construction, LEED Existing Building - Operations and Maintenance, LEED Comercial Interiors, AQUA Escritórios e Edifícios escolares e o regulamento brasileiro PROCEL, podem ser atendidos pelas tecnologias disponíveis no Brasil em termos de lâmpadas, luminárias, reatores (sistemas de iluminação), bem como avaliar se tais critérios e indicadores estão de acordo com as normas da ABNT e/ou normas internacionais. Para verificar os indicadores, foram realizadas simulações através do programa de cálculo Dialux 4.10/2012, utilizando os arquivos fotométricos fornecidos pelos fabricantes mais especificados no Brasil. Foram escolhidos dois estudos de caso para essa verificação, um escritório e uma escola que são ambientes comuns nas certificações e selos de sustentabilidade que serão analisados. Os resultados das simulações mostrarão se é possível obter as certificações e/ou selo de sustentabilidade utilizando a tecnologia disponível referente aos sistemas de iluminação comercializados nos dias de hoje. / The main goal of this dissertation is to verify if Brazilian available technology can meet some certification´s criteria and indicators. The chosen certifications are: LEED New Construction, LEED Existing Building - Operations and Maintenance, LEED Comercial Interiors, AQUA offices and educational buildings and the Brazilian standard PROCEL. Lamps, fixtures, ballasts (lighting systems), were analyzed to check whether these criteria and indicators are in line with the ABNT and / or international standards. To check the indicators, simulations were performed using DIALUX 4.10/2012, a professional light planning software. In these simulations the most specified photometric files provided by the manufacturers were used. To this research two cases were chosen for analysis, an regular office and a school, that are common environments in sustainability standards and certifications. Simulation results will show if it is possible to obtain a certification using the available technology in lighting systems.

Sustainable development is now being recognised as a vital component of our society in the environmental, ethical, social, technological, economic, and institutional aspects, or dimensions, so, this thesis develops a framework to quantitatively measure sustainability. This thesis is distinctive in that it focuses on quantitative methods encapsulated in a formal assessment procedure and includes sustainability concepts that have rarely been put into practical use in sustainability reports. The framework is designed along the strategy that the methodology needs to be scale invariant and recursive, meaning the procedure is the same irrespective of the scale the user is interested in, and that different people can focus at different levels of sustainability by following a similar procedure. While the quantification process is aimed to be as unbiased as possible, a configuration of the tools from Total Quality Management (TQM) is adapted to identify sustainability indicators which are then mapped onto a scalar with mathematical functions. The sustainability indices are presented according to the amount of details needed by different users ─ some may need just one overall figure while others may need sustainability indices broken down by the six sustainability dimensions and presented on a spider diagram, while others may need all the details for analysis. This methodology also caters for sustainability analysis by different stakeholders. To fully demonstrate the potential of the methodology, the author has chosen to test it on a large-size industry sector so that it can have the capacity to be scaled up to a country or down to a small business, and on an industry sector that is important on its own right. Furthermore, this sector needs to be illustrative and has nontrivial complex problems. Under these criteria, the electricity sector of New Zealand was selected. The robustness of the methodology was investigated with inputs from three evaluators with different views: a standard view from the author that was made after much research in the sector and in the concepts of sustainability, a view with an environmental bias and one that focuses on commercial interests.

Environmental issues have gained importance due to global environmental threat, such as depletion of energy resources and the impacts of climate change. The building sector is responsible for almost half of the impacts on the environment. Hence, this study focuses on the importance of environmental impacts of building materials. In this regard, firstly, sustainability indicators for building materials were determined and the environmental impacts of selected building materials were studied. Then, the evaluation system BREEAM and the evaluation software BEES were selected and used to evaluate one block of bachelor flats and one of housing units in ODTUKENT, which is located in the Middle East Technical University campus in Ankara, Turkey. Building materials used for the construction of walls, floors and roofs were evaluated according to the indicators accepted by BREEAM and BEES. The results for both units were compared and it was seen that the block of bachelor flats takes lower ratings than the triplex unit for BREEAM and also lower values for BEES. Therefore, the block of bachelor flats has less environmental impact than the triplex unit. While evaluating the materials an exact match for all the materials used in the case buildings could not be found in these tools. Hence, it was not possible to exact results for these materials. In this regard, countries should determine their own evaluation indicators and develop their evaluation systems.

The Envision Central Texas (ECT) scenario-based regional planning process formulated its preferred vision for future growth in Central Texas in 2004. While the process was successful in developing a unified vision for future development for a region undergoing rapid growth, it is questionable whether any implementation has been seen on the ground since. Utilizing the performance indicators originally used to assess the alternative growth scenarios during the ECT planning process, this study attempts to monitor the region’s growth trajectory since that time. In other words, is the region realizing its preferred vision for new population growth and urban development? An analysis using remote sensing of satellite imagery, GIS and available data was undertaken to calculate eleven performance measures for the current regional context. Results of the indicator analysis helped to form a better understanding of the region’s growth since the ECT vision was adopted. For the most part, the region is continuing to grow in its “baseline” or “business as usual” pattern of development, characterized by low-density, separate use development on the urban fringe. Although the ECT vision is still in its early stages of implementation, the region faces challenges in realizing its fulfillment. The findings of this study are the product of the only quantifiable monitoring efforts of ECT implementation to date. They should be used in conjunction with qualitative monitoring already undertaken by ECT to better understand the region’s growth trajectory, and be used as a model for monitoring ECT implementation in the future. Additionally, the analysis offers a discussion of how the use of performance indicators can be improved in future scenario-based planning processes. / text

Norint įvertinti esamą šalių situaciją, lyginti praėjusius laikotarpius ir įvardinti ateities prognozes, darnų vystymąsi reikia formalizuoti, t.y. jį reikia išreikšti kiekybinių ir kokybinių rodiklių kompleksu – darnaus vystymosi indeksais. Vienas iš paprastesnių įvertinimo būdų yra sudėtinis darnumo indeksas. Šio darbo tikslas ir yra įvertinti Lietuvos ir kitų ES šalių darnaus vystymosi pokyčius 2004 - 2010 m., naudojant sudėtinį indeksą. Norint pasiekti šį tikslą buvo išanalizuoti pagrindiniai ekonomikos, socialinio vystymosi ir aplinkos rodiklių pokyčiai ES15, Baltijos šalyse bei Lenkijoje ir Čekijoje. Pastarosios šalys buvo pasirinktos, nes visos į ES įstojo 2004 m. ir jų praeitis buvo panaši, o jų vystytmasis lyginamas su ES senbuvėmis šalimis. Sudėtiniui indeksui apskaičiuoti buvo naudota OECD metodika „Handbook on constructing composite indicators methodology and user guide“ (2008). Taip pat buvo apskaičiuoti subindeksai ir bendras darnumo indeksas. Išanalizavus duomemis paaiškėjo, kad naujų ES narių dauguma rodiklių, pvz., BVP, eksportas, energijos ir medžiagų intensyvumas, kūdikių mirtingumas, skurdas ir kt., pagerėjo analizuotu laikotarpiu. Taip pat nustatyta, kad ekonomikos subindeksas geriausias yra ES15, o aplinkos – Lietuvoje ir Latvijoje. Tuo tarpu sudėtinis darnumo indeksas 2004 ir 2010 m didžiausias buvo ES15 ir siekė 55,6 ir 57,9 balus atitinkamai. 2004 m mažiausias darnumo indeksas buvo Lenkijoje - 39,05 balai, o 2010 m – Latvijoje 45,7. Lietuvos darnumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Wanting to evaluate present country situation, compare past and predict forecast, harmonious progress needs to be formalized (it needs to be expressed as quantitative and qualitative index integrate – harmonious growth progress). One of the simplest evaluation methods is harmonious integrate index, which shows country harmony. This job object is to evaluate Lithuania‘s and other EU country harmonious growth alteration of year 2004-2010, applying integrate index. To achieve this goal main growth and environmental index changes of ES15 have been analyzed in Baltic States, Poland and Czech Republic. These countries were selected because they all joined EU in 2004 and their past was similar and results are compared with countries that have been longer in EU. ‘Handbook on constructing composite indicators methodology and user guide’ (2008) were used OECD methodology to calculate integrate index. Sub-indexes and total coherence indexes were also calculated. After analyzing information of countries, which recently joined EU, it has become clear that their indexes like GDP, export, energy and material intensity, children death, poverty etc. have become better after they joined EU. Also, it was estimated that economy sub-index ES15 is the best and environment – in Lithuania and Latvia. Meanwhile, integrate harmony index ES15 became biggest in 2004 and 2010 and accordingly reached 55, 6 and 57, 9 points. Smallest harmony index was in Latvia – only 39, 09 in 2004 and 45, 7 in 2010... [to full text]

After the nuclear fallout in Japan, Germany decided to back out from nuclear energy while at the same time changing the energy supply from fossil to renewable sources. This elaborate plan, known as Energiewende, will require significant economic and structural efforts that will have profound impacts on the environment and society itself. It is therefore crucial to identify possible technological pathways that can lead to a renewable energy supply, while reducing negative impacts on a holistic scope. In order to analyse alternative energy technology scenarios in Germany, this thesis focuses on the development of an indicator-based numerical Sustainable Energy Systems (SEnSys) model approach. Other than previous approaches, the SEnSys model considers full aggregated impacts of technological pathways leading to future configurations. With the help of an exemplary case study on two alternative energy technology scenarios (Trieb1 and Trieb2), the feasibility of the SEnSys model in evaluating sustainability is subsequently assessed. The results can affirm the findings of previous studies concerning lower economic and environ- mental impacts for scenario Trieb2, with small shares of renewable energy imports, compared to scenario Trieb1 based on only local but fluctuating renewables. Additionally, the results are in accordance with other relevant studies, while offering new valuable insights to the topic. Given a comprehensive revision of the identified uncertainties and limitations, it can be stated that the SEnSys model bares the potential for further analysing and improving sustainability of energy technology scenarios in Germany and other countries.

Oggigiorno i dibattiti riguardanti il significato di sostenibilità, la sua misurazione attraverso indicatori e le metodologie nei quali quest’ultimi dovrebbero essere utilizzati rimangono spesso inconcludenti. Questo elaborato si propone come un prototipo per superare questi limiti. L’approccio, applicato per la coltura frumento duro, è un esempio di come è possibile consolidare i paradigmi teorici della sostenibilità e trasformarli in utili raccomandazioni per attività agricole più sostenibili. Attraverso l’implementazione di un Decision Support System (DSS) chiamato granoduro.net® e la stesura di un decalogo per una coltivazione del grano duro più competitiva (10 regole agronomiche), il divario tra i principi teorici e pratici della sostenibilità viene ridotto. Grazie alla disponibilità di Barilla S.p.A., sono stati pianificati per diversi anni, a partire dal 2011, studi di campo e il progetto è stato considerato dagli operatori del settore un esempio di come i principi teorici della sostenibilità possono essere messi in pratica con facilità. Le differenti fasi della validazione (un iniziale studio teorico, il confronto tra situazioni reali e teoriche ottimali e due anni di utilizzo sul campo di granoduro.net® e del decalogo) hanno permesso di dimostrare agli agricoltori che gli impatti antropici possono essere monitorati e ridotti e che quindi la sostenibilità è fruibile e calcolabile. Inoltre, il decalogo e granoduro.net® hanno dimostrato di essere due esempi di come è possibile migliorare la qualità delle decisioni strategiche (scelta della rotazione, lavorazione del terreno, scelta delle varietà, tecnica di fertilizzazione e uso di seme certificato) e tattiche (in risposta agli eventi generati da attacchi biotici, infestanti e necessità nutrizionali) intraprese dagli imprenditori agricoli. / Current debates concerning the meaning of sustainability, its measurement by means of indicators, and the framework in which these should be applied, often remain inconclusive. This work is a prototype aimed to overcome such shortcoming. The method adopted in this work was applied to the crop of durum wheat and represents an example on how to put the theoretical paradigms of sustainability into effect by transforming them into practical recommendations for implementing more sustainable agricultural practices. The implementation of a Decision Support System (DSS) called granoduro.net® and the drafting of a handbook (ten agronomical rules for a more competitive cultivation of durum wheat) allowed to bridge the gap between the theoretical principles and the practical implementation of sustainability. Since 2011 in-field validation activity has been carried out thanks to the collaboration with Barilla S.p.A.; the project was considered by Barilla’s stakeholders as an example of how theoretical principles of sustainability can be put into practice. The several steps of the validation process (i.e., a theoretical study, a comparison between real and target values, and the in-field adoption of both the handbook and granoduro.net® for two years) demonstrated to farmers and experts that human impacts can be monitored and reduced. Therefore, it was proved that sustainability is actionable and calculable. Moreover, the handbook and granoduro.net® showed to be tools able to help farmers improving the quality of their decisions, both strategic (choice of rotation, tillage, varieties, fertilization techniques, and use of certified seeds) and tactical (in response to nutritional needs or the risk of pests, disease or weeds infestation).