Dissociation constants for alternate dirmcleotide substrates and competitive inhibitors suggest that the dinucleotide binding site of the Ascaris suum NAD-malic enzyme is hydrophobic in the vicinity of the nicotinamide ring. Changes in the divalent metal ion activator from Mg^2+ to Mn^2+ or Cd^2+ results in a decrease in the dinucleotide affinity and an increase in the affinity for malate. Primary deuterium and 13-C isotope effects obtained with the different metal ions suggest either a change in the transition state structure for the hydride transfer or decarboxylation steps or both. Deuterium isotope effects are finite whether reactants are maintained at saturating or limiting concentrations with all the metal ions and dinucleotide substrates used. With Cd^2+ as the divalent metal ion, inactivation of the enzyme occurs whether enzyme alone is present or is turning over. Upon inactivation only Cd^2+ ions are bound to the enzyme which becomes denatured. Modification of the enzyme to give an SCN-enzyme decreases the ability of Cd^2+ to cause inactivation. The modified enzyme generally exhibits increases in K_NAD and K_i_metai and decreases in V_max as the metal size increases from Mg^2+ to Mn^2+ or Cd^2+, indicative of crowding in the site. In all cases, affinity for malate greatly decreases, suggesting that malate does not bind optimally to the modified enzyme. For the native enzyme, primary deuterium isotope effects increase with a concomitant decrease in the 13-C effects when NAD is replaced by an alternate dinucleotide substrate different in redox potential. This suggests that when the alternate dinucleotides are used, a switch in the rate limitation of the chemical steps occurs with hydride transfer more rate limiting than decarboxylation. Deuteration of malate decreases the 13-C effect with NAD for the native enzyme, but an increase in 13-C effect is obtained with alternate dinucleotides. These suggest the presence of a secondary 13-C effect in the hydride transfer step. This phenomenon is also applicable to the modified enzyme with NAD as the substrate.

No description available.

No description available.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-28T12:35:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Santos Alencar.pdf: 4687289 bytes, checksum: 69f920d7a8dc062fcb65629d8888441f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T12:35:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Santos Alencar.pdf: 4687289 bytes, checksum: 69f920d7a8dc062fcb65629d8888441f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Researchers and veterinarians who work in swine production in Brazil have a good idea of existing health problems, especially in your own area of expertise. Due to the short production cycle and the clinical or subclinical character in many of the diseases that affect pigs, there was the possibility of using the slaughterhouse as an important source of epidemiological data on the incidence and prevalence of disease in flocks, making the monitoring of animals in slaughter houses one of the most important sources of information to obtain data to assess the health situation of production systems for pigs with the aim of obtaining statistics on incidence or prevalence of limiting diseases affecting pigs. Thus, this work was developed to analyze the association between the frequency of infection with helminths and coccidia and property characteristics, and evaluate lesions in organs of pigs in slaughterhouses of the metropolitan area of Recife and of the (“Zona da Mata”) of Pernambuco, Brazil. The work was done in three slaughterhouses of the inspection system state, located in the metropolitan area of Recife and in the (“Zona da Mata”) of Pernambuco state, from July 2008 to May 2009. A total of 715 pigs were analyzed, from eight industrial farms and three of subsistence. The count of eggs / oocysts in the feces was calculated and larval culture for diagnosis of infection by gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples was performed. Inspection of the viscera for examination of lesions and collection of material for histopathological examination were carried out. A questionnaire was used to ascertain the situation of the farms. The positivity for helminths was 2.7%(12/447), predominantly Strongyloidea type eggs. The presence ofoocysts was detected in 6.5% (29/447),including Eimeria spp and Isospora suis. The gross lesions predominated in lung with 43.8% (313/715), followed by 4.7% (35/715) for liver and kidneys with 2.6% (19/715), with higher frequencies respectively for pneumonia, milk spots and hydronephrosis. Histopathologically, granulomatous pneumonia predominated; in the livers with milk spots it was observed sinusoidal congestion, granulomatous inflammatory foci, peri-granulomatous hepatitis, and eosinophilic infiltration in the interlobular spaces, and in kidney, chronic interstitial nephritis. There was a significant association (p <0.05) with the variables related to management of facilities, particularly sanitary aspects, both the rates of parasitism by helminths and coccidia as to the frequency of milk spots and lung lesions. / Os pesquisadores e veterinários que atuam na suinocultura brasileira possuem uma boa idéia dos problemas sanitários existentes, especialmente na sua própria região de atuação. Em função do curto ciclo de produção e do caráter clínico ou subclínico de muitas das enfermidades que acometem os suínos, a utilização do matadouro surgiu como importante fonte de dados epidemiológicos sobre a incidência e prevalência de doenças nos rebanhos, tornando-se a monitoria de animais em abatedouros uma das mais importantes fontes de informações para a obtenção de dados para avaliação da situação da saúde de sistemas de produção de suínos, com a finalidade de obter estatística sobre incidências ou prevalências de doenças limitantes que afetam os suínos. Desta forma, desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de analisar a associação entre a frequência de infecção por helmintos e coccídios e características das propriedades, e avaliar as lesões em órgãos de suínos em abatedouros da Região Metropolitana de Recife e Zona da Mata do estado de Pernambuco, Brazil. O trabalho foi realizado em três abatedouros inscritos no sistema de inspeção estadual, localizados na Região Metropolitana de Recife e Zona da Mata do estado Pernambuco, no período de julho de 2008 a maio de 2009. Analisaram-se 715 suínos, oriundos de oito granjas tecnificadas e três de subsistência. Realizou-se a contagem de ovos/oocistos nas fezes e coprocultura para diagnóstico da infecção por parasitos gastrintestinais em amostras fecais coletadas na linha de inspeção, além da inspeção das vísceras para verificação de lesões e coleta de material para exame histopatológico. Um questionário investigativo foi utilizado para conhecer a situaçãodas granjas. A positividade para helmintos foi de 2,7% (12/447), predominando ovos tipo Strongyloidea. A presença de coccídios foi detectada em 6,5% (29/447), incluindo Eimeria spp e Isospora suis. Dentre os achados macroscópicos predominaram as de pulmão com 43,8% (313/715), seguidas de 4,7% (35/715) para fígado e rins com 2,6% (19/715), com frequências respectivamente maiores para pneumonia, manchas leitosas e hidronefrose. Histologicamente, predominaram as pneumonias granulomatosas; nos fígados com manchas leitosas foram observados congestão sinusoidal, focos inflamatórios granulomatosos, perihepatite granulomatosa, e infiltração eosinofílica nos espaços interlobulares. Nos rins, nefrite intersticial crônica. Observou-se associação significativa (p < 0,05) com as variáveis relacionadas ao manejo das instalações, particularmente os aspectos higiênicos, tanto para as taxas de parasitismo por helmintos e coccídios quanto para a frequências de manchas leitosas e lesões pulmonares

私有財產權之保障在我國政治與經濟發展中扮演著重要的角色，但由於傳統上我國法律文化中並無權利之因素，且繼受西方國家法制時特別強調社會本位，以致憲法第十五條雖明文保障財產權，亦未能落實個人財產權免於國家公權力侵犯之核心。大法官釋字第三三六號解釋認為都市計劃法第五十條就公共設施保留地之取得不設期限係合憲，即是未能保障財產權之例子。 本文為建立財產權基本理論，從財產權之定義、財產權合理化理論及財產權理論之運用三方面著手。在何謂財產權專章中，析述財產權定義、特權、功能及缺失。在財產權合理化理論專章中，本文介紹現代最早之財產權理論(即先占理論)、勞力理論、人格發展理論、功效主義財產權理論及羅爾斯之分配正義理論。其中，個人擁有自身乃先占理論與勞力理論之源頭；功效主義理論認為財產權係因社會需要而生；人格發展理論認為財產權將人的意志具現在外部領域；羅爾斯之分配主義理論試圖建立同世代與世代間利用物質資源之公平正義。上述理論須經過重構後，方能深植在我國法律文化中。在財產權理論運用專章中，本文嚐試運用各種財產權理論於我國憲法財產權保障制度和徵收制度上。就憲法財產權保障制度而言，本文援引洛克天賦權利理論，認為財產權係先於國家存在之權利，並引伸出防禦權及有限政府之概念，避免過於偏重社會義務或國家義務之財產權制度。就徵收制度而言，本文評析大法官釋字第二三六號、三三六號、四００號及四四０號解釋。釋字第二三六號、三三六號解釋，偏重於社會整體利益之考量，犧牲個人財產權，釋字第四００號解釋則建立政府公權力不得侵犯個人及財產權係實現個人人格發展之概念，後者雖已將洛克及黑格爾理論共治一爐，此為我國憲法上財產權保障之大事，但從其前後不一貫之立場，我國財產權制度仍有尚待努力之處。 / The protection of property plays an important role in political and economic development of Taiwan. But in tradition there was no factor of　right in our legal culture, and especially considered social interests when we adopted and learned from western legal systems. It can't make people prevent from intervention of state power although Article 15 of Constitutional Law prescribes protection of property. For example, the interpretation of No.336 of Grand Justice upheld Article 50 of City Planning Law deleting deadline of public reservation. The said interpretation is a bad example. The goal of this dissertation is to establish fundamental theory of property. It is divided into three parts: what is property, why is property and how is property. Part I (what is property) analyzes definition of property. It also proceeds about characters、functions and flaws of property. Part Ⅱ(why is property) introduces the earliest modern theory of property (i.e., first occupancy theory)、labor theory、utilitarian property theory、personality development theory and Rawl's distributive justice theory. Suum is the origin of first occupancy theory and labor theory. Utilitarianism argues that property is derived from social demand. Rawl's distributive justice theory desires to establish the justice of using material about the same generation and the different generations. Only after reconstructing the said theories, property can deep input into our legal culture. Part Ⅲ (how is property) uses the said property theories to property protection of Constitutional Law and takings . For establishing the more protection system of property in Constitutional Law, it should employ natural right theory. And then it will produce the concept of negative right and limited government in Taiwan. It also can prevent from over - emphasising social obligations of individual and positive functions of state. In discussing takings, this dissertation analyzes the interpretation of No.236、No.336、No.400 and No.440 of Grand Justice. The interpretations of No.236 and No. 336 stress the importance of whole social interests, but it overlooks the individual right. The interpretation of No.400 constructs the concepts of limited state power and personality development. The latter is the turning point of property protection in our Constitutional Law. But oberserving contradiction of the said interpretations of Grand Justice, we still need to endeavor to establish the better system of property in our country.