<p>So far little research has been done on the term bitch exclusively. The aim of this essay is to find a pattern of teenagers’ uses of the word bitch in various contexts and in different grammatical forms. A further question is whether bitch can be considered a swearword or not.</p><p>The investigation was carried out by using two different corpora which is COLT (The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language) and Webcorp as the primary sources out of which concordance lines were extracted. These were in turn categorized into different word classes and analyzed in detail. The results show that there were several word classes in which bitch appeared such as noun, verb and adjective and the most common word class is nouns. The results also show that teenagers mainly use the term as a swearword with which they address their peers. In conclusion even though the term bitch did not originally belong to taboo language, however, due to the fact that the word has developed a more negative meaning it can be seen a swearword.</p>

Ett ovårdat språkbruk bland de yngre eleverna är något som har uppmärksammats av studiens författare. Ett ovårdat språkbruk definieras i studien till svordomar och/eller könsord i relation till svordomar. Syften med studien är att undersöka vad erfarna lågstadielärare anser är ett ovårdat språkbruk. Vidare är syftet att ta reda på hur lågstadielärare enligt sina erfarenheter uppfattar orsaker till ett ovårdat språk och hur de bemöter de yngre elever som använder ett sådant språk. Undersökningen har skett genom kvalitativa ostrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visade att en lågstadielärare upplever att de yngre eleverna använder ett ovårdat språk medan resterande upplever att eleverna använder ett bra språkbruk. Lågstadielärarna ansåg också att ovårdat språk främst innebär svordomar men även könsord, slanguttryck och grammatiskt felanvända ord. Resultatet i studien har lett fram till slutsatsen att anledningarna till att elever använder ett ovårdat språk är flera. Lågstadielärarna menar att det beror på det språkbruk som föräldrarna använder, samhällsförändringar samt på media. Ett bemötande i lugn ton är att rekommendera samt att man som lärare föregår med gott exempel. / A bad language use among the younger pupils is something that has been paid attention to according to the authors of the study. A bad language use is in the study defined as swearword and/or a use of four-letter words together with swearword. The study aims to examine what experience primary teachers thinks is a bad language. Further more aims the study investigate what primary teachers according to their experience understand reasons of a bad language use and how they answer the younger pupils using such a language.The investigation has been carried out by qualitative unstructured interviews. The results showed that one primary teacher experienced that the younger pupils are using a bad language, the remaining experienced that pupils use a good language. Primary school teachers also found that bad language use mainly means swearword but also four-letter words, slang words and grammatical errors using the word. The result of the study give the conclusion that there are many reasons why pupils use bad language according to the primary teachers. They mean that it depends on which language their parents use, changes in the society and the media. The best way to answer these pupils is in a calm voice and to be a good ideal for them.

<p>Ett ovårdat språkbruk bland de yngre eleverna är något som har uppmärksammats av studiens författare. Ett ovårdat språkbruk definieras i studien till svordomar och/eller könsord i relation till svordomar. Syften med studien är att undersöka vad erfarna lågstadielärare anser är ett ovårdat språkbruk. Vidare är syftet att ta reda på hur lågstadielärare enligt sina erfarenheter uppfattar orsaker till ett ovårdat språk och hur de bemöter de yngre elever som använder ett sådant språk. Undersökningen har skett genom kvalitativa ostrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visade att en lågstadielärare upplever att de yngre eleverna använder ett ovårdat språk medan resterande upplever att eleverna använder ett bra språkbruk. Lågstadielärarna ansåg också att ovårdat språk främst innebär svordomar men även könsord, slanguttryck och grammatiskt felanvända ord. Resultatet i studien har lett fram till slutsatsen att anledningarna till att elever använder ett ovårdat språk är flera. Lågstadielärarna menar att det beror på det språkbruk som föräldrarna använder, samhällsförändringar samt på media. Ett bemötande i lugn ton är att rekommendera samt att man som lärare föregår med gott exempel.</p> / <p>A bad language use among the younger pupils is something that has been paid attention to according to the authors of the study. A bad language use is in the study defined as swearword and/or a use of four-letter words together with swearword. The study aims to examine what experience primary teachers thinks is a bad language. Further more aims the study investigate what primary teachers according to their experience understand reasons of a bad language use and how they answer the younger pupils using such a language.The investigation has been carried out by qualitative unstructured interviews. The results showed that one primary teacher experienced that the younger pupils are using a bad language, the remaining experienced that pupils use a good language. Primary school teachers also found that bad language use mainly means swearword but also four-letter words, slang words and grammatical errors using the word. The result of the study give the conclusion that there are many reasons why pupils use bad language according to the primary teachers. They mean that it depends on which language their parents use, changes in the society and the media. The best way to answer these pupils is in a calm voice and to be a good ideal for them.</p>

So far little research has been done on the term bitch exclusively. The aim of this essay is to find a pattern of teenagers’ uses of the word bitch in various contexts and in different grammatical forms. A further question is whether bitch can be considered a swearword or not. The investigation was carried out by using two different corpora which is COLT (The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language) and Webcorp as the primary sources out of which concordance lines were extracted. These were in turn categorized into different word classes and analyzed in detail. The results show that there were several word classes in which bitch appeared such as noun, verb and adjective and the most common word class is nouns. The results also show that teenagers mainly use the term as a swearword with which they address their peers. In conclusion even though the term bitch did not originally belong to taboo language, however, due to the fact that the word has developed a more negative meaning it can be seen a swearword.

Qu’on la considère comme faisant partie de la langue ou à la limite de celle-ci, l’interjection a toujours attiré l’attention des chercheurs. Aujourd’hui, l’étude de l’interjection relève d’un champ de disciplines vaste, et son rôle crucial dans la communication n’est plus mis en doute : l’interjection est inscrite dans le discours, et ses fonctions y sont nombreuses. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions l’interjection en tant que marque d’oralité dans un texte écrit, sur l’exemple des bandes dessinées francophones et russophones, le but étant d’appliquer les conclusions traductologiques à la théorie de l’interjection. Cette analyse contrastive permet non seulement de définir les techniques de sa traduction, allant de la traduction littérale à l’adaptation ou la compensation, mais également d’enrichir sa théorie linguistique en confirmant son caractère conventionnel, sa polysémie, sa similitude avec la phrase, et son aspect fonctionnel. En complémentarité avec l’approche linguistique et traductologique, nous nous intéressons à l’étude de la plasticité de l’interjection : la visualité étant un facteur déterminant dans la construction du sens de l’interjection qui introduit les interrogations sur la poétique de l’interjection et l’élaboration du style à travers l’interjection dans la bande dessinée. Enfin, ce travail débouche sur d'intéressantes perspectives sur la comparaison de la traduction de l’interjection dans plusieurs paires de langue : cette étude de l’interjection dans un espace traductologique élargi permettant de contribuer à repenser, dans la continuité de notre travail, la définition linguistique de ce phénomène dans les langues. / Whether it is considered as part of the language or on its borderline, the interjection has always attracted the scientific attention. Today, the study of interjection includes a vast field of disciplines. Its crucial role in communication is no longer in doubt: interjection is indeed inscribed in the discourse, and its functions are diverse. In this thesis work, we study interjection as one of the marks of orality in a written text, on the example of the French and Russian comics, the aim being also to apply the translatological conclusions to the interjection theory. This contrastive analysis allows not only to define various techniques of its translation, ranging from literal translation to adaptation or compensation, but also to enrich the linguistic theory of interjection by confirming its conventional character, on the one hand, its resemblance to the sentence and its functional aspect. In complementarity with the linguistic and translatological approach, we are particularly interested in the study of the plasticity of the interjection: the visuality being a determining factor in the construction of the meaning of the interjection which introduces the interrogations on the poetics of the interjection and the elaboration of the style through the interjection. Finally, this work leads to some interesting perspectives, especially on the comparison of the translation of the interjection in several language pairs: this study of the interjection in a broader traductological space allowing to contribute to reconsider, in the continuity of our work, the linguistic definition of this phenomenon in languages.