Bakgrund Barn som genomgår vaccination enligt allmänt vaccinationsprogram upplever smärta under injektioner. Smärtlindrande metoder som bedövningskräm och sötningsmedel finns, men används inte rutinmässigt. Detta utgör ett onödigt lidande för dessa barn. Syfte Syftet är att undersöka om bedövningskräm alternativt sötningsmedel, ensamt eller i kombination med andra interventioner, kan minska smärtresponsen hos barn mellan 0–6 år i samband med vaccination enligt allmänt vaccinationsprogram. Metod För att besvara studiens syfte gjordes en deskriptiv litteraturöversikt med kvantitativ ansats. Artiklar med RCT som metod kvalitetsgranskades, analyserades och syntetiserades till ett resultat. Resultat Resultatet visar att bedövningskräm respektive sötningsmedel minskar smärtresponsen hos barn som vaccineras enligt allmänt vaccinationsprogram. Bedövningskräm i kombination med amning var ännu mer effektivt än att använda antingen bara bedövningskräm eller bara amning. Vid jämförelse av sötningsmedel och amning pekar forskningen i olika riktningar. Slutsats Resultatet från denna litteraturöversikt visade att bedövningskräm och sötningsmedel kunde minska smärtresponsen hos barn vid rutinmässiga vaccinationer. Även amning kunde minska smärtan, och en kombination av bedövningskräm och amning minskade smärtan ytterligare. Andra interventioner som kunde minska smärtan var fysiskt tröstande metoder, kylspray ochatt suga på napp eller finger. Resultatet skulle kunna leda till ett ökat användande av dessasmärtlindrande metoder på BVC. / Background Children undergoing vaccination according to general immunization programs experience pain during injections. Analgesic methods such as anesthetic cream and sweetening agents are available but are not used routinely. This is an unnecessary suffering for these children. Aim The aim is to investigate whether anesthetic cream or sweetening agents, alone or in combination with other interventions, can reduce pain response in children between 0-6 years of age, during vaccination according to general immunization programs. Method To answer the purpose of the study, a descriptive literature review was done with a quantitative approach. Articles with RCT as a method were quality reviewed, analyzed and synthesized to a result. Results The results show that anesthetic cream and sweetener respectively reduce the pain response in children during vaccination according to general immunization programs. Anesthetic cream in combination with breastfeeding was even more effective than using either just anesthetic cream or just breastfeeding. When comparing sweeteners and breastfeeding, research points in different directions. Conclusion The results from this literature review showed that anesthetic cream and sweeteners could reduce the pain response in children during routine vaccinations. Breastfeeding could also reduce the pain, and a combination of anesthetic cream and breastfeeding could further reduce the pain. Other interventions that could reduce the pain were physically comforting methods, cooling spray and sucking on a pacifier or finger. The result could lead to an increased use of these painrelief methods at childcare centers.

Yes / Adsorbents are developing in the various separation industries; these adsorbents can use to sweeten natural gas and remove hydrogen sulfide. Many commercial adsorbents are not regenerable when exposed to hydrogen sulfide because hydrogen sulfide is highly reactive. For removal, the main challenge when using surface adsorbent, is the dissociation adsorption of and non-regenerability of adsorbent. In this study, ultra-stable Y (USY) zeolite, was chosen to adsorb hydrogen sulfide due to its unique physical and chemical properties. To accurately model the adsorption isotherms, experimental adsorption data were measured in high pressure up to 12 bar for hydrogen sulfide and 21 bar for carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen as other natural gas components. The experiments were performed at three temperatures of 283, 293 and 303 K. Toth model fitted the experimental data very well, and the capacity of hydrogen sulfide adsorption on USY at the temperature of 283 K and pressure of 12 bar is 4.47 mmol/g that is noticeable. By performing ten cycles of adsorption and regeneration of hydrogen sulfide on USY, the regenerability of the adsorbent was investigated and compared by conducting a similar test on commercial 13X adsorbent. USY is found to be completely regenerable when exposed to hydrogen sulfide. The Isosteric adsorption heat of hydrogen sulfide on the adsorbent is 18.1 kJ/mol, which indicates physical adsorption, and the order of adsorption capacity of tested compounds on USY is H2S > CO2≫CH4 > N2.

Yes / Crude oil is an unrefined petroleum composed of wide range of hydrocarbon up to n‐C40+. However, there are also a percentage of light hydrocarbon components present in the mixture. Therefore, to avoid their flashing for safe storage and transportation, the live crude needs to be stabilized beforehand. This paper aims to find the suitable operating conditions to stabilize an incoming live crude feed to maximum true vapor pressure (TVPs) of 12 psia (82.7 kPa) at Terengganu Crude Oil Terminal, Malaysia. The simulation of the process has been conducted by using Aspen HYSYS. The obtained results illustrate that the simulation data are in good agreement with the plant data and in particular for the heavier hydrocarbons. For the lighter components, the simulation results overpredict the plant data, whereas for the heavier components, this trend is reversed. It was found that at the outlet temperature (85–90°C) of hot oil to crude heat exchanger (HX‐220X), the high‐pressure separator (V‐220 A/B) and the low‐pressure separator (V‐230 A/B) had operating pressures of (400–592 kPa) and (165–186 kPa), respectively, and the live crude was successfully stabilized to a TVP of less than 12 psia. The impact of main variables, that is, inlet feed properties, three‐phase separators operating pressure, and preheater train's performance on the product TVP, are also studied. Based on the scenarios analyzed, it can be concluded that the actual water volume (kbbl/day) has greater impact on the heat exchanger's duty; thus, incoming free water to Terengganu Crude Oil Terminal should be less than 19.5 kbbl/day (9.1 vol%) at the normal incoming crude oil flow rate of 195 (kbbl/day).

This thesis deals with the sorting and use of sweeteners in the production of fruit spreads. The theoretical part focuses on the sorting of sweetening agents and their classification. Furthermore, it presents procedures of production of fruit spreads and their assortment. The main goal is to compare sensory attributes of jams that I produced according to an assigned recipe, which is described in the practical part of this thesis. These jams were made from regional fruits (strawberries, apricots, sour-cherries) and sweetened with both natural (sucrose, sorbitol, Steviol glycosides) and artificial (sucralose) sweetening agents. The control group of this research were the students and employees of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice in the age of 24-60 years. The evaluators filled in a sequence test protocol and a questionnaire for consumers. The results of the sensory analysis were processed into tables and graphs with the aid of statistical methods.

Xylitol har påvisats förebygga karies som orsakas av Streptococcus mutans, en viktig kariespatogen. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva xylitolens påverkan på Streptococcus mutans. Metod: Studiedesignen utgjordes av en allmän litteraturstudie som sammanställer resultatet av tidigare forskning inom området. Sökningen genomfördes i databaserna Dentistry of Oral Sciences Source, Medline och Cinahl. Denna litteraturstudie grundas på vetenskapliga invitrostudier med kvantitativ ansats som valdes utifrån inklusions- och exklusionskriterier samt relevanta sökordskombinationer. En urvalsprocess av artiklar utfördes för att säkerställa en systematisk, noggrann samt reliabel presentation av urvalet. Endast artiklar av högkvalitet inkluderades i denna litteraturstudie. Resultat: Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie baserades på en sammanställning av femton vetenskapliga artiklar, som indikerade att xylitol har en inhiberande inverkan på Streptococcus mutans livsduglighet, tillväxt och biofilmbildning, acidogenitet, uppbyggnad, polysackariders kvantitet samt genuttryck. Slutsats: Sammantaget tyder resultatet på att xylitol medför antibakteriell effekt på Streptococcus mutans, genom att hämma dess metaboliska aktiviteter samt virulensfaktorer. / Xylitol has been shown to prevent dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans, a major caries pathogen. Aim: To describe the impact of xylitol on Streptococcus mutans. Method: The study design included a general literature study summarizing the results of previous research in the chosen field. The research was conducted in the databases Dentistry of Oral Sciences Source, Medline and Cinahl. This literature study is based on scientific invitro studies with a quantitative approach that were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and relevant keyword combination. An article selection process was carried out to ensure a systematic, accurate and reliable presentation of the sample. High-quality articles were included in this study. Results: The result of this literature study were based on fifteen scientific articles, which indicated that xylitol has an inhibitory effect on viability, growth and biofilm formation, acidogenicity, structure, polysaccharide amount and gene expression of Streptococcus mutans. Conclusion: The result of this literature study suggest that xylitol has an antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans by inhibiting its metabolic activities and virulence factors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnthonyARD_DISSERT.pdf: 2982432 bytes, checksum: 71a6d988a19819a67932642761ac3dda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-03 / In the last decades, the oil, gas and petrochemical industries have registered a series of huge accidents. Influenced by this context, companies have felt the necessity of engaging themselves in processes to protect the external environment, which can be understood as an ecological concern. In the particular case of the nuclear industry, sustainable education and training, which depend too much on the quality and applicability of the knowledge base, have been considered key points on the safely application of this energy source. As a consequence, this research was motivated by the use of the ontology concept as a tool to improve the knowledge management in a refinery, through the representation of a fuel gas sweetening plant, mixing many pieces of information associated with its normal operation mode. In terms of methodology, this research can be classified as an applied and descriptive research, where many pieces of information were analysed, classified and interpreted to create the ontology of a real plant. The DEA plant modeling was performed according to its process flow diagram, piping and instrumentation diagrams, descriptive documents of its normal operation mode, and the list of all the alarms associated to the instruments, which were complemented by a non-structured interview with a specialist in that plant operation. The ontology was verified by comparing its descriptive diagrams with the original plant documents and discussing with other members of the researchers group. All the concepts applied in this research can be expanded to represent other plants in the same refinery or even in other kind of industry. An ontology can be considered a knowledge base that, because of its formal representation nature, can be applied as one of the elements to develop tools to navigate through the plant, simulate its behavior, diagnose faults, among other possibilities / Nas ?ltimas d?cadas, o segmento de ?leo & g?s e petroqu?mica tem registrado uma s?rie de grandes acidentes. Influenciadas por esse contexto, as empresas tem sentido a necessidade de se engajar em processos de prote??o do ambiente externo, que se traduz na preocupa??o ecol?gica. No caso particular da ind?stria nuclear mundial, a educa??o sustent?vel e o treinamento, que dependem muito da qualidade e utilidade da base de conhecimento, t?m sido considerados pontos chave para utiliza??o desse tipo de energia com seguran?a. Dessa forma, a motiva??o dessa pesquisa foi aplicar o conceito de ontologia como ferramenta para melhorar a gest?o do conhecimento em uma refinaria, atrav?s da representa??o de uma planta de ado?amento de g?s combust?vel, condensando os v?rios tipos informa??es associados com o seu modo de opera??o normal. Em termos de metodologia, este estudo pode ser classificado como uma pesquisa aplicada e descritiva, em que foram analisadas, classificadas e interpretadas informa??es que possibilitaram criar a ontologia descritiva de uma planta real. A modelagem da planta DEA foi realizada de acordo com os fluxogramas de processo, fluxogramas de tubula??o e instrumenta??o, documentos descritivos de seu modo de opera??o e a rela??o de alarmes associados, que foram complementadas com uma entrevista n?o estruturada de um especialista em seu modo de opera??o. A valida??o aconteceu atrav?s da compara??o de grafos montados a partir da ontologia com a documenta??o original e debatidos com o grupo de trabalho. Os conceitos utilizados nesta pesquisa podem ser expandidos para representar outras plantas da pr?pria refinaria ou mesmo de outras ind?strias. A ontologia pode ser considerada uma base de conhecimento, que devido ao seu car?ter formal, pode ser aplicada como um dos elementos no desenvolvimento de ferramentas de navega??o da planta, simula??o de comportamento, diagn?stico de falhas, dentre outras possibilidades

Une demande mondiale grandissante en gaz naturel pousse à exploiter des ressources de plus en plus acides (concentration des gaz acides pouvant atteindre 20% en volume). Le procédé de traitement de gaz par des solutions d'amines, existant depuis plus de 50 ans, est le plus répandu pour éliminer les composants acides (CO2, H2S, mercaptans…). Ce procédé comporte deux unités principales : une colonne d'absorption gaz liquide à contre-courant pour la séparation des composants acides du gaz et une colonne de régénération du solvant chargé. On recherche une optimisation du design, en particulier de l'absorbeur, en vue de réduire les couts et d'augmenter l'efficacité. Dans la colonne d'absorption, le transfert de matière s'avère limitant par rapport à la thermodynamique. Ainsi l'optimisation du design de cette unité passe par une maitrise des paramètres hydrodynamiques et de transfert des contacteurs utilisés dans les colonnes. Plusieurs études existantes sur unités pilotes proposent des corrélations majoritairement empiriques pour les paramètres critiques de dimensionnement. Par ailleurs leur extrapolation à l'échelle industrielle montre une divergence importante entre les différentes corrélations. Une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes physiques ainsi qu'une identification des paramètres importants pour l'extrapolation est donc requise. Dans ce contexte, la présente thèse a comme objectif principal la compréhension de l'effet de changement d'échelle sur les paramètres hydrodynamiques et l'aire interfaciale d'échange dans le cas des plateaux à clapets. La méthodologie employée dans cette étude se base sur une complémentarité entre une étude expérimentale et le potentiel offert par les outils de simulation numérique. L'étude expérimentale s'est effectuée sur deux colonnes pilotes rectangulaires transparentes ayant deux longueurs de passe différentes. Des mesures de pertes de charge, de hauteur de l'émulsion, de rétention liquide et d'aire interfaciale d'échange ont été réalisées. Des mesures innovantes de profils de l'émulsion gaz-liquide sur un plateau sont également présentées. Les différents résultats expérimentaux ont permis la proposition d'un diagramme hydrodynamique ainsi qu'une compréhension et une analyse phénoménologique cohérente de l'écoulement sur une large gamme de vitesses liquide et gaz. La comparaison entre les deux colonnes a permis, en premier lieu, l'identification des vitesses liquide et gaz pertinentes pour l'extrapolation. Des similitudes de comportement ont été trouvées pour certains paramètres (rétention liquide moyenne, perte de charge clapets, aire interfaciale) offrant ainsi la possibilité de proposer des corrélations basées sur une description phénoménologique dépendant essentiellement de deux nombres adimensionnels que sont le nombre de Froude (comparant l’inertie gaz au poids liquide sur le plateau) et le paramètre de l’écoulement (comparant les deux inerties liquide et gaz). En revanche une influence notable de la longueur de passe est relevée. En particulier des profils de l'émulsion nettement différents entre la petite et la grande colonne ont été observés. Des risques d'extrapolation sont par conséquent pointés dans cette thèse notamment pour des paramètres tels que la hauteur de liquide clair ou la hauteur moyenne de l’émulsion. Dans une deuxième partie, l'intérêt a été porté sur la simulation numérique des écoulements sur les plateaux. L'importance et la complexité de la modélisation du terme d'interaction entre les deux phases sont soulignées. Une approche proposée dans la littérature a été testée et montre la possibilité de l'emploi des simulations CFD comme outil pour une meilleure compréhension des comportements locaux. En outre une approche de modélisation nouvelle est proposée dans une optique de valorisation des outils numériques pour l'extrapolation. / The increasing demand of natural gas has encouraged the exploration of sour ressources (concentration of acid gases (CO2, H2S, mercaptans…) reaching 20% of volume). The most popular gas sweetening process which uses amine solutions has been in use for over 50 years. This process consists of two main units: a counter current gas-liquid absorption column in which acid compounds are removed from the gas and a stripper column for loaded solvent regeneration. An optimisation is needed to reduce the over-sizing costs and enhance efficiency especially for the absorber column. For the absorption column the mass transfer is the limiting phenomenon in comparison to thermodynamics. Thus design optimisation of such units needs full knowledge of both hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters of the contactors used in the absorbers. Several literature studies carried out on pilot units propose empirical correlations for these critical design parameters. However the extrapolation to industrial scale shows important divergences between existing correlations. It seems that a better understanding of physical phenomena as well as an identification of the key parameters for extrapolation is still needed. Under this context, the present work aims at understanding the scale effect on hydrodynamics and interfacial area on valve trays contactors. The methodology employed relies on the complementarity between experimental studies and the potential offered by numerical simulation tools. The experimental study has been carried out on two rectangular and transparent pilot columns having two different path lengths. Measurements of pressure drops, liquid retention, emulsion height and interfacial area along with innovating measurements of emulsion profiles have been made. Experimental results allowed the establishment of a hydrodynamic diagram as well as the understanding and the phenomenological analysis of the two phase flow over a large scope of gas and liquid velocities. Comparison between the two columns led, at first, to identifying pertinent liquid and gas velocities for extrapolation. Similarities between both columns were noticed for some parameters (liquid retention, valve pressure drop and interfacial area) allowing the proposition of correlations based on phenomenological description of the flow. These correlations involve mainly two non-dimensional numbers which are Froude number (comparing the gas inertia to liquid weight on the tray) and flow parameter (comparing liquid inertia to gas inertia). However an effect of path length has been observed in particular for emulsion profiles. Risks for extrapolation related to this effect have been consequently pointed out for some parameters such as clear liquid height or mean emulsion height. In a second part of the study, the interest was focused on numerical simulation of tray hydrodynamics. Importance and complexity of gas liquid interaction term modelling have been highlighted. Using a proposed approach in literature, CFD simulations with the Eulerian model under the software Ansys Fluent have been made. They proved the possibility of using numerical simulation as a mean for a better understanding of the two phase flow local behaviour. Moreover a new approach is proposed which could be used in order to make numerical tools more valuable for extrapolation.