Superior swimming stamina in adult fish is presumably passed on to their offspring, but the ontogeny of the appearance of superior stamina and the requisite enhanced cardio-respiratory support for locomotion in larval fishes has not been determined. Is the expression of the suite of parental traits enabling superior swimming stamina in their offspring dependent upon their achieving juvenile/adult morphology, or does it appear earlier in their larvae? To answer this, adults were classified into three groups based on swimming stamina, followed by measurement of length, mass, and width. Larval offspring from the two parental groups -high stamina larvae (HSL) and low stamina larvae (LSL)- were reared at 27°C in aerated water (21% O2). Routine and active heart rate, routine and active mass specific oxygen consumption were recorded through 21dpf, and cost of transport (COT) and factorial aerobic scope were derived from oxygen consumption measurements. Routine heart rate at 2dpf of LSL was 164 ± 1 b·min-1, compared to only 125 ± 2 b·min-1 for HSL. Routine heart rate subsequently peaked at 203 ± 1 b·min-1 at 5dpf in the HSL group, compared to 207 ± 1 b·min-1, at 4dpf in the LSP larvae. Active heart rate at 5 dpf of LSL was 218 ± 2 b·min-1 compared to 216 ± 2 b·min-1 for HSL. Active heart rate increased slightly to 227 ± 2 b·min-1 for LSL before decreasing again, while active heart rate remained relatively constant for HSL. Routine O2 consumption at 2dpf of HSL was 0.09 μmol·mg-1·hr-1, compared to 0.03 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 in LSL. Routine O2 consumption subsequently peaked at 0.70 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 at 9dpf in the HSL, compared to 0.71 μmol·mg-1·hr-1, at 9dpf in the LSL. These values dramatically decreased before leveling off at around 0.20 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 and 0.15 μmol·mg-1·h-1, respectively. Active O2 consumption at 5dpf for HSL was 0.38 μmol·mg-1·hr-1, compared to 0.57 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 for LSL. Active O2 consumption subsequently peaked at 0.97 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 at 10dpf in HSL, compared to 1.19 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 at 7dpf in LSL. These values also dramatically decreased and leveled off. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in heart rate and oxygen consumption persisted through 21dpf. The onset of differences observed in routine and active heart rate in early larvae, correlated with parent stamina, show that juvenile or adult features are not required as a precondition for the emergence of phenotypic physiological differences.

”Människan är den enda varelse som i någon intressant och utvecklad mening undervisar sin avkomma” (Säljö, 2015, s. 11). Ur existentiell synvinkel är frågan varför lätt att besvara. Människans överlevnad i samtiden och barnens livschanser och överlevnad i framtiden, ökar genom undervisning. I Sverige har simförmåga och simkunnighet fått ett stort kulturellt värde i såväl primär socialisation (undervisning av familj, släkt och vänner) som sekundär socialisation (läroplansstyrd undervisning i skola). Under de senaste åren har många människor anlänt till Sverige, för att undkomma krig och förföljelse i hemländerna. I skolan visar det sig att många nyanlända barn och ungdomar inte kan simma. I kunskapskraven för åk 6 och åk 9 i ämnet idrott och hälsa står det tydligt “Eleven kan även simma 200 meter varav 50 meter i ryggläge” (Skolverket, 2011, s. 51-54). Detta måste eleven kunna för att minst få betyget E i ämnet idrott och hälsa. En viktig fråga är då vilka erfarenheter av vattenvana och simning som dessa barn och ungdomar bär med sig från sina tidigare hemländer. Forskningsingången i denna studie är att utveckla yrkeskompetensen genom att få förståelse för och kunskap om nyanländas förförståelse av momentet simning och vilka anpassningar som behöver göras för att eleverna ska klara momentets kunskapskrav.I en mixad studiedesign genomfördes inledningsvis en kartläggning av uppfattningar och erfarenheter i simning via en explorativ enkät och därefter uppföljande kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med nyligen migrerade ungdomar i åldern 12-16 år. Avslutningsvis  genomfördes kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med sakkunniga vuxna som arbetar i svenska skolor och delar de nyanländas kulturella bakgrund. Kvalitativa data analyserades sedan med kategorisk innehållsanalys. Statistisk data från enkäten triangulerades mot barnen/ungdomarnas och de vuxna informanternas berättelser. Resultaten visar bristande erfarenhet av vattenvana både inom primär- och sekundär socialisation; en uttalad effekt av socioekonomisk status; tradition kombinerat med religiösa drag kan också vara hämmande faktorer för simkunnighet, särskilt utifrån kön. Resultaten är viktiga för lärare som utbildar nyanlända elever i idrott och hälsa för att anpassa lärandesituationer. / "Man is the only creature that in some interesting and developed sense educate their offspring." (Säljö, 2015, p. 11). From an existential point of view, the question why is easy to answer. Human beings´ survival in the present and their offspring's life chances and survival in the future increases by education. In Sweden, the ability to swim and knowledge about swimming have been given a great cultural value both in primary socialization (education by the family, relatives and friends) as well as in secondary socialization (curriculum-driven education in school).In more recent years, many people have migrated to Sweden, to escape war and persecution in their home countries. In school, it becomes evident that many children and adolescents who have recently migrated to Sweden cannot swim. In the learning outcomes for grade 6 and grade 9 in physical education, it states clearly that: "Students can also swim 200 meters with 50 meters in the supine position" (Skolverket, 2011, pp. 51-54). The student must be able to fulfil this requirement in order to at least achieve the grade E in physical education. An important issue is then to understand the kinds of experiences with swimming and more in general their confidence with water that these children and adolescents carry from their countries of origin. The aim of this study is to develop teachers professional skills by gaining knowledge and understanding of young migrants prior understanding of swimming and what adjustments need to be made for students to meet proficiency requirements to fulfil the learning outcomes concerning swimming in the Swedish school system for year 6 and year 9.Undertaken was a mixed design study were initially a explorative survey of perceptions and experiences in swimming and later follow-up qualitative research interviews with newly migrated adolescents, aged 12-16 years. Finally, qualitative research interviews were conducted with expert adults working in Swedish schools and sharing the migrants´ cultural background. Qualitative data was analysed using a categorical content analysis. The statistical data from the survey was triangulated against the adolescent informants´ and the adult informants´ stories. The results show lack of aquatic experience both in primary and secondary socialization; a pronounced effect of socio-economic status; tradition combined with religious traits can also be inhibiting factors for swimming ability, especially by gender. Results are important for teachers educating migrants in physical education and adapting learning situations.

Background: Competitive swimming is a sport that require high muscle strength to overcome the forces in the water. A phenomenon called post activation potentiation (PAP) is known to acutely increase power output. PAP can be defined as an increase in muscle performance after muscle contraction. Previous research on PAP has shown positive effects on different sports, including swimming. However, a limited amount of studies exists on PAP associated with swimming and distances longer than 100 meters. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate if PAP for triceps brachii and latissimus dorsi with elastic bands can improve the aerobic performance, V4-speed, of elite freestyle swimmers. Methods: 13 elite swimmers participated in this study (mean ±SD: age 18 ±1.15). The participants performed three test sessions on two different days. The first occasion evaluated aerobic performance, V4-speed, where the participants performed a 400-m freestyle swim race and lactate and time were collected. At the second occasion, a 10-repetition maximum (RM) elastic resistance band test was done to get the right resistance band for each individual participant for the PAP exercise. At the third occasion, a PAP exercise, that mimics freestyle swim, with elastic resistance band was performed with 10 repetitions in two sets. After, a rest of six minutes was performed and then the same 400-m freestyle swim test as the first occasion. A paired samples t-test was used to evaluate significant differences between the swim test performed with and without a PAP exercise. Results: The study showed no statistical difference between the V4-speed with or without PAP exercise (p=0.93). An increase in lactate was seen after the PAP exercise (p=0.02). Conclusion: This study could not ensure an improvement of the aerobic performance, V4-speed, of elite swimmers when a PAP exercise, similar to a freestyle stroke, was performed before a 400-m submaximal freestyle swim race with elastic resistance band. Further research must be done in this area before coaches and athletes can apply this in training programs.

De nos jours la culbute est la technique de virage crawl unanimement employée par les nageurs de compétition. Elle se décompose en cinq phases principales : l’approche, le retournement, le contact avec le mur (composé du placement et de la poussée), la phase sous-marine (composée de la glisse et de la coulée) et la reprise de nage. Dans le cadre d’une première collaboration entre le Laboratoire de Mécanique Physique de Bordeaux et le service recherche de la Fédération Française de Natation, cette étude s’est appuyée sur un protocole complet d’analyse sous-marine 3D qui a permis d’évaluer l’ensemble des paramètres cinématiques et dynamiques de la performance. Une double analyse comparative a montré que le niveau d’expertise et le genre ont un effet sur la performance au virage. Les nageuses de niveaux différents se différencient entre-elles par des vitesses en approche et en fin de poussée plus élevées pour les expertes qui adoptent une position plus profilée tout au long du contact. À haut niveau, les nageurs se différencient des nageuses au début du retournement par une vitesse plus élevée puis lors de la poussée où ils produisent un pic de force horizontale plus élevé et obtiennent un gain de vitesse en conséquence.L’utilisation de la méthode Lasso a permis d’établir deux modèles experts de la performance au virage. Chez les nageuses expertes, le modèle a révélé l’importance de l’impulsion latérale pendant le placement, paramètre nouveau qui pourrait être représentatif de la vrille exécutée. Chez les nageurs experts, les meilleurs virages sont réalisés par anticipation du retournement. Le mur est impacté dans une position corporelle peu fléchie ce qui favorise une extension rapide mais crée peu de vitesse. Le trajet parcouru par les meilleurs est court et optimisé. Cette étude illustre l’intérêt d’une analyse 3D du virage culbute crawl : en dynamique d’une part, l’utilisation d’une plateforme de force 3D permettant de distinguer les phases de placement et de poussée et probablement aussi le mouvement de vrille ; en cinématique d’autre part, avec l’importance de la trajectoire parcourue sur la performance au virage des nageurs experts. Par delà cette étude du virage, la conception, la réalisation et l’utilisation de nouveaux outils dédiés à l’analyse du mouvement en natation permet aujourd’hui de proposer au sportif une aide à la performance en phase avec ses objectifs. De part un enrichissement de la connaissance des différentes techniques utilisées par les experts et les non-experts, cette étude devrait également permettre d’améliorer l’enseignement des virages de haut-niveau. / Nowadays the tumble turn is the turn technique embraced by all freestyle competitive swimmers. It consists of five main phases: the approach, the rotation, the wall contact (with braking and push-off sub phases), the underwater phase (with glide and underwater propulsion sub phases), and the resumption of swimming.Within the first collaboration between the Laboratoire de Mécanique Physique of Bordeaux and the research department of the Fédération Française de Natation, this study relied on a comprehensive protocol for 3D underwater analysis that allowed assessing all kinematic and dynamic variables of performance.A double comparative analysis showed that both the level of expertise and the gender have effects on the turn performance. Female swimmers of various levels differ by higher approach and push-off speeds for the experts who are more streamlined throughout the contact. At a high level, male swimmers differ from female swimmers first by higher speed at the beginning of the rotation and also by producing more horizontal force at the push-off peak, directly resulting in a higher speed.The use of the Lasso method made it possible to establish two models for the expert turn performance. For female swimmers, the model revealed the role of lateral momentum during the braking phase, a new parameter that could be representative of the twist executed. For male swimmers, the best turns are swum when the rotation is anticipated. The wall is reached with a slightly flexed posture that results in a fast extension but also creates a slow speed. The best swimmers’ trajectories are short and optimized.This study showed the importance of a 3D analysis of the crawl tumble turn: on one hand the dynamic analysis, with the use of a 3D force platform that makes easier the distinction between the braking and the push-off phases, and probably also gives insights into the twist movement; on the other hand the kinematic analysis, with the importance of the length of the swum path on the turn performance.Beyond this study of the turn, the design, the implementation and the use of new tools devoted to motion analysis in swimming can now offer athletes assistance in line with their objectives. By increasing the knowledge of different techniques used by experts and non-experts swimmers, this study should also improve the teaching of high-performance turns.

Previous research showed mutations in muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum-bound calcium handler proteins cause swimming defects in embryonic zebrafish. CaMK-II is a highly conserved Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase expressed in all vertebrates has been defined to activate and inactivate multiple Ca2+ handler proteins involved in excitation- contraction coupling and relaxation of cardiac and skeletal muscle. In this study, evidence is provided through pharmacological and genetic intervention that CaMK-II inhibition and overexpression causes swimming defects, particularly response to stimuli and swimming ability, reinforced by immunolocalization of skeletal muscle. Transient CaMK-II inactivation does not have any long-term defects to swimming behavior. Overexpression of wild-type, constitutively active, and dominant-negative CaMK-II-GFP in embryos tended to co-localize in fast muscle which led to defects in swimming behavior. This study concludes that inhibition or overexpression of CaMK-II in skeletal muscle diminishes normal swimming behavior specifically in response to mechanical stimulation and swimming ability.

The purpose of the present study was to examine goal setting strategies, locus of control beliefs and personality characteristics of swimmers (108 males and 111 females) from top twenty 1999 NCAA Division IA programs. Three questionnaires were completed: (a) Goal Setting in Sport Questionnaire (GSISQ: Weinberg, Burton, Yukelson, & Weigand, 1993), (b) the Internal, Powerful Others, Chance Scale (IPC: Levenson, 1973), and (c) the compliance subscale and six conscientiousness subscales from the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R: Costa & McCrae, 1985). Descriptive statistics from the GSISQ indicated that most of the swimmers set goals to improve overall performance (51%) and set moderately difficult goals (58%). Results associated with the IPC scale revealed that most of the swimmers attributed their sport performance to internal factors. Results pertaining to the NEO-PI-R indicated that most swimmers were highly conscientious, disciplined, purposeful, and determined.

Title: Evaluation of force presumptions for swimming triathletes from Czech team in training cycle 2010-2011 Intention of work: Evaluation of specific force presumptions for swimming and ability maximal utilit force efficiency in long time stress, wide spektrum of triatlonist from beginners to elite czech competitors. For evaluation we used 3 indikators: 1. average Power Output - PO - [W] 2. average power output on kg body weight - PO.kg-1 - [W.kg-1 ] 3. complete work - W - [Nm] Method: Testing on swim trainer Biokinetic by tests which simulated free style strokes and butterfly strokes. 10 strokes by free style and butterfly styl, 50 and 100 strokes by butterfly style. Results: Some people lives in mistake about their directionality. Someone think, that he is better for long distance, and oposit eis true. Lot of people, in our test, made more work [Nm] in free style strokes, than butterfly strokes. More offen people made more work [Nm] in butterfly strokes. Our people swim butterfly just especialy and that's the reason, why they have more force in crowl. Keywords: Biokinetic, triathlon, swimming, testing, swim force.

Title: Strategy of dealing with the stress of the swimmers with different sport capacity Aim of the work: This diploma thesis is aimed to assess the strategy of dealing with stress of selected swimmers' groups. The recreational swimmers regularly practising swimming and the competitive as well as elite swimmers undergoing a regular training were the selected subjects of examination. Methods: In this work, there was used a SVF 78 questionnaire method with the electronic data collection. The questionnaire was processed through tabulation and written description. We were seeking to find the structure of stress dealing of the swimmers' groups and to find differences in strategies of dealing with stress of the particular groups as well as potential differences from the normal values. Results: As the statistic interpretation of the sum total of negative strategies demonstrates the strategies are more reflected in the weaker swimmers, both the female and male recreational ones. Within the positive strategies the diversion from the normal values was higher both for men and women. A growth of variability of dealing with stress situations along with a decreasing swimming performance is apparent at both men and women (higher values of the standard deviation). In total, men use the strategy "control of the...

Purpose of this thesis is to determine how affects has basic swimming training on mobility and flexibility on elementary school children. Use the appropriate tests mobility and flexibility. I examinand how is mobility changing. Testing will take twice. The first test will take at the beginning of swimming training. The second test will take place at the end of swimming training, the last hour. Then I measured results are compared and evaluated. The theoretical part is about characteristics young school age and to explain and clarify the basic concepts. The experimental part describes the methods and the results are verbal evaluation.

Title of the thesis Diagnosis of the overload the anterior part of the shoulder joint in elite swimmers and the possibility of compensation Thesis aim The aim of this thesis is to look into a group of elite swimmers with a specific pain in the anterior part of the shoulder joint, to determine the cause of the pain and then to create a plan compensation. Methods The thesis was scientific - research quantitative study, which had the character of an experiment. That was attended by 14 probands between 15-30 years of a different swimming styles of the sport sector ,,swimming". The principle was to determine the causes of pain in the anterior part of the shoulder joint using aspection and palpation examination, examination of joint play and special tests for instability of the shoulder joint, tests on the tendon of the long head of the m. biceps brachii, tests on the rotator cuff and tests of the m. pectoralis major. Finally was built a compensation program, which will prevent the shoulder pain. Results Hypotheses that i chose at the beginning of the research, were confirmed in two cases. The cause of the pain in the anterior part of the shoulder joint in swimmers can not be accurately determined with regard to the swimming style. Among breatstrokers is a muscle strain caused by the rotator cuff in...