The dissertation investigates syntactic and semantic aspects of the indefinite pronoun system in Modern Hebrew and consists of an experimental part and a theoretical part. The experimental part presents the grammaticality judgment task conducted to test three theoretical questions: (1) the relation between negation and the licensing of AF `any' and KOL `any'; (2) the contrast between EYZE `some' and EYZESEHU `some' in terms of specificity; and (3) the correlation between syntactic position and free choice readings. Three main theoretical findings are contributed by this work. First, it is shown that from a typological viewpoint, Hebrew, a Semitic language, patterns with Romance and Germanic languages, rather than Japanese-type languages, in having indefinite pronouns specialized for particular operators available in the discourse. Second, the thesis proposes a novel unified syntax-semantics for KOL which accounts for its interpretational variability. Working with the Kratzer and Shimoyama (2002) framework where indefinite pronouns generate sets of individual alternatives, the semantics of a KOL--modified noun phrase is formalized as a variable and containing a restriction. When this restriction ranges over kinds, KOL receives a generic reading; when the restriction is over a contextually specified set of entities, KOL has an episodic reading. In these cases, the KOL--phrase moves to the argument position of a universal quantifier which binds the individual alternatives generated by the KOL--phrase. If KOL stays in situ, the individual alternatives are allowed to expand into propositional alternatives, resulting in the free choice reading. Third, I discuss the DP-internal structure of [eyze(N)se-hu (N)] and [(N) kol(N)se-hu], treating 'se-hu' as a CP. I propose that there is a correlation between the postnominal position and the free choice readings of these pronouns, suggesting that domain restrictions, usually derived in the semantics-pragmatics, may also be encoded in the syntax. If this hypothesis is on the right track, it could provide us with a better understanding of how and when in the process of language acquisition domain restrictions found with indefinite pronouns are acquired.

This dissertation provides an account of an often-noted change in the history of French: the shift in the expression of the internal argument of a small class of dynamic two-place verbs best represented by aider ‘to help’ from “dative”, i.e., as an indirect object with the preposition à, to “accusative”, i.e., as a direct object with no preposition. The change does not appear to be correlated with a change in the meaning of the verbs. Traditional commentators have viewed it as random, affecting only a few lexical items, rather than systematic. One of the central results of this thesis is that the valency change affects a class of some twenty verbs at approximately the same period and it follows the same time course. Moreover, three properties distinguish this class of verbs from all others taking indirect objects in French: following current ideas about the syntactic manifestation of verbs and their arguments, they have a non relational argument structure, they do not possess lexical directionality, and they select for first or third order entities. These facts suggest that a structural change underlies the change in the realization of the internal argument. Adopting Lightfoot’s (1999, 2006) “cue-based” approach to language change, it is proposed that the valency change is a result of the loss of a functional item encoding directionality. Directionality is a derived property in Medieval French, available in particular to prepositions. It is demonstrated that when à was able to encode direction, it was also able to license first and third order complements in a broader range of contexts, namely, with aider-type verbs. The loss of this functional item is also correlated with several other structural changes that occurred in the 16th and 17th century.

This thesis shows that the mapping of semantics to syntax can be more complex than is generally assumed. In general, the mapping of semantics to syntax is thought to be many-to-one; for instance, many types of external argument roles are mapped to a subject position, and a theme or patient role is mapped to an object position. Contrary to this view, I show, by studying the syntax and semantics of external arguments, that one-to-one mapping between syntax and semantics is possible. External arguments are generally assumed to be introduced by a functional head, called Voice or v, regardless of the semantics of the argument, rather than being actual arguments of the verbs. A high Appl head similar to Voice has recently been argued to introduce external arguments as well as arguments of other semantic types. At present, no theories propose how these heads are distinguished in argument structure. This thesis articulates the differences between the external argument introducing heads and explores the consequences of these differences. Moreover, this thesis proposes a new type of event-related applicative, namely peripheral Appl. Like Voice and high Appl, peripheral Appl introduces an argument external to the verb phrase. The key differences among the external argument introducing heads are in their semantics as well as their syntactic position. Semantically, Voice is specified for agentivity, but high and peripheral Appls are specified for non-agentivity. Syntactically, high Appl merges below Voice, not above, while peripheral Appl can merge above Voice. An important result emerging from this thesis is that not all external arguments are treated in the same way in syntax: not only are agent and non-agent external argument roles mapped into different positions, but different types of non-agent roles are also mapped into different positions.

This dissertation provides an account of an often-noted change in the history of French: the shift in the expression of the internal argument of a small class of dynamic two-place verbs best represented by aider ‘to help’ from “dative”, i.e., as an indirect object with the preposition à, to “accusative”, i.e., as a direct object with no preposition. The change does not appear to be correlated with a change in the meaning of the verbs. Traditional commentators have viewed it as random, affecting only a few lexical items, rather than systematic. One of the central results of this thesis is that the valency change affects a class of some twenty verbs at approximately the same period and it follows the same time course. Moreover, three properties distinguish this class of verbs from all others taking indirect objects in French: following current ideas about the syntactic manifestation of verbs and their arguments, they have a non relational argument structure, they do not possess lexical directionality, and they select for first or third order entities. These facts suggest that a structural change underlies the change in the realization of the internal argument. Adopting Lightfoot’s (1999, 2006) “cue-based” approach to language change, it is proposed that the valency change is a result of the loss of a functional item encoding directionality. Directionality is a derived property in Medieval French, available in particular to prepositions. It is demonstrated that when à was able to encode direction, it was also able to license first and third order complements in a broader range of contexts, namely, with aider-type verbs. The loss of this functional item is also correlated with several other structural changes that occurred in the 16th and 17th century.

This thesis shows that the mapping of semantics to syntax can be more complex than is generally assumed. In general, the mapping of semantics to syntax is thought to be many-to-one; for instance, many types of external argument roles are mapped to a subject position, and a theme or patient role is mapped to an object position. Contrary to this view, I show, by studying the syntax and semantics of external arguments, that one-to-one mapping between syntax and semantics is possible. External arguments are generally assumed to be introduced by a functional head, called Voice or v, regardless of the semantics of the argument, rather than being actual arguments of the verbs. A high Appl head similar to Voice has recently been argued to introduce external arguments as well as arguments of other semantic types. At present, no theories propose how these heads are distinguished in argument structure. This thesis articulates the differences between the external argument introducing heads and explores the consequences of these differences. Moreover, this thesis proposes a new type of event-related applicative, namely peripheral Appl. Like Voice and high Appl, peripheral Appl introduces an argument external to the verb phrase. The key differences among the external argument introducing heads are in their semantics as well as their syntactic position. Semantically, Voice is specified for agentivity, but high and peripheral Appls are specified for non-agentivity. Syntactically, high Appl merges below Voice, not above, while peripheral Appl can merge above Voice. An important result emerging from this thesis is that not all external arguments are treated in the same way in syntax: not only are agent and non-agent external argument roles mapped into different positions, but different types of non-agent roles are also mapped into different positions.

The dissertation investigates syntactic and semantic aspects of the indefinite pronoun system in Modern Hebrew and consists of an experimental part and a theoretical part. The experimental part presents the grammaticality judgment task conducted to test three theoretical questions: (1) the relation between negation and the licensing of AF `any' and KOL `any'; (2) the contrast between EYZE `some' and EYZESEHU `some' in terms of specificity; and (3) the correlation between syntactic position and free choice readings. Three main theoretical findings are contributed by this work. First, it is shown that from a typological viewpoint, Hebrew, a Semitic language, patterns with Romance and Germanic languages, rather than Japanese-type languages, in having indefinite pronouns specialized for particular operators available in the discourse. Second, the thesis proposes a novel unified syntax-semantics for KOL which accounts for its interpretational variability. Working with the Kratzer and Shimoyama (2002) framework where indefinite pronouns generate sets of individual alternatives, the semantics of a KOL--modified noun phrase is formalized as a variable and containing a restriction. When this restriction ranges over kinds, KOL receives a generic reading; when the restriction is over a contextually specified set of entities, KOL has an episodic reading. In these cases, the KOL--phrase moves to the argument position of a universal quantifier which binds the individual alternatives generated by the KOL--phrase. If KOL stays in situ, the individual alternatives are allowed to expand into propositional alternatives, resulting in the free choice reading. Third, I discuss the DP-internal structure of [eyze(N)se-hu (N)] and [(N) kol(N)se-hu], treating 'se-hu' as a CP. I propose that there is a correlation between the postnominal position and the free choice readings of these pronouns, suggesting that domain restrictions, usually derived in the semantics-pragmatics, may also be encoded in the syntax. If this hypothesis is on the right track, it could provide us with a better understanding of how and when in the process of language acquisition domain restrictions found with indefinite pronouns are acquired.

The functional connection between the building and the streetscape affects the city and its attractiveness. Stores located in shopping malls with their entrances facing internal walkways, creates segregation between the mall and the streetscape. This segregation implies that the shopping mall loses some of its attractiveness, which may result in a so-called Greyfield mall. The expression Greyfield mall is used for shopping malls that have lost its visitors. Competition from new modern malls and a lack of investments are examples of factors that influence the development of Greyfiled malls. To clarify the relationship between the building and the streetscape, Space syntax has been used. Space syntax can be explained as the order between the different spaces. A Space syntax analysis provides an intergration value that indicates how the streets are linked. The pupose of this paper is to investigate and develop methods that will increase the attractiveness of shopping centers and malls in danger of developing into, or already classified as Greyfield malls. Improvements to these sites contributes to a better urban environment. The question formulation has been focused on the streetscape- and building design, and the movement patterns of the visitors. The questions have been answered through literature studies within the areas of; Space syntax, Shared space and Greyfield malls. In addition, a new proposal for the design of the building and the surrounding streetscape has been done. Analyses using Depth map has been used in a case study of Rosengallerian. Rosengallerian is located in the center of the city Husqvarna and has potential to act as a gathering place for city residents. By using Shared space, Woonerf-streets and axial analyzes with Space syntax a new proposal for mall and its surroundings has been developed. The new proposal is based on the prioritation of the pedestrians instead of the motor traffic. The streets surrounding the shopping mall has been converted into walking-speed areas, where the streets have been given a more narrow character. These changes creates a more attractive environment for the pedestrians around the mall. The results of the studies shows that the problem mainly lies in the design of the building and the priorities of the surrounding street network. The planning and prioritations of a street network are important to city residents, when the traffic moves according to the terms of the pedestrians a center where people can move freely is created. The ability to move around freely along with the city's walkways being extended into the building means that people wants to come back to the shopping mall. The proposal increase the attractiveness of the shopping mall since people attracts other people. The conclusion is that the mall is to be seen as an individual building being fitted into the existing surrounding environment. The shopping mall should be a natural part of the city's movement pattern, but also allowed to stand out architecturally. / Den funktionella kontakten mellan byggnaden och gaturummet påverkar staden och dess attraktivitet. Butiker som är placerade i gallerior och som har sina entréer mot interna stråk skapar en segregation mellan gallerian och gaturummet. Denna segregering innebär att gallerian förlorar en del av sin attraktivitet, vilket kan resultera i en så kallad Greyfield mall. Uttrycket Greyfield mall används för gallerior som förlorat sina besökare. Konkurrensen från nya moderna gallerior samt brist på investeringar är exempel på faktorer som påverkar uppkomsten av Greyfield malls. För att klargöra sambandet mellan byggnaden och gaturumet har ”Space syntax” använts. Space syntax kan förklaras som ordningen mellan de olika rummen. En Space syntax-analys ger ett integrationsvärde som visar hur stadens gator hänger samman. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka och utveckla metoder för att öka attraktiviteten hos köpcentrum och gallerior som riskerar att utvecklas till, eller redan klassas som Greyfield malls. Förbättringar av dessa platser bidrar till en godare stadsmiljö. Frågeställningarna har inriktats på gatans och byggnadens utformning samt besökarnas rörelsemönster. Frågeställningarna har besvarats genom litteraturstudier inom områdena Space syntax, Shared space och Greyfield malls. Därtill har ett nytt förslag på utformning av gatunätet och byggnaden utförts. Analyser med hjälp av Depth map har gjorts i en fallstudie av Rosengallerian. Rosengallerian är placerad i Huskvarna centrum och har potential att fungera som en samlingspunkt för stadens invånare. Områdets nuvarande utformning gynnar biltrafiken vilket har resulterat i en nedprioritering av gångtrafikanterna. Med hjälp av; Shared space, Boone-gator och axialanalyser med Space syntax har ett nytt förslag för Rosengallerian och dess omgivning tagits fram. Förslaget bygger på att stadens gångtrafikanter istället prioriteras. Gatorna runt gallerian har omvandlats till gångfartsområde, där gatorna har fått en smalare karaktär. Dessa förändringar skapar en attraktivare miljö för gångtrafikanterna kring Rosengallerian. För att öppna upp gallerian har de ursprungliga gångarna inne i gallerian ändrats till två raka tvärgator igenom byggnaden som sammanbundits med den övriga staden. Resultatet av studierna visar att problemet huvudsakligen ligger i byggnadens utformning samt det omkringliggande gatunätets prioriteringar. Ett gatunäts planering och prioriteringar är av vikt för stadens invånare, då biltrafiken förflyttar sig på de gåendes villkor skapas ett centrum där människor kan röra sig fritt. Den fria rörelsen tillsammans med att stadens gator förlängs in i byggnaden medför att invånarna vill återkomma till gallerian. Förslagets förändringar ökar gallerians attraktivitet då människor attraherar andra människor. Slutsatsen är att gallerian skall ses som en enskild byggnad som skall passas in i den omkringliggande befintliga miljön. Gallerian bör vara en naturlig del av stadens rörelsemönster samtidigt som den gärna får markeras arkitektoniskt.

Teilw. zugl.: Berlin, Techn. Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2000

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