Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos associados aos efeitos benéficos da reanimação guiada pela saturação venosa mista de oxigênio (SvO2) durante a sepse não são claros. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de um algoritmo de reanimação guiado pela SvO2 incluindo fluidos, noradrenalina e dobutamina na hemodinâmica, resposta inflamatória e estresse oxidativo cardiovascular durante um modelo experimental que se assemelha clinicamente ao choque séptico. Dezoito porcos anestesiados e cateterizados (35-45 kg) foram submetidos à peritonite por inoculação fecal (0,75 g/Kg). Depois de permanecerem hipotensos, antibióticos foram administrados e os animais foram randomizados em dois grupos: controle (n=9), com suporte hemodinâmico visando pressão venosa central de 8-12 mmHg, débito urinário de 0,5 ml/kg por hora, e pressão arterial média acima de 65 mmHg; e grupo SvO2 (n=9), com os objetivos acima referidos, além de SvO2 acima de 65%. As intervenções duraram 12 hs e incluíram Ringer Lactato e norepinefrina (ambos os grupos) e dobutamina (grupo SvO2). A resposta inflamatória foi avaliada pela concentração plasmática de citocinas, expressão de CD14 de neutrófilos, geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e apoptose. O estresse oxidativo foi avaliado pelas concentrações de nitratos no miocárdio e no plasma, a atividade miocárdica e vascular de NAD(P)H oxidase, conteúdo de glutationa do miocárdio e expressão de nitrotirosina. A reanimação guiada por SvO2 foi associada com melhor índice sistólico, oferta de oxigênio e diurese. A sepse induziu em ambos os grupos um aumento significativo na concentração de IL-6, nas concentrações de nitrato de plasma e diminuição persistente na expressão de CD14 em neutrófilos. A apoptose e a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio por neutrófilos não foram diferentes entre os grupos. As estratégias de tratamento não alteraram significativamente os parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Assim, uma abordagem destinada a otimizar a SvO2 durante a sepse melhora a hemodinâmica, porém sem qualquer efeito significativo sobre a resposta inflamatória e estresse oxidativo. Os efeitos benéficos associados a esta estratégia podem estar relacionados a outros mecanismos. / The pathogenetic mechanisms associated to the beneficial effects of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2)-guided resuscitation during sepsis are unclear. Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of an algorithm of SvO2-driven resuscitation including fluids, norepinephrine and dobutamine on hemodynamics, inflammatory response and cardiovascular oxidative stress during a clinically resembling experimental model of septic shock. Eighteen anesthetized and catheterized pigs (35-45 Kg) were submitted to peritonitis by fecal inoculation (0.75 g/Kg). After hypotension, antibiotics were administered, and the animals were randomized to two groups: control (n=9), with hemodynamic support aiming central venous pressure 8 to 12 mmHg, urinary output 0.5 ml/Kg per hour, and mean arterial pressure greater than 65 mmHg; and group SvO2 (n =9), with the goals above, plus SvO2 greater than 65%. The interventions lasted 12 h, and lactated Ringer\'s and norepinephrine (both groups) and dobutamine (SvO2 group) were administered. Inflammatory response was evaluated by plasma concentration of cytokines, neutrophil CD14 expression, oxidant generation, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress was evaluated by plasma and myocardial nitrate concentrations, myocardial and vascular NAD(P)H oxidase activity, myocardial glutathione content, and nitrotyrosine expression. Mixed venous oxygen saturation-driven resuscitation was associated with improved systolic index, oxygen delivery, and diuresis. Sepsis induced in both groups a significant increase on IL-6 concentrations and plasma nitrate concentrations and persistent decrease in neutrophil CD14 expression. Apoptosis rate and neutrophil oxidant generation were not different between groups. Treatment strategies did not significantly modify oxidative stress parameters. Thus, an approach aiming SvO2 during sepsis improves hemoynamics, without any significant effect on inflammatory response and oxidative stress. The beneficial effects associated with this strategy may be related to other mechanisms

Orientadores: Andrei Carvalho Sposito, Valéria Nasser Figueiredo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_LuizSergioFernandesde_D.pdf: 19288751 bytes, checksum: ea3c4fda36c00d542fbe2d8c4f4242e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Introdução: A resposta de fase aguda (RFA) transforma a lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) em uma partícula disfuncional que pode favorecer o estresse oxidativo/inflamatório e disfunção da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS). Ao mesmo tempo, a modulação do metabolismo da HDL pela proteína de transferência de colesteril ester (CETP) parece estar associada a um potencial efeito anti-inflamatório durante a RFA relacionada a sepse. Embora esses mecanismos possam estar envolvidos na disfunção endotelial que se segue ao infarto do miocárdio com supra de ST (IMCSST), essas hipóteses nunca foram testadas em humanos. Método: Plasma foi obtido de pacientes consecutivos com IMCSST (n=116 a 180) nas primeiras 24 horas após o início dos sintomas (D1) e no 5o dia (D5), sendo utilizado para medir: proteína C reativa (PCR), nitrato/nitrito (NOx) e atividade de CETP. As lipoproteínas foram isoladas por ultracentrifugação de gradiente. A oxidabilidade de LDL co-incubada com HDL (HDLaoxLDL) e auto-oxidabilidade da HDL (HDLautox) foram medidas após a incubação com CuSO4. A atividade anti-inflamatória da HDL foi estimada pela secreção de VCAM-1 por células endoteliais da veia umbilical humana, após a incubação com TNF-?. Dilatação mediada por fluxo (FMD) foi avaliada no 30o dia (D30). Resultados: Entre os pacientes no 1o tercil de HDL-colesterol no D1 (<33mg/dL), o incremento de NOx entre D1 e D5 e a FMD ajustada para várias co-variáveis foram maiores do que naqueles no 2o (33- 42mg/dL) e 3o (>42mg/dL) tercis. Do D1 ao D5 houve redução no tamanho e no número de partículas de HDL, bem como aumento da HDLaoxLDL e HDLautox. A secreção de VCAM-1 após estímulo com TNF-? foi reduzida após co-incubação com HDL de voluntários saudáveis, de doentes com IM no D1 e D30, mas não para a HDL do D5. A oxidação da HDL foi medida pela concentração de TBARS em partículas de HDL isoladas, sendo observado aumento entre D1 e D5, e permanecendo elevado no D30. O aumento no conteúdo de TBARS na HDL foi associado com a atividade de CETP (r=0,72; p=0,014), FMD (r =-0,61; p=0,046) e HDL-C (r=0,83; p=0,004). Em paralelo, elevada atividade de CETP na admissão foi associado a menor FMD, menor biodisponibilidade de NOx e a maior incidência de morte súbita e infarto recorrente após 30 (OR=12,8; p=0,032) e 180 dias (OR=3,3; p=0,044). Conclusão: O IMCSST induz mudanças na composição química e função do HDL, bem como alterações na atividade enzimática da CETP que paralelamente contribuem para o aumento da oxidação de partículas de HDL, que se traduz em disfunção endotelial / Abstract: Introduction: Acute phase response (APR) turns high-density lipoprotein (HDL) into a dysfunctional particle that may favor oxidative/inflammatory stress and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) dysfunction. Moreover, modulation of HDL intravascular metabolism by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) action has also been implicated as a potentially anti-inflammatory and thrombotic mechanism during APR. Although these mechanisms may be involved into endothelial dysfunction that follows acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), these assumptions have never been in investigated in humans. Method: Plasma was obtained in the first 24-hours after STEMI symptoms onset (D1) and after 5 days (D5) in consecutive patients (n=116 to 180), and then used to measure C-reactive protein (CRP), nitrate/nitrite (NOx) and CETP activity. Lipoproteins were isolated by gradient ultracentrifugation. The oxidizability of low-density lipoprotein incubated with HDL (HDLaoxLDL) and the HDL self-oxidizability (HDLautox) were measured after CuSO4 co-incubation. Anti-inflammatory activity of HDL was estimated by VCAM-1 secretion by human umbilical vein endothelial cells after incubation with TNF-?. Flowmediated dilation (FMD) was assessed at the 30th day (D30) after STEMI. Results: Among patients in the first tertile of admission HDL-Cholesterol (<33mg/dL), the increment of NOx from D1 to D5 and the FMD adjusted for multiple covariates were higher than in those in the second (33-42mg/dL) or third (>42mg/dL) tertiles, respectively. From D1 to D5, there was a decrease in HDL size and particle number and increase in both HDLaoxLDL and HDLautox. VCAM-1 secretion after TNF-a stimulation was reduced after co-incubation with HDL from healthy volunteers, from MI patients at D1 and D30 but not from D5. Oxidized HDL was measured by TBARS in isolated HDL particles and increased from D1 to D5, and remaining elevated at D30. The change in TBARS content in HDL was associated with CETP activity (r=0.72;p=0.014), FMD (r=-0.61;p=0.046) and HDL-C (r=0,83,p=0,004). High CETP activity at admission was associated lower FMD, lower NOx bioavailability and with the incidence of sudden death and recurrent MI at 30 days (OR 12.8;p=0.032) and 180 days (OR 3.3;p=0.044). Conclusion: STEMI induces changes in the chemical composition and function of HDL as well as changes in the enzymatic activity of CETP that in parallel contribute to increased oxidation of HDL particles, and thus inducing endothelial dysfunction / Doutorado / Patologia Clinica / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

Fragestellung: Es wird untersucht, ob die isolierte hypertherme Extremitätenperfusion (ILP) mit TNF-alpha und Melphalan eine akute systemische inflammatorische Reaktion (SIRS) auslöst. Weiterhin soll der Einfluß von zwei verschiedenen total intravenösen Narkoseverfahren sowie der Zusammenhang der unabhängig voneinander bestimmten Meßgrößen Herzindex/Sauerstoffverbrauchsindex (HI/VO2I) und Sauerstoffverbrauchsindex/Sauerstoffangebotsindex (VO2I/DO2I) beim Entstehen eines SIRS analysiert werden. Methodik: 73 Patienten, die sich einer ILP mit TNF-alpha und Melphalan in Allgemeinanästhesie unterzogen, wurden in diese klinische, retrospektive Untersuchung eingeschlossen. Ein erweitertes kardiopulmonales Monitoring, bestehend aus kontinuierlicher Thermodilution, kontinuierlicher indirekter Kalorimetrie, invasiver Blutdruckmessung sowie arterieller und gemischtvenöser Blutgasanalysen ermöglichte die Analyse von hämodynamischen, metabolischen und gasanalytischen Parametern an 8 definierten Zeitpunkten im Verlauf der ILP mit TNF-alpha und Melphalan. 21 Patienten erhielten eine Narkose mit Etomidate/Midazolam/Sufentanil/Pancuroniumbromid (N1), und bei 52 Patienten wurde die Narkose mit Propofol/Remifentanil/Cis-Atracurium (N2) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Während der ILP mit TNF-alpha und Melphalan kam es bei folgenden Parametern zu signifikanten Veränderungen in der systemischen Reperfusionsphase gegenüber den Ausgangswerten vor der extrakorporalen Zirkulation: Herzfrequenz, Herzindex, Temperatur, Gesamtsauerstoffaufnahme, pulmonale Sauerstoffaufnahme, Sauerstoffangebot, systemischer Gefäßwiderstand, pulmonalarterieller Mitteldruck, kardiale Füllungsdrücke, gemischtvenöser Kohlendioxid- und Sauerstoffpartialdruck, arterieller Kohlendioxid- und Sauerstoffpartialdruck, gemischtvenöse Sauerstoffsättigung, arterieller und gemischtvenöser Sauerstoffgehalt sowie arterieller pH- und Laktatwert. Bezüglich der Narkoseverfahren zeigte die Narkose N2 versus N1 signifikant geringere Herzfrequenzen und Herzindices, sowie signifikant erhöhte pulmonalarterielle Mitteldrücke, pulmonale und systemische Gefäßwiderstände. Die Korrelationen von HI/VO2I und VO2I/DO2I sind in der prä-Bypass-Phase gering, nehmen im Verlauf der ILP zu und erreichen zum Zeitpunkt der systemischen Reperfusion jeweils ihren Maximalwert. Schlußfolgerungen: Die ILP mit TNF-alpha und Melphalan kann als dynamisches in-vivo Modell für das Entstehen einer SIRS-Reaktion aufgefaßt werden. Die inflammatorische Antwort ist in ihrem Ausmaß eher gering und erreicht nach Aufhebung der extrakorporalen Zirkulation mit systemischer Reperfusion der behandelten Extremität ihr Maximum. Die Überwachung der Teilkreisläufe, ein erweitertes hämodynamisches Monitoring sowie forcierte intravenöse Volumentherapie in der Reperfusionsphase lassen dieses Behandlungsverfahren für die Patienten in Allgemeinanästhesie sicher erscheinen. Beide beschriebenen Narkoseverfahren sind für diese operative Therapie geeignet. Der Zusammenhang von HI/VO2I sowie VO2I/DO2I ist im Verlauf der ILP gering, kann sich aber mit Zunahme der inflammatorischen Reaktion verstärken. / objective: To determine whether the isolated hyperthermic limb perfusion (ILP) with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and melphalan causes an acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)? Also analysed will be the influence of two total intravenous anaesthesias and the correlation of independent measured values cardiac index/oxygen consumption index (HI/VO2I) and oxygen consumption index/oxygen delivery index (VO2I/DO2I). design: Retrospective review of hemodynamic, metabolic and blood gas values from 73 patients, undervented isolated hyperthermic limb perfusion of leg with TNF-alpha and Melphalan in general anaesthesia. methods: Cardiopulmonary monitoring consisted of continuous thermodilution, continuous calorimetry, arterial pressure and arterial as well as admixed blood-gas analyses. Values were measured on 8 time points in the course of ILP. In 21 patients anaesthesia was carried out with drug-combination of Etomidate/Midazolam/Sufentanil/Pancuroniumbromid (N1), and 52 patients were given anaesthesia with Propofol/Remifentanil/Cis-atracurium (N2). results: The following values changed significantly after limb-reperfusion compared with the baseline: heart rate, cardiac index, temperature, oxygen consumption, pulmonary oxygen consumption, oxygen delivery, systemic vascular resistance, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, precardial pressures, admixed carbon dioxide pressure, admixed oxygen pressure, arterial carbon dioxide pressure, arterial oxygen pressure, admixed oxygen saturation, arterial and admixed oxygen content as well as arterial pH- and lactat. conclusions: The isolated hyperthermic limb perfusion with TNF-alpha and melphalan may be used as a dynamic in-vivo model for the development of an SIRS. The inflammatory response is slight and reached the maximum after reperfusion of treated limb. Monitoring of the two circulations, extended cardiopulmonary monitoring and intravenous volumetherapie in the reperfusion time makes this cancer treatment in general anaesthesia safe. Both anaesthesia are suitable. The correlations of HI/VO2I as well as VO2I/DO2I are low in the beginning and rise with the increase of the inflammatory response.