Abstract Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease. Its incidence in Europe is continuously rising. The highest T1D risk is associated with HLA (human leukocyte antigen) class II genes. HLA class II molecules play a key role in regulation of immune response. They contribute to the selection of T cell repertoire by presenting antigenic peptides to the CD4+ T lymphocytes. HLA class II expression is controlled by regulatory module that is situated 150 - 300 base pairs upstream of the transcription- initiation site in all HLA class II genes. Polymorphisms in this region are linked to some autoimmune diseases. There were identified several promoter alleles (named QAP) in the HLA DQA1 gene promoter region. Most of the polymorphisms appear to be conserved within haplotype. Individual QAP alleles may have a different promoter strength by which they influence expression of HLA DQA1 gene alleles. Promoter strength can be modulated by DNA methylation. Aims:Our aim was to define methylation profile of HLA DQA1 promoters and determine the mRNA expression of individual alleles of HLA DQA1 gene in T1D patients. The mRNA expression level of HLA DQA1 gene alleles was determined using quantitative PCR. Methods: 30 diabetic pacients (age range 21 to 76 years), were included in this pilot...

The influence of social climate in classroom on a self-concept of pupils with specific learning disabilities. The aim of the thesis was to outline the problems of the self-concept of pupils with specific learning disabilities in the classroom social climate. The thesis has the form of an overview study followed by a research probe into the given problems. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the definition of the following main terms based on the literature studied: specific learning disabilities, self-concept, social climate in the classroom. Furthermore, symptoms of the specific learning disabilities and their impact on the self-concept of pupils within the social climate in the classroom are described. The practical part of the thesis deals with the research probe. The research sample is represented by seven classes of 7th and 8th grade pupils from two Central Bohemia schools and three Prague schools. The research probe has the form of a non-standard survey study. In conclusion, the necessity of further research in the area is emphasized. Key words Specific learning disabilities, self-concept, social climate in classroom, academic self-concept

How to choose a secondary school for a child with specific learning disabilities The aim of the diploma thesis was to outline the current situation in the secondary school choice for pupils with specific learning disabilities and to arouse discussion about the topic. The thesis has the form of an overview study followed by a research probe. On the basis of the research probe, stages of secondary school choice are specified and recommendations regarding the choice are presented for the pupils with specific learning disabilities. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with the definition of the following main terms based on the literature studied: specific learning disabilities, self-concept and career counseling. Further, the thesis includes a description of symptoms of the specific learning disabilities that are connected with the preferred strategy for secondary school choice. In the practical part of the thesis, the research probe is provided. The research sample is represented by pupils with specific learning disabilities attending the 9th grade of school in four regions (Prague, Pilsen, Ústí nad Labem and Moravian-Silesian region). The research probe has the form of a non-standard survey study, the results of which have both quantitative and qualitative value. In conclusion, the...

Introduction: At our post-genomic era the studies of epigenetic regulation constitutes one of the tools for understanding the function of genes. Epigenetic regulation can directly control the temporal and spatial gene activity or silencing. The molecular basis of these regulations are DNA bases modifications, chromatin remodeling and RNA interference. At the same time, these mechanisms have a special way of transferring genetic information to subsequent generations called epigenetic inheritance. It has been proven epigenetic deregulation of certain genes as cause for many disease. For this reason, the study of epigenome HLA genes seems particularly important because these genes play a fundamental role in regulating the immune system. Aims: The aim of this work is to create a description of epigenetic modifications within families. It is an analysis of histone modifications and DNA methylation in the promoter region of the gene HLA DQA1. The aim was also to compare the differences in epigenetic modifications between alleles and compared the differences in these modifications between generations. The results will be compared with the analysis of the level of expression of the gene HLA DQA1. Methods: From collected peripheral blood of donors were isolated DNA, RNA, and leukocytes. DNA was used for...

This thesis is focused on the prevention of bullying through personality and social education courses Projekt Odyssea in elementary school. The goal of this work is to determine how pupils, educators and school leaders perceive the courses Projekt Odyssea and whether preventive courses have impact on collectives of individual classes. Data was obtained from interviews with pupils, teachers, school management and the questionnaire survey with pupils. Questionnaires detect the climate of individual classes, relationships between pupils in the classroom, or how students perceive community circles and classes Projekt Odyssea. The results of the research show a positive effect of classesProjekt Odyssea on the personality and social development of pupils. The effect of courses of personality and social education positively promotes good relationships between pupils themselves, between pupils and teachers and this is benefit to the overall school climate.

The theoretical frame of the dissertation is, with regard to the topic of the study, aimed at the structure, dimension and socialization of student's personality, conception of behavioral patterns at school as well as group dynamics. The current development phase of students in the 7th grade is dealt with in the chapters concerning the processes in adolescence and educational problems. The dissertation describes in detail characteristics of both the agressor as well as the victim of bullying, causes of agresivity and anxiety. The theoretical part of the dissertation is concluded by rich sources of how to prevent and cure groups who have to face problematic behaviour or bullying. The practical part of the disserta- tion has a form of case study, with the help of analysis, comparison of ethopedic and special educational and educational diagnostics.Data have been gathered concerning the disruption and dynamics of social contacts among 7th grade students of waldorf school. Cohesion and climate in the class are dealt with here. The results of this study offer the basis for a realization of a preventive programme. KEYWORDS character, empathy, discipline, socialization, group dynamics, climate in the class, bullying, agressor, victim, diagnostics, prevention

This diploma thesis deals with the development of the school climate in a classroom with a seriously physically disabled child who requires permanent presence of an assistant. The theoretical part focuses on physical disabilities and their impact on the psyche of the child, the specifics of including a seriously disabled child in educational instructional contexts and the life of the classroom, and on the cooperation between a form teacher and an assistant whose support and help is required by the child during all lessons. The practical part uses a narrative of two girls and people who are closely related to them to offer answers to the inquiries into how have relationships within such a classroom and the attitude of classmates to a disabled child changed over the years; how can the presence of an assistant affect the climate of the classroom; and whether the external perception of the inclusion of a disabled child as a successful one corresponds with the feelings of the disabled child, of if the child sees the process otherwise. Case studies which helped the author to get a general picture of the situation confirmed it appeared that the factor which immensely affects inclusion of a physically disabled child in the classroom is the age at which children meet and the attitude of the teacher and the...

In our dissertation we deal with the space H(K) of harmonic functions on a compact space in classical and abstract potential theory. Initially, we prove several equivalent characteristics of this space in classical potential theory. The internal characterization, which describes H(K) as a subspace of those continuous functions on a compact space K which are finely harmonic on the fine interior of K, is then used as the definition of H(K) in abstract potential theory. Further we concentrate on the solution of the Dirichlet problem for open and compact sets mainly with regards to its relation to subclasses of Baire class one functions. The results, proved at first in classical potential theory, are later generalized to abstract potential theory. With a use of more elemen- tary tools we initially prove these results in harmonic spaces with the axiom of dominance and, subsequently, using stronger tools we generalize them to harmonic spaces with the axiom of polarity. We engage also in a more abstract problem of approximation by differen- ces of lower semicontinuous functions in a more general context of binormal topological spaces.

The thesis deals with the instrumentality of usage efficient communication and prosocial activities on primary children´s behaviour in class after-school club. The observed areas are coping, solving plus percent occurrence of conflicts, mutual communication together with the expression of personal opinions. Furthermore, the work compared the atmosphere within the class after-school club before the research in January 2014 and after its completion in June 2014. The results of the empirical investigation of quantitative research are compared with each other at the beginning as well as at the end of the research. These outcomes were compared with the results of the control group. They prove that the change of educational approach by using the effective communication and prosocial activities can affect children's behavior.

This work deals with the classroom climate. The aim is to measure and compare the classroom climate at chosen South Bohemian primary and secondary schools. The work consists of two parts. The first part is theoretical and deals with the basic concepts related to the classroom climate. It deals with the school class as a social group, the position of students in the group, key players and climate determinants as well as with the developmental stages of adolescence, also with the differences between elementary and secondary grammar schools and the possibilities of measuring classroom climate. The second part, which is the fundamental for this work, defines the objectives, assumptions and research methods. In conclusion, the measurement results, their interpretation and verification of assumptions are set.