O tratamento de efluentes através de processos de lodos ativados destaca-se dentre os diversos métodos de tratamento de águas residuárias devido a uma série de fatores, tais como a área reduzida e alta eficiência na remoção de poluentes. O tratamento por lodos ativados é composto por um tanque de aeração e um decantador secundário. No tanque são fornecidas condições adequadas, como a injeção de oxigênio por difusores de ar, que aumentam a velocidade da degradação da matéria orgânica, tornando assim o processo mais eficiente. Apesar da eficácia do método, o uso deste tipo de tanque demanda grande consumo de energia, tornando necessária a criação de medidas de supervisão e controle das principais variáveis de processo de modo que torne o tratamento eficiente. O presente trabalho visou contribuir com experimentação de controle de pH e oxigênio dissolvido em um tanque de aeração. O sistema de controle foi implementado com controle preditivo (QDMC) aplicado sobre um processo de aeração e correção de pH no tanque aerado, a fim de garantir um nível adequado de oxigênio dissolvido e pH necessários à remoção de poluentes de forma automática. A principal conclusão alcançada é que o controle QDMC no processo em questão se revelou estável e robusto. / The wastewater treatment using activated sludge processes stands out among the various methods of wastewater treatment due to a number of factors, such as reduced area and high efficiency in removing pollutants. The activated sludge treatment comprises one aeration tank and a secondary sedimentation tank. Suitable conditions are provided in the tank, such as the injection of oxygen for air diffusers which increase the rate of degradation of organic material, making the process more efficient. Despite the efficacy of the method, using this type of tank demand large power consumption, making it necessary to provide measures for supervision and control of the key process variables so that the processing becomes efficient. This study aims to contribute to experimentation control pH and dissolved oxygen in an aeration tank. The control system was implemented with predictive control (QDMC) applied to a process of aeration and pH correction tank aerated, to ensure an adequate level of dissolved oxygen and pH required to remove pollutants automatically. The main conclusion reached is that the control QDMC the proceedings proved stable and robust.

Orientador: Ronaldo Stefanutti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T00:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franca_JosueTadeuLeite_D.pdf: 5624209 bytes, checksum: 5cf73703ce197d3837470af4dd88e602 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da modificação concernente a um processo de tratamento "tanque séptico seguido de filtro anaeróbio", no Distrito Bom Retiro, município de Angatuba, região sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, por um modelo aerado, com aproveitamento integral das unidades existentes após pequenas adequações, visando atender a legislação e com baixo nível de operação. O sistema foi baseado em alguns parâmetros utilizados em lagoas aeradas e parcialmente aeradas. A remoção do lodo para a proposta é anual ou quando o sistema atingir os limites dos parâmetros de controle operacional: DBO efluente ? 60 mg O2 L-1 ou eficiência de remoção dos SST ? 80%. Após um ano de operação da proposta parcialmente concluída (sem tratamento preliminar), apesar de não atingir os limites máximos estabelecidos foram realizadas a quantificação e remoção do lodo gerado. O sistema de desaguamento foi realizado em uma série de "BAGs" verticais de polipropileno reutilizáveis por até 20 vezes, com capacidade para 2m³. Após as adequações, os resultados na segunda etapa do experimento com relação à DBO afluente e efluente, sólidos em suspensão total efluente (SST), residual de oxigênio dissolvido na saída do tanque de polimento, densidade de potência utilizada, custo de energia per capta (kWh ano-1) e custo de implantação per capta foram: DBO afluente e efluente teve como média e desvio padrão 674 ± 137 mg O2 L-1 e 22 ± 5 mg O2 L-1, respectivamente. A média aparada com relação ao residual de oxigênio dissolvido foi de 3,6 ± 1,2 mg L-1, a densidade de potência 42 W m-3, o consumo de energia foi de 56 kWh hab-1 ano-1 e o custo de implantação per capita foi de R$ 140,00. A proposta visa a adequação dos sistemas (tanque séptico + filtro anaeróbio) e implantação em pequenas comunidades, sem sistemas de tratamento de esgotos / Abstract: This work aims to evaluate the performance concerning the modification of the a treatment process "septic tank followed by anaerobic filter", in Bom Retiro district, municipality of Angatuba, and southwest of São Paulo, by aerated model with full use of existing units after minor adjustments, to meet the rules environmental and low level of operation. The system is based on some parameters used in aerated lagoons and partly aerated lagoons. The sludge removal is proposed for the year or when the system reaches the limits of the parameters of operational control: ? 60 mg O2 L-1 BOD effluent and TSS removal efficiency of ? 80%. After a year of operation of the proposed partially completed (without pre-treatment) did not reach the ceilings was conducted to quantify and removal of sludge generated. The dewatering system was conducted in a number of "BAGs" vertical polypropylene reusable for up to 20 times, with a capacity of 2 m³. After the adjustments results in the second stage of the experiment with respect to the influent and effluent BOD, total suspended solids effluent (TSS), residual dissolved oxygen in the tank outlet polishing, power density used, energy cost per capita (kWh year -1) and cost of deployment per capita were: influent and effluent BOD was mean and standard deviation 674 ± 137 mg O2 L-1 and 22 ± 5 mg O2 L-1, respectively. The mean residual trimmed with respect to dissolved oxygen was 3.6 ± 1,2 mg L-1, the power density 42 W m-3, the power consumption was 56 kWh. hab-1 year -1 and implementation cost per capita of R$ 140.00. The proposal aims adequacy of systems (septic tank + anaerobic filter) and deployment in small communities without sewage treatment systems / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Ce travail de thèse s’est déroulé dans le cadre du projet de nanolanceur à propulsion hybride PERSEUS du CNES. La performance de ce concept est influencée par l’allègement de la structure du lanceur. La voie de développement qui a été choisie est de supprimer le liner du réservoir composite cryogénique. Elle repose sur trois exigences fonctionnelles : la compatibilité du matériau composite avec l’oxygène liquide (LOX), l’étanchéité du réservoir, et la résistance aux sollicitations thermomécaniques.L’étude de la compatibilité LOX des matériaux composites met en évidence l’importance du transfert de chaleur au sein du composite et plus précisément de la conductivité thermique des fibres. Ce résultat théorique est conforté par l’expérimentation.Le verrou scientifique principal du travail de thèse concerne l'influence de l’endommagement du composite sur la perméabilité de ce dernier. La conception de dispositifs expérimentaux a permis de déterminer l’évolution des endommagements (fissuration transverse, micro-délaminage, ouverture de fissure) et celle de la perméabilité. Un modèle complet de prévision de la perméabilité d’une paroi composite sollicitée thermo-mécaniquement est proposé. Il s’articule autour d’un modèle d’endommagement à l’échelle du pli, d’un modèle de prédiction de l'ouverture des fissures, et d’un modèle d’écoulement en milieu poreux. La pertinence du modèle développé est testée à travers la réalisation d’un démonstrateur technologique sans liner et d’une campagne d’essais d’endommagement et de mesure de perméabilité. / This thesis deals with hybrid propulsion launcher systems studied by the CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales). The performance of the launcher implies its lightening and in this work, the use of a cryogenic composite linerless tank is evaluated. Three functional requirements must be satisfied: the compatibility between the composite material and the liquid oxygen (LOX), the tank gas-tightness and the strength under pressure.The LOX compatibility of composite materials implies high thermal conductivity of the composite, and consequently of the fiber reinforcement. This theoretical result is confirmed by experiments.The main scientific challenge concerns the damage influence on the composite permeability. Specific experimental devices allow determining the damage evolution (transverse cracking, delamination, opening crack) and the composite permeability. A predictive composite permeability model is applied to a composite wall under thermomechanical load: this model includes a ply-scale damage model, a predictive opening crack model and a model of flow through porous media. The relevance of the model is validated through the realization of a linerless prototype tank and the associated tests which correlate damage and permeability.

Three wastewater treatment systems (WWTS) situated on Cayes in the Belize Barrier Reef System were assessed in terms of the unique public health and environmental circumstances of being a tourist destination surrounded by fragile coral reef. Laughing Bird Caye, Silk Caye, and Little Water Caye are three small cayes that are the staging points for local diving, fishing, and other recreational tourism. All three systems are based upon pour-flush toilets, semi-anaerobic biodigesters and drainage fields. Limitations in cost, available resources, useable area, high infiltration rates of the sand, and salinity of the water have played a major factor in the construction and performance of the WWTS on the Cayes. This thesis aims to form an understanding of treatment efficiency of the WWTS, investigate the effectiveness of decentralized saltwater-based WWTS in comparison to freshwater-based WWTS, and provide recommendations to improve the performance and resource recovery in a manner appropriate for the context in which the systems are deployed. A mathematical model was developed to predict the performance of the WWTS based on available operational and water-quality input data. The model is based on the mass balances of six species: inert solids, fecal solids, bacterial biomass, soluble substrate (i.e. dissolved organic carbon), ammonium and nitrate. Effects of salinity were estimated for the two saltwater-based WWTS. The model predicted the effluent concentrations of fecal solids, soluble biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium, and nitrate. A sensitivity analysis was also performed on the predicted effluent treatment efficiency based upon influent load, oxygen concentration and system salinity. Results from Silk Caye and Laughing Bird Caye indicate that varying the number of visitors from seasonal lows to highs has a moderate impact on the effluent fecal solids and soluble BOD in the effluent. Due to the relatively large volume of the WWTS at Little Water Caye, and thus high HRT, varying the number of visitors did not have a significant effect. The model predicted a reduction of nitrogen from the effluent due to settled solids and the assimilation of the nitrogen into bacteria. However the model consistently projected an effluent nitrate concentration (as mg/L as N) between 60 and 63 across the three WWTS. The oxygen concentration within the WWTS had the greatest effect on effluent BOD of the three parameters tested in the sensitivity analysis. Results from the sensitivity analysis indicate that a minimum concentration of 0.95 mg/L of oxygen is required before the model can accurately predict the effluent BOD concentration. The concentration of effluent fecal solids did not significantly change with changes in oxygen concentration. Salinity had a significant effect on the predicted fecal solids and soluble BOD in the effluent. Predicted fecal solids in the effluent wastewater increased approximately 60 percent from freshwater conditions to 4 percent salinity. Similarly, effluent BOD concentration increased strongly with increasing salinity. The increase in concentration is due to the major reduction of substrate-consuming bacteria by cell-die-off. The model predicts that a significant increase in cell die-off begins to occur at 2.4 percent salinity. The predicted effluent of the freshwater-based WWTS on Little Water Caye was compared to 166 wastewater treatment plants operating in Brazil. Comparison between the WWTS on the Caye and the decentralized WWTS in Brazil indicate that the predicted removal efficiencies of total suspended solids and soluble BOD are higher than the measured efficiencies of the WWTS. However, the total nitrogen removal efficiency for the WWTS on the Caye was the least effective; most-likely because the model does not account for denitrification within the biodigester. The comparison between the WWTS illustrates that the predicted removal efficiency of BOD and TSS solids is most likely less in the actual measurement than predicted value from the model. The WWTS on the Cayes were constructed to mitigate the impacts of the wastewater produced by visitors on the general health of the pubic and the environment. Considering the reports of the eutrophication affecting the coral reefs surrounding the Cayes, the WWTS have largely failed in at least one aspect of their purpose. The effluent water quality predicted by the model also suggests that significant concentrations of nitrogen are entering the surrounding ocean habitat as ammonia and nitrate. Recommendations to improve the effluent wastewater quality were separated into three categories based upon the required level of input to realize the recommendation. The input includes the capital cost and labor of the change, the level of buy-in from the users of the system, and the resulting maintenance requirements. The implementation of a urine separation toilet system was proposed as a method to reduce effluent nitrogen entering the environment and to create a resource recovery system (RR) from the already constructed WWTS.

Le présent travail est une étude sur la modélisation des éoliennes flottantes alliant à la fois des chargements hydrodynamiques et aérodynamiques. L’approche expérimentale a tiré profit de la grande soufflerie de Luminy opérée par le MIO (Institut Océanologique de Méditerranée), unissant une soufflerie de très bonne qualité avec un bassin équipé de systèmes de génération de houle et de courant. Les dimensions de cette installation imposent un travail à échelle très réduite introduisant ainsi les interrogations sur les similitudes à respecter (Reynolds, Froude) et les complexités de maquettage. Ces travaux ont permis de développer des outils numériques avec d’un côté une approche fréquentielle basé sur un code utilisant les éléments finis développé par l’IFP au début des années 70, et de l’autre, une approche temporelle basé sur les formulations de Morison ou de Rainey permettant l’introduction de méthodes avancées de calculs des efforts aérodynamiques. / The present work focuses on the modeling of the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads on a floating wind turbine. The experimental approach took advantage of the wind and wave flume in Luminy operated by the MIO (Mediterranean Institute for Oceanography) comprising a wind tunnel with a very high flow quality blowing over a wave tank. The dimensions of the installation impose working at very small scales for which the similitudes (Reynolds, Froude) introduce high modeling complexities. This work allowed the development of numerical tools using one the one hand a frequency domain approach based on a finite element code developped by IFP¨in the early seventies, and in the other hand a time-domain approach based on Morison or Rainey formulation for hydrodynamic loads allowing the introduction of advanced methods for aerodynamic loads computation.

Retrieval, treatment, and disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is expected to cost between 100 and 300 billion dollars. The risk to workers, public health, and the environment are also a major area of concern for HLW. Visualization of the interface between settled solids and the optically opaque liquid is needed for retrieval of the waste from underground storage tanks. A Profiling sonar selected for this research generates 2-D image of the interface. Multiple experiments were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of sonar in real-time monitoring the interface inside HLW tanks. First set of experiments demonstrated that objects shapes could be identified even when 30% of solids entrained in liquid, thereby mapping the interface. Simulation of sonar system validated these results. Second set of experiments confirmed the sonar’s ability in detecting the solids with density similar to the immersed liquid. Third set of experiments determined the affects of near by objects on image resolution. Final set of experiments proved the functional and chemical capabilities of sonar in caustic solution.

This research is about the development of a photocatalytic reactor design, Honeycomb, for in-situ groundwater remediation. Photocatalysis, typically a pseudo first order advanced oxidation process, is initiated via the illumination of UVA light on the catalyst, i.e. titanium dioxide (TiO2). In the presence of oxygen, highly reactive oxidising agents are generated such as superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl (OH.-) radicals, and holes (hvb+) on the catalyst surface which can oxidise a wide range of organic compounds. The target contaminant is methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE), a popular gasoline additive in the past three decades, which gives the water an unpleasant taste and odour at 20 μg L-1, making it undrinkable. This research consists of three major parts, i.e. (i) establishing a suitable catalyst immobilisation procedure, (ii) characterisation and evaluation of reactor models and (iii) scale up studies in a sand tank. TiO2 does not attach well onto many surfaces. Therefore, the first step was to determine a suitable immobilisation procedure by preparing TiO2 films using several potential procedures and testing them under the same conditions, at small scale. The coatings were evaluated in terms of photocatalytic activity and adhesion. The photocatalytic activity of the coatings was tested using methylene blue dye (MB), which is a photocatalytic indicator. A hybrid coating, which comprises a sol gel solution enriched with Aeroxide TiO2 P25 powder, on woven fibreglass exhibited the best adhesion and photocatalytic activity among samples evaluated. Thus, it was used to produce immobilised catalyst for this research. Consequently, the immobilisation procedure was scaled up to synthesize TiO2 coatings for the potential photocatalytic reactor design. The photocatalytic activity of the coatings produced from the scaled up immobilisation procedure were reasonably comparable to that produced at small scale. Due to the UVA irradiation and mass transfer limitations, photocatalytic reactors are typically compact in order to maximise their efficiency to accommodate high flows, particularly in water and wastewater treatment. In the case of groundwater, however, the treatment area can span up to meters in width and depth. Groundwater flow is significantly lower than that of water treatment, as the reactor design does not need to be compact. Considering both factors, a photocatalytic reactor design of hexagonal cross-section (Honeycomb) was proposed, in which the structures can be arranged adjacent to each other forming a honeycomb. A model was constructed and tested in a 4 L column (cylindrical) reactor, using the MB test to characterise the reactor performance and operating conditions. This was followed by a hydraulic performance study, which encompasses single and double pass flow studies. The single pass flow study involves the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of MB and MTBE, while the double pass flow study was focused on the PCO of MTBE only. The double pass can simulate two serially connected reactors. Single pass flow studies found that the critical hydraulic residence time (HRT) for the PCO of MB and MTBE is approximately 1 day, achieving up to 84 % MTBE removal. Critical HRT refers to the minimum average duration for a batch of contaminant remaining in the reactor in order to maintain the potential efficiency of the reactor. Double pass studies showed the reactor can achieve up to 95 % MTBE removal in 48 hours, and that reactor performance in the field of serially connected reactors can be estimated by sequential order of single pass removal efficiency. In groundwater, there are likely to be other impurities present and the effects of groundwater constituents on the reactor efficiency were studied. The MTBE PCO rate is affected by the presence of organic compounds and dissolved ions mainly due to the competition for hydroxyl radicals and the deactivation of catalyst surface via adsorption of the more strongly adsorbed organic molecules and ions. Despite the presence of organic compounds and dissolved ions, the reactor achieved about 80 % MTBE removal in 48 hours. A double pass flow study showed that the overall efficiency of the photocatalytic reactor in the field can be estimated via sequential order of its efficiency in a single pass flow study using the actual groundwater sample in the laboratory. A sand tank was designed for the simulation of the clean up of an MTBE plume from a point source leakage using the 200 mm i.d. Honeycomb I prototype. Honeycomb I achieved up to 88.1 % MTBE removal when the contaminated groundwater flowed through (single pass) at 14.6 cm d-1. The critical HRT for Honeycomb I was also approximately 1 day, similar to that in the column reactor. The response of MTBE removal efficiency towards flow obtained in the column reactor and sand tank was generic, indicating that the reactor efficiency can be obtained via testing of the model in the column reactor. The presence of toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (TEo-X) decreased the MTBE removal efficiency in both the sand tank and column reactor. The same set of catalyst and 15 W Philips Cleo UVA fluorescent lamp was operated for a total of about 582 h (24 d) out of the cumulative 1039 h (43 d) sand tank experiments, achieving an overall MTBE removal efficiency of about 76.2 %. The experiments in the column reactor and sand tank exhibited the reliability of the immobilised catalyst produced in this research. This research demonstrates the potential of Honeycomb for in-situ groundwater remediation and also proposes its fabrication and installation options in the field.

No description available.

Research into hydrate production technologies has increased in the past years. While many technologies have been presented, there is no consensus on which reactor design is best for each potential application. A direct experimental comparison of hydrate production technologies has been carried out in between a variety of reactor configurations at similar driving force conditions. Three main reactor types were used: a stirred tank, a fixed bed and a bubble column and compared different phase contacting patterns for the stirred tank and bubble column. In the initial phase of hydrate formation in a stirred tank, formation was mass and heat transfer limited at the lower stirring speed, and heat transfer limited at the higher stirring speed. After more than 10% of the water had been converted to hydrate, formation was mass transfer limited regardless of the other conditions. Neither the use of a gas inducing impeller, nor a 10 wt% particle slurry significantly affected hydrate formation rates; however, the particle slurry did lower the induction time. Due to the poor scale-up of impeller power consumption in a stirred tank, a semi-batch fixed bed was studied since it does not require any power input for mixing. The significantly slower rates of formation observed in the semi-batch fixed bed, as well as the lost reactor capacity to particles, mean that this type of system would require a much larger reactor. Faster volume and power normalized rates of hydrate formation were observed in the bubble column than in a stirred tank at similar mass transfer driving force conditions. Higher conversions of water to hydrate were observed in the bubble column because mixing was accomplished by bubbling gas from the bottom rather than by an impeller. The highest conversions of water and gas were achieved during a later stage of accelerated hydrate formation, indicating an optimal hydrate fraction for continuously operated bubble column reactors. The second stage of hydrate formation occurred more frequently at higher gas flowratess. Therefore, the increased water conversion and single-pass gas conversion justify the increased energy input required by the higher gas flowrate. Balancing the rates of mass transfer and heat removal was also critical for optimal bubble column as insufficient mass transfer would result in a lower rate of formation and insufficient heat transfer would cause previously formed hydrates to dissociate. The addition of 10wt% glass beads to the reactor promoted hydrate formation; however, it did not do so sufficiently to make up for the loss in reactor capacity or the increased energy requirement.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the company Tank ONO Ltd. independent buyer for the date 31. 12. 2014. The work consists of a theoretical part, which provides the theoretical bases to the process of valuation and the practical part. The practical part shows the practical application of theoretical knowledge to a specific company and is made up of strategic and financial analysis, followed by generators of values and financial plan. In conclusion, the valuation of the company itself, for which it has been used as the main method DCF Equity and additionally capitalized earnings method.