Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho de pesquisa descreve dois estudos de caso de métodos quimiométricos empregados para a quantificação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos HPAs (naftaleno, fluoreno, fenantreno e fluoranteno) em água potável usando espectroscopia de fluorescência molecular e a classificação e caracterização de sucos de uva e seus parâmetros de qualidade através de espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo. O objetivo do primeiro estudo é a aplicação combinada de métodos quimiométricos de segunda ordem (N-PLS, U-PLS, U-PLS/RBL e PARAFAC) e espectrofluorimetria para determinação direta de HPAs em água potável, visando contribuir para o conhecimento do potencial destas metodologias como alternativa viável para a determinação tradicional por cromatografia univariada. O segundo estudo de caso destinado à classificação e determinação de parâmetros de qualidade de sucos de uva, densidade relativa e teor de sólidos solúveis totais, foi medida por espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo e métodos quimiométricos. Diversos métodos quimiométricos, tais como HCA, PLS-DA, SVM-DA e SIMCA foram investigados para a classificação amostras de sucos de uva ao mesmo tempo que métodos de calibração multivariada de primeira ordem, tais como PLS, iPLS e SVM-LS foram usadas para a predição dos parâmetros de qualidade. O princípio orientador para o desenvolvimento dos estudos aqui descritos foi a necessidade de metodologias analíticas com custo, tempo de execução e facilidade de operação melhores e menor produção de resíduos do que os métodos atualmente utilizados para a quantificação de HPAs, em água de torneira, e classificação e caracterização das amostras de suco de uva e seus parâmetros de qualidade / This research work describes two studies of chemometric methods employed for the quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene) in tap water using molecular fluorescence technique, and the classification and characterization of grape juice and its quality parameters by near infrared spectroscopy. The goal of the first study is the combined application of the second-order chemometric methods (N-PLS, U-PLS, U-PLS/RBL, PARAFAC) and spectrofluorimetry technique for direct determination of HPAs in tap water, aiming to contribute for the growth of knowledge about the potential of these methodologies as viable alternatives to the traditional univariate chromatographic determination. The second study aimed at the classification and determination of grape juice quality parameters, as relative density and total soluble solids, were measured with the aid of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. Several chemometric methods, such as HCA, PLS-DA, SVM-DA, SIMCA, were investigated for the classification of grape juice samples as the same time first-order multivariate calibration methods, such as PLS, iPLS, SVM-LS, were used for prediction of quality parameters. The guiding principle for the development of the studies herein described was the need for analytical methodologies with cost, execution time, ease of operation, and residue output better or lower than present day methods employed for the quantification of PAHs in tap water and the classification and characterization of grape juice sample and its quality parameters

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho de pesquisa descreve dois estudos de caso de métodos quimiométricos empregados para a quantificação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos HPAs (naftaleno, fluoreno, fenantreno e fluoranteno) em água potável usando espectroscopia de fluorescência molecular e a classificação e caracterização de sucos de uva e seus parâmetros de qualidade através de espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo. O objetivo do primeiro estudo é a aplicação combinada de métodos quimiométricos de segunda ordem (N-PLS, U-PLS, U-PLS/RBL e PARAFAC) e espectrofluorimetria para determinação direta de HPAs em água potável, visando contribuir para o conhecimento do potencial destas metodologias como alternativa viável para a determinação tradicional por cromatografia univariada. O segundo estudo de caso destinado à classificação e determinação de parâmetros de qualidade de sucos de uva, densidade relativa e teor de sólidos solúveis totais, foi medida por espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo e métodos quimiométricos. Diversos métodos quimiométricos, tais como HCA, PLS-DA, SVM-DA e SIMCA foram investigados para a classificação amostras de sucos de uva ao mesmo tempo que métodos de calibração multivariada de primeira ordem, tais como PLS, iPLS e SVM-LS foram usadas para a predição dos parâmetros de qualidade. O princípio orientador para o desenvolvimento dos estudos aqui descritos foi a necessidade de metodologias analíticas com custo, tempo de execução e facilidade de operação melhores e menor produção de resíduos do que os métodos atualmente utilizados para a quantificação de HPAs, em água de torneira, e classificação e caracterização das amostras de suco de uva e seus parâmetros de qualidade / This research work describes two studies of chemometric methods employed for the quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene) in tap water using molecular fluorescence technique, and the classification and characterization of grape juice and its quality parameters by near infrared spectroscopy. The goal of the first study is the combined application of the second-order chemometric methods (N-PLS, U-PLS, U-PLS/RBL, PARAFAC) and spectrofluorimetry technique for direct determination of HPAs in tap water, aiming to contribute for the growth of knowledge about the potential of these methodologies as viable alternatives to the traditional univariate chromatographic determination. The second study aimed at the classification and determination of grape juice quality parameters, as relative density and total soluble solids, were measured with the aid of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. Several chemometric methods, such as HCA, PLS-DA, SVM-DA, SIMCA, were investigated for the classification of grape juice samples as the same time first-order multivariate calibration methods, such as PLS, iPLS, SVM-LS, were used for prediction of quality parameters. The guiding principle for the development of the studies herein described was the need for analytical methodologies with cost, execution time, ease of operation, and residue output better or lower than present day methods employed for the quantification of PAHs in tap water and the classification and characterization of grape juice sample and its quality parameters

Esta tese objetiva analisar processos de variação linguística em tempo real (LABOV, 1994) no português brasileiro de contato com variedades dialetais italianas, para verificar se existe coerência dialetal (GUY e HINSKENS, 2016) na comunidade de Flores da Cunha (RS). Para tanto, fizemos análise quantitativa conforme metodologia de análise de regra variável (LABOV, 1972), para cotejar o padrão de variação de -ão::-on em tempo real com o de outro processo na mesma comunidade. A pesquisa foi embasada em dados de fala provenientes de dois acervos distintos, o do projeto VARSUL (1990) e do Projeto BDSer (2008/2009). Na „troca‟ de -ão por –on, houve um decréscimo na frequência total de aplicação da regra variável: 30,7% nos dados do VARSUL e 21,6% nos do BDSer, indício de regressão de regra. Para verificar a existência de coerência dialetal, compararam-se os resultados da análise de ão::on com os do estudo de Azeredo (2012), sobre o uso variável de tepe em lugar de vibrante no português de contato com variedades dialetais italianas e observamos que as variantes atribuídas ao contato são, ambas, favorecidas pelos homens de mais idade e com nível mais baixo de escolaridade. Essa correlação entre as variáveis analisadas aponta para a existência de coerência dialetal na comunidade de fala em estudo. / This thesis aims at analyzing linguistic variation processes in real time (LABOV, 1994) in Brazilian Portuguese in contact with Italian dialectal varieties, to verify if there is lethal coherence (GUY and HINSKENS, 2016) in the community of Flores da Cunha (RS). We performed a quantitative analysis according to the methodology of variable rule analysis (LABOV, 1972), to compare the variation pattern of -ão::-on in real time with that of another process in the same community. Our research was based on speech data from two different collections, the VARSUL project (1990) and the BDSer Project (2008/2009). The analysis showed a decrease in the total frequency of use of -on in contexts where -ão is expected: 30.7% in the speech of VARSUL informants and 21.6% in the speech of BDSer informants, a sign of rule regression. We compared the results of the analysis of -ão::-on with the results of Azeredo (2012) about the use of tap where a trill is expected. We observed that older men with low level of schooling favor the variants under analysis. The correlation between the analyzed variables points to the existence of lethal coherence in the speech community under study.

Esta pesquisa ocupa-se em investigar, à luz da Teoria da Variação laboviana, o emprego de tepe em lugar de vibrante em onset silábico na fala da comunidade bilíngue (português-italiano) de Flores da Cunha (RS), alternância que não se verifica na fala de monolíngues-português. Utilizaram-se dados de dois bancos, VARSUL e BDSer, levantados de entrevistas realizadas em 1990 e 2009, o que possibilitou fazer um estudo em tempo real. A análise da fala de 40 informantes, 20 de cada banco, revelou um decréscimo na frequência total de aplicação da regra: 41% nos dados do VARSUL, 31% nos do BDSer, indício de regressão da regra. Na análise em tempo real, estudo de tendência, observou-se semelhança no papel favorecedor ou desfavorecedor das variáveis controladas, exceto no que diz respeito à variável Idade. O estudo de painel mostrou que os informantes diminuíram a aplicação da regra com o passar dos anos, o que contraria a expectativa de estabilidade do padrão linguístico da fala adulta. / This is a research about the use of tap where a trill is expected in Brazilian Portuguese, which does not occur in the speech of monolinguals, but can be verified in the speech of Portuguese-Italian bilinguals who live in the city of Flores da Cunha (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The analysis follows the Theory of Language Variation, by William Labov. The data come from two different sources, VARSUL and BDSer data banks, which have sociolinguistic interviews recorded in 1990 and 2009. This fact enabled us to carry out a real time study. The analysis of the speech of 40 informants, 20 from each bank, showed a decrease in the total frequency of rule application: 41% in the speech of VARSUL informants, 31% in the speech of BDSer informants, a sign of rule regression. The real time analysis, tendency study, showed that the role of the variables under control has not changed along 20 years, except the role of the variable Age. The pannel study showed a decrease in rule application by the three informants studied. This goes against the expectation of a stable linguistic behavior in adult speech.

Esta pesquisa ocupa-se em investigar, à luz da Teoria da Variação laboviana, o emprego de tepe em lugar de vibrante em onset silábico na fala da comunidade bilíngue (português-italiano) de Flores da Cunha (RS), alternância que não se verifica na fala de monolíngues-português. Utilizaram-se dados de dois bancos, VARSUL e BDSer, levantados de entrevistas realizadas em 1990 e 2009, o que possibilitou fazer um estudo em tempo real. A análise da fala de 40 informantes, 20 de cada banco, revelou um decréscimo na frequência total de aplicação da regra: 41% nos dados do VARSUL, 31% nos do BDSer, indício de regressão da regra. Na análise em tempo real, estudo de tendência, observou-se semelhança no papel favorecedor ou desfavorecedor das variáveis controladas, exceto no que diz respeito à variável Idade. O estudo de painel mostrou que os informantes diminuíram a aplicação da regra com o passar dos anos, o que contraria a expectativa de estabilidade do padrão linguístico da fala adulta. / This is a research about the use of tap where a trill is expected in Brazilian Portuguese, which does not occur in the speech of monolinguals, but can be verified in the speech of Portuguese-Italian bilinguals who live in the city of Flores da Cunha (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The analysis follows the Theory of Language Variation, by William Labov. The data come from two different sources, VARSUL and BDSer data banks, which have sociolinguistic interviews recorded in 1990 and 2009. This fact enabled us to carry out a real time study. The analysis of the speech of 40 informants, 20 from each bank, showed a decrease in the total frequency of rule application: 41% in the speech of VARSUL informants, 31% in the speech of BDSer informants, a sign of rule regression. The real time analysis, tendency study, showed that the role of the variables under control has not changed along 20 years, except the role of the variable Age. The pannel study showed a decrease in rule application by the three informants studied. This goes against the expectation of a stable linguistic behavior in adult speech.

Syftet i den här studien har varit att undersöka hur ensamkommande unga i Sverige beskriver sin upplevelse av familjeåterförening och vilken innebörd eller mening familjeåterföreningen har för dem. Vidare har vi haft för avsikt att ta reda på hur ensamkommande unga upplever den förändring som sker när samhällsstödet dras in vid familjens ankomst till Sverige. Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie där vi intervjuat tre personer som kommit till Sverige som ensamkommande barn och som senare återförenats med sina familjer i Sverige. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgörs av Schütz fenomenologiska sociologi samt Berger och Luckmanns teori om den sociala verkligheten. För att ytterligare fördjupa förståelsen har vi kompletterat det teoretiska ramverket med Boss teori om tvetydig förlust samt med Greifs teori om tvetydig återförening. Analysmetoden var interpretativ fenomenologisk analys (IPA). Studiens huvudsakliga resultat är att det verkar finnas en kluvenhet i ensamkommande ungas upplevelser av familjeåterföreningen. Samtidigt som familjeåterföreningen har haft stor betydelse för respondenterna, har tiden efter återföreningen präglats av ett påfrestande ansvar över familjen. Avslutningsvis diskuteras eventuella brister i socialtjänstens stöd för familjer vid familjeåterförening i Sverige. / The purpose of this study was to explore how unaccompanied minors describe their experiences of family reunification, and what importance or implications it has for them. Furthermore, our aim was to find out how they experience the withdrawal of public social support after the arrival of their families. We interviewed three persons who were unaccompanied minors by the arrival to Sweden, and later reunified with their families in Sweden. The theoretical framework of this qualitative interview study is formed by Schütz’ phenomenological sociology and Berger and Luckmann’s theory of the social construction of reality. We complemented the theoretical framework with Boss’ theory of ambiguous loss and Greif’s theory of ambiguous reunification. The method for analysis used is Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The main results shown in this study is that there seems to be an ambiguity in the family reunification experience. On one hand, the family reunification was of big importance to the participants. On the other hand, the time following the reunification was characterized by a great responsibility for the family. Finally, we discuss possible shortcomings in the way the public social support for families after family reunification is provided.

Pour les distributeurs d’eau, l’utilisation de chlore permet d’assurer la qualité bactériologique de l’eau, de l’usine de traitement au robinet du consommateur. Cependant, la flaveur chlore constitue une des plaintes les plus importantes adressée à l’encontre de l’eau du robinet et constitue donc un enjeu majeur de satisfaction des consommateurs. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif des travaux engagés dans cette thèse a été de mettre en évidence des moyens potentiels de neutralisation sensorielle de la flaveur chlore dans l’eau. Néanmoins, les mécanismes impliqués dans la perception de cette flaveur étant largement méconnu, notre première étape a consisté à préciser la nature de ces mécanismes. Nos résultats ont ainsi mis en évidence que l’acide hypochloreux sous sa forme associée, qui est le stimulus supposé de la flaveur chlore dans l’eau, active le système olfactif à faibles concentrations et le système trigéminal à partir de 4 mg/L. De plus, nous avons observé que la consommation d’eau du robinet ne semble pas liée à la sensibilité au chlore mais plutôt à la représentation qu’ont les consommateurs de l’eau du robinet. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons exploré le rôle de la matrice de l’eau dans la perception de la flaveur chlore. Nous avons d’abord montré que les variations de molarité et de composition en cations de l’eau modulent le goût de l’eau. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence une modulation de l’intensité chlorée en fonction de la matrice minérale de l’eau. Cependant, nos données suggèrent l’existence de mécanismes multiples, physicochimiques, physiologiques en bouche et sensoriels, susceptibles de moduler la perception de la flaveur chlore. Enfin, nous avons exploré les interactions perceptives entre un arôme supposé neutralisant et ajouté à l’eau de boisson et la flaveur chlore. Nos résultats montrent que l’ajout d’un arôme à un niveau péri-liminaire augmente la perception de la flaveur chlore et diminue l’acceptabilité des consommateurs. A plus forte concentrations, certains arômes semblent capables de diminuer la perception du chlore, mais ces conditions sont incompatibles avec les contraintes liées à l’eau de distribution / For water suppliers, using chlorine is necessary to ensure water bacteriological quality from the treatment plant to the consumers’ tap. However, chlorine flavour is one of the most common reasons advocated for choosing tap water alternatives as drinking water. As a consequence, the putative link between chlorine flavour perception and tap water consumption is an issue in drinking water habits studies. Since the sensory mechanisms involved in chlorine flavour perception remained largely unknown, the main objective of this thesis work was to first highlight those mechanisms and then to identify potential lever chlorine flavour sensory neutralisation.In a first step, we demonstrated that hypochlorous acid associated, which is likelyresponsible of chlorine flavour in tap water, could activate the olfactory system at low concentrations and the trigeminal system for concentrations up to 4 mg/L Cl2. Additionally, our results suggested that tap water consumption does not seem to be related to sensitivity to chlorine flavour but rather to consumers’ tap water representation.In a second stage, we explored the impact of water mineral matrix on chlorine flavour perception. We demonstrated first that water molarity and cationic content variations modulate drinking water taste. We also evidenced that chlorine flavour intensity is modulated according to water composition. Nevertheless, our data suggest that physico-chemical, in- mouth physiological and sensory mechanisms are likely involved in such modulation.In the last part of the Thesis work, we investigate the putative influence of aroma perceptionon chlorine flavour. Our results showed that beyond chemical reactions between hypochlorous acid and odorants, aromas at peri-threshold concentration enhance chlorine flavour and decrease tap water acceptability

Silicon photonics as a one of the most promising photonic integration technologies has attracted many attentions in recent years. The major feature of this technology is its compatibility with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes which makes it possible to integrate optical and electronic devices in a same chip and reduce the cost significantly. Another reason of using silicon photonics is the high index contrast between the silicon core and silicon dioxide cladding which ensures the high density integration of photonic devices on a single chip. Monolithic integration with electronic and optical circuits makes silicon photonics technology suitable for numerous applications. One example is microwave photonics (MWP). MWP is an area that studies the interaction between microwave and optical signal for the generation, processing, control and distribution of microwave signals by means of photonics. Silicon photonics offers a reduction in footprint, losses, packaging cost and power dissipation in MWP systems. This research in this thesis is focused on the design and fabrication of the silicon photonic devices for MWP signal processing and generation. Four MWP systems based on silicon photonic devices are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. 1) A single pass-band frequency-tunable MWP filter based on phase-modulation to intensity-modulation conversion in an optically pumped silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microring resonator (MRR) is designed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed filter, a phase-modulated optical signal is filtered by the SOI MRR, to have one first-order sideband suppressed by the MRR notch. The phase-modulated optical signal is converted to an intensity-modulated single-sideband (SSB) signal and detected at a photodetector (PD). The entire operation is equivalent to a single pass-band filter. The frequency tunability is achieved by tuning the resonance wavelength of the MRR, which is realized by optically pumping the MRR. A single pass-band MWP filter with a tunable center frequency from 16 to 23 GHz is experimentally demonstrated. 2) A broadband optically tunable MWP phase shifter with a tunable phase shift using three cascaded SOI MRRs that are optically pumped is designed and experimentally demonstrated. A microwave signal to be phase shifted is applied to an optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulator to generate an optical carrier and an optical sideband. The phase shift is introduced to the optical carrier by placing the optical carrier within the bandwidth of one resonance of the three cascaded MRRs. The experimental results show that by optically pumping the cascaded MRRs, a broadband MWP phase shifter with a bandwidth of 7 GHz with a tunable phase shift covering the entire 360o phase shift range is achieved. 3) A multi tap MWP filter with positive and negative coefficients using a silicon ring resonator modulator (RRM) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The RRM is designed and fabricated to operate based on the carrier depletion effect. The positive and negative coefficients are obtained by using opposite slopes of the modulation transmission response of the RRM. Two filter responses with two and three taps are experimentally demonstrated, showing the proof-of-principle for frequencies up to 18 GHz. 4) An approach to generate microwave signal based on enhanced four wave mixing (FWM) in an active silicon waveguide (SiWG) is studied. This SiWG is designed and fabricated, and the use of the active SiWG for MWP frequency multiplication to generate a frequency-sextupled millimeter-wave signal is experimentally demonstrated. Thanks to a reverse-biased p-n junction across the SiWG, the conversion efficiency of the FWM is improved, which leads to the improvement of the microwave frequency multiplication efficiency.

Magister Educationis - MEd (Mathematics and Science Education) / The study catered for empirical and metaphysical dimensions of science and IKS. The study employed a quasi-experimental design as well as a qualitative research design. Two cohorts of students from a fictitiously named Culture Secondary School have been used in this study. The list of instruments for data collection were as follows: Conceptions of Fermentation (COF) questionnaire which was used to elicit learnerss pre- and post-test conceptions of fermentation with special reference to traditional beer or Umqombothi an Attitudes to Science (ATS) questionnaire which was used to find out the learners' worldviews, a Science Achievement Test (SAT) which was used to assess the learners' generalised knowledge of fermentation, a classroom observation schedule as well as a focus group interview schedule to gather additional qualitative data. All the instruments were in English with all technical and difficult terms in both English and isiXhosa (the learners’ home language). Both groups were exposed to Science/IKS-based lessons. The only difference between the two groups was that, the experimental group (E group) was exposed to a Dialogical Argumentation Teaching Model (DAIM) and the comparison group (C group) to a traditional teaching approach. The data gathered were both analyzed in terms of qualitative and quantitative descriptions. / South Africa

Esta tese objetiva analisar processos de variação linguística em tempo real (LABOV, 1994) no português brasileiro de contato com variedades dialetais italianas, para verificar se existe coerência dialetal (GUY e HINSKENS, 2016) na comunidade de Flores da Cunha (RS). Para tanto, fizemos análise quantitativa conforme metodologia de análise de regra variável (LABOV, 1972), para cotejar o padrão de variação de -ão::-on em tempo real com o de outro processo na mesma comunidade. A pesquisa foi embasada em dados de fala provenientes de dois acervos distintos, o do projeto VARSUL (1990) e do Projeto BDSer (2008/2009). Na „troca‟ de -ão por –on, houve um decréscimo na frequência total de aplicação da regra variável: 30,7% nos dados do VARSUL e 21,6% nos do BDSer, indício de regressão de regra. Para verificar a existência de coerência dialetal, compararam-se os resultados da análise de ão::on com os do estudo de Azeredo (2012), sobre o uso variável de tepe em lugar de vibrante no português de contato com variedades dialetais italianas e observamos que as variantes atribuídas ao contato são, ambas, favorecidas pelos homens de mais idade e com nível mais baixo de escolaridade. Essa correlação entre as variáveis analisadas aponta para a existência de coerência dialetal na comunidade de fala em estudo. / This thesis aims at analyzing linguistic variation processes in real time (LABOV, 1994) in Brazilian Portuguese in contact with Italian dialectal varieties, to verify if there is lethal coherence (GUY and HINSKENS, 2016) in the community of Flores da Cunha (RS). We performed a quantitative analysis according to the methodology of variable rule analysis (LABOV, 1972), to compare the variation pattern of -ão::-on in real time with that of another process in the same community. Our research was based on speech data from two different collections, the VARSUL project (1990) and the BDSer Project (2008/2009). The analysis showed a decrease in the total frequency of use of -on in contexts where -ão is expected: 30.7% in the speech of VARSUL informants and 21.6% in the speech of BDSer informants, a sign of rule regression. We compared the results of the analysis of -ão::-on with the results of Azeredo (2012) about the use of tap where a trill is expected. We observed that older men with low level of schooling favor the variants under analysis. The correlation between the analyzed variables points to the existence of lethal coherence in the speech community under study.