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SANTRAUKA Raktažodžiai: energinis gėrimas, kofeinas, taurinas, vaikai, perdozavimas, alkoholis. Darbo tikslas. Nustatyti gaiviųjų energinių gėrimų vartojimo paplitimą Vilniaus miesto 5-10 klasių mokinių tarpe ir įvertinti jų žinias apie šiuos gėrimus. Metodai. Tyrimas atliktas anoniminės anketinės apklausos būdu. Anketą sudarė 35 klausimai. Apklausti 1837 trylikos Vilniaus miesto ugdymo įstaigų 5 – 10 klasių mokiniai. Surinktų anketų duomenys buvo apdoroti naudojantis statistinio paketo SPSS 17.0 versija. Kokybiniams dydžiams tirti, požymių homogeniškumui grupėse tikrinti, ryšiui tarp kintamųjų įvertinti naudotas Chi kvadrato (&#61539;2) testas, o mažiems skaičiams (n < 5) – Fišerio (F) tikslusis testas. Rezultatų skirtumas tarp kintamųjų laikytas statistiškai reikšmingu, kai p &#8804; 0,05. Ieškant statistinių-koreliacinių ryšių tarp kintamųjų, apskaičiavimams naudotas statistinis ryšio stiprumą ir kryptį rodantis Spearmano koreliacijos koeficientas. Dviejų nepriklausomų imčių neparametriniam palyginimui buvo naudojamas Mann’o ir Whitney U testas, o daugiau negu dviem nepriklausomoms imtims palyginti – Kruscal’o ir Wallis’o testas. Rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad energinius gėrimus vartojo 32,8 proc. mokinių, juos buvo vartoję, bet nebevartojo tyrimo metu 34,4 proc. ir niekada nevartojo – 32,8 proc. respondentų. Juos vartojo statistiškai reikšmingai daugiau berniukų negu mergaičių ir 7 – 10 klasių mokinių negu 5, 6 klasių. Daugiausiai respondentų energinius gėrimus vartojo 1 k... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Key-words: energy drink, caffeine, taurine, children, overdosing, alcohol. The aim of the paper: Ascertain the prevalence of energy drinks consumption among the 5 – 10 th form pupils in Vilnius city and evaluate their knowledge about these drinks. Methods: A method of anonymous questionnaires was used, made up of 35 questions. 1837, 5-10 form pupils of 13 educational institutions in Vilnius city were questioned. For data analysis SPSS program version 17.0. was used. Qualitative coherence between variables is established by Chi-square (&#61539;2) test, while small numbers (n less 5) by Fisher’s (F) exact test. Disparity of result between variables assessed statistically important, when p &#8804; 0.05. Searching for statistical – correlative relationship between variables, for computation Spearman’s correlation coefficient. of statistical connection intensity and direction was used. The Mann Whitney U test of two independent samples of non-parametric comparison was used and for more than two independent samples – Kruskal Wallis test. Results: Ascertained, that energy drinks are used by 32.8 % schoolchildren, were using, but have not used during testing 34.4 % and 32.8 % of respondents had never used. Statistics show more significant consumption among boys than girls and more of 7-10 forms schoolchildren in comparison with 5-6 forms. The largest number of respondents used energy drinks once a week (22.6 %), 19.2% - once a month and 17.2 % - twice or four times a month... [to full text]

A disponibilidade de beta-alanina é o fator limitante para a síntese intramuscular de carnosina. Dessa maneira, aumentar a disponibilidade de beta-alanina para o músculo esquelético é a estratégia mais eficaz para aumentar o conteúdo de carnosina muscular. Postula-se que o transportador de beta-alanina (TauT) possa ser estimulado pela insulina. Para testar essa hipótese, examinamos se a captação de beta-alanina pelo músculo esquelético de humanos é influenciada pela hiperinsulinemia, controlando as concentrações de insulina e beta-alanina no plasma através de infusão intravenosa aguda de beta-alanina. Realizamos um estudo crossover e contrabalanceado em 12 homens jovens e saudáveis (27,5±5,1 anos). Os participantes compareceram ao laboratório em duas ocasiões separadas por 10 semanas de whashout. A beta-alanina foi infundida por via intravenosa em ambos os ensaios por 150 min a uma taxa de 0,11 g.kg.min-1. Em um ensaio, a técnica de clamp euglicêmico hiperinsulinêmico foi usada para obtermos concentrações elevadas de insulina (AI), enquanto que no outro ensaio, foram mantidas concentrações de insulina em jejum (BI). Antes e 30 minutos após a infusão de beta-alanina, amostras de músculo (biópsias percutâneas) foram coletadas para determinar o conteúdo de beta-alanina e carnosina. Coletas sanguíneas foram realizadas antes (0), 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 30 min (180) após a infusão para análise de insulina e beta-alanina plasmáticas. Urina 24 h foi coletada após o período de infusão para análise de beta-alanina. Não houve diferenças significantes entre os ensaios na concentração de beta-alanina plasmática (p=0,20), de beta-alanina muscular (p=0,72), de carnosina muscular (p=0,82) e de beta-alanina urinária (p= 0,92). A hiperinsulinemia não aumentou a captação de beta-alanina para o músculo esquelético, nem aumentou a retenção de beta-alanina corporal, pelo menos quando as concentrações de beta-alanina excederam a Vmax do TauT. Nossas descobertas sugerem que as estratégias de suplementação de beta-alanina que manipulam as concentrações de insulina provavelmente apresentam relevância clínica limitada / Beta-alanine availability is limiting for the intramuscular synthesis of carnosine. Thus, increasing beta-alanine availability to skeletal muscle is the most effective strategy to increase muscle carnosine content. It has been postulated that the transmembrane transporter of beta-alanine (TauT) could be stimulated by insulin. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether the beta-alanine uptake by human muscle is influenced by hyperinsulinemia by controlling both insulin and beta-alanine concentrations in plasma via intravenous infusion of beta-alanine. We conducted a counterbalanced crossover study in 12 young men (27.5 ± 5.1 yr). Participants attended to the laboratory on two separated occasions, 10 weeks apart. beta-alanine was intravenously infused on both trials for 150 min at a rate of 0.11 g.kg.min-1. In one trial, a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was used to main high insulin concentrations (HI) whereas fasting insulin concentrations (LI) was maintained in the other trial. Before and 30 min after infusion, muscle samples (percutaneous biopsies) were taken to determine beta-alanine and carnosine content. Blood samples were taken before (0), 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 30 min (180) after the infusion for plasma insulin and beta-alanine analysis. 24 h urine was colleted after infusion for beta-alanine analysis. No significant differences in plasma beta-alanine (p=0.20), muscle beta-alanine (p=0.72), muscle carnosine (p=0.82) and urinary beta-alanine (p=0.92) were shown between conditions. Hyperinsulinemia did not increase beta-alanine uptake to muscle tissue and bodily tissues, nor did it increase whole-body beta-alanine retention, at least when beta-alanine concentrations exceed the Vmax of TauT. Our findings suggest that beta-alanine supplementation strategies that maniupulate insulin concentrations are probably of limited clinical relevance

O sistema imunológico preserva a integridade do organismo perante o ambiente que ele está inserido. As reações imunológicas são essenciais para controle e eliminação da infecção, no entanto se os mecanismos contra regulatórios da resposta imunológica forem superados, a homeostasia pode falhar levando a um desequilíbrio no processo de reparo do organismo, podendo causar danos, insuficiência de órgão e até a morte. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado a interação entre o sistema imunológico e os aminoácidos. Visto que a glutamina é utilizada como substrato energético para enterócitos, além de fornecer nitrogênio para síntese de purinas e pirimidinas para proliferação celular e a taurina participa da hemostasia, estabilização de membranas, mobilização de cálcio, além de ser importante agente antioxidante, nos propusemos nesse trabalho investigar os efeitos da glutamina e taurina sobre aspectos relacionados a resposta imunológica de células da linhagem Raw 264.7. Para tanto foram avaliadas: viabilidade celular; a capacidade proliferativa e o ciclo celular; a capacidade de síntese de citocinas: IL-1 &#945;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-&#945; e a expressão do fator de transcrição NF&#954;B, bem como de seu inibidor I&#954;B&#945;. Foi possível observar aumento da viabilidade e proliferação celular para células tratadas com glutamina, entretanto não foi observado o mesmo efeito para taurina. Quando ambos aminoácidos foram associados, houve prevalência dos efeitos da glutamina. Observamos neste trabalho, que houve uma tendência da diminuição de expressão da relação de p-NF&#954;B/NF&#954;B quando se aumentou a concentração de glutamina. Paralelamente, o mesmo foi encontrado para relação p-I&#954;B/I&#954;B. Esses resultados corroboram com os resultados encontrados na produção das citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-1&#945;, Il-1&#946; e TNF-&#945;, uma vez que ao aumentarmos a concentração de glutamina bem como glutamina e taurina, observamos menor produção das mesmas. Complementarmente, encontramos resultados opostos para a citocina anti-inflamatória IL-10, a qual teve maior síntese em resposta ao aumento da concentração dos aminoácidos. Portanto concluímos que tanto a glutamina quanto a taurina possuem capacidade de modular aspectos da resposta imunológica de células Raw 264.7. / The immune system protect the body\'s integrity to the environment it is inserted. The immune responses are essential for control and elimination of infection, however if the mechanisms against regulatory immune response are overcome, homeostasis may fail leading to an imbalance in the repair of the body process and may cause damage, organ failure and even death. Many studies have demonstrated the interaction between the immune system and amino acids. Since glutamine is used as an energy substrate for the enterocytes and provides nitrogen to purine and pyrimidine synthesis to cell proliferation and taurine participates of hemostasis, stabilization of membranes, calcium mobilization, and besides being an important antioxidante, this work aimed to study the effects of glutamine and taurine in some aspects of the immune response of RAW 264.7 cell line. Therefore, we evaluated: cell viability; the proliferative capacity and the cell cycle phases; cytokine synthesis capacity: IL-1 &#945;, IL-&#946;, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-&#945;, as well as the expression of the transcription factor NFkB and its inhibitor I&#954;B&#945;. It was possible to observe increased cell viability as well as proliferation in cells treated with glutamine, but was not observed the same effect in cells treated with taurine. When cells were treated with both amino acids, there was a prevalence of the effects of glutamine. We observed in this study, a trend of decreasing expression of p-NF&#954;B/ NF&#954;B relationship when cells were treated with higher concentration of glutamine. In parallel, the same was found for p-I&#954;B / I&#954;B relationship. These results corroborate wih the results about the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1&#945;, IL-1&#946; and TNF-&#945;, since by increasing concentration of glutamine as well as glutamine and taurine, we observed reduced production of this cytokines. In addition, we found opposite results for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 which had higher production in response to increased concentration amino acids treatment. Therefore we conclude that both glutamine and taurine have the capacity to modulate some aspects in the immune response of RAW 264.7 cell.

by Chang Chuen Chung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-140). / Acknowledgement --- p.4 / List of Abbreviations --- p.5 / Abstract --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1 --- Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Characteristics of astrocytes --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Functional roles of astrocytes --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- General functions of astrocytes --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Volume regulation of astrocytes in CNS injuries --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Immunological functions of astrocytes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2 --- Taurine in the CNS --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The biochemistry and distribution of taurine --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Physiological functions of taurine in the CNS --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Uptake and release of taurine by cultured astrocytes --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Taurine uptake in astrocytes --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Taurine release in astrocytes --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3 --- Tumor necrosis factor in the CNS --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Characteristics of tumor necrosis factor --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Sources of TNF in the CNS --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Functions of TNF in the CNS --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- TNF and signal transduction --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4 --- cGMP second messenger system in astrocyte --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- cGMP as second messenger in astrocytes --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Post cGMP cascade effects --- p.30 / Chapter 1.5 --- The aims of this project --- p.30 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- METHODS --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- Primary astrocytes culture --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Primary rat astrocytes culture --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Primary mouse astrocytes culture --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Culture of rat C6 glioma cell line --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Subculture of astrocytes in different media --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Taurine uptake and release assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Taurine uptake assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Taurine release assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- The effects of TNF on taurine transport --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- The effects of TNF on cell volume in astrocytes --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5 --- "The effects of TNF on amino acids, glucose and neurotransmitters uptake" --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- The effects of TNF on amino acids uptake --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- The effects of TNF on glucose uptake --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- The effects of TNF on neurotransmitters uptake --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6 --- The effects of LPS on taurine uptake in astrocytes --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7 --- The effects of IFN-¡’ on taurine uptake in astrocytes --- p.46 / Chapter 2.8 --- The effects of PMA on taurine uptake in astrocytes --- p.47 / Chapter 2.9 --- "The effects of TNF on thymidine, uridine and leucine incorporation in astrocytes" --- p.47 / Chapter 2.10 --- The effects of TNF on basal level of cGMP in astrocytes --- p.48 / Chapter 2.11 --- The effects of TNF on protein phosphorylation in astrocytes --- p.49 / Chapter 2.12 --- The effects of TNF on calcium uptake in astrocytes --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- RESULTS --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- The effects of TNF on taurine transport in cultured rat astrocytes --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- The effects of TNF on [3H]-taurine uptake -time course study --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The effects of TNF on the kinetic parameters of the taurine uptake system --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- The effects of TNF concentration on taurine uptake --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- The effects of TNF exposure time on taurine uptake --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- The effects of TNF on cell volume change in astrocytes --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- "Comparison of the effects of TNF on taurine uptake amongst cultured primary rat astrocytes, primary mouse astrocytes and C6 glioma cell line" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- The effects of TNF on taurine release --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- The specificity of the effects of TNF on taurine uptake --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.8.1 --- The effects of TNF on the uptake of amino acids and glucose in primary rat astrocytes --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.8.2 --- The effects of TNF on neurotransmitters uptake --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.9 --- The effects of LPS on taurine uptake in astrocytes --- p.92 / Chapter 3.1.10 --- The effects of IFN-¡’ on taurine uptake in astrocytes --- p.97 / Chapter 3.1.11 --- The effects of PMA on taurine uptake --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2 --- The effects of TNF on cell metabolism in rat astrocytes --- p.102 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The effects of TNF on astrocyte proliferation --- p.102 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The effects of TNF on RNA synthesis --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The effects of TNF on protein synthesis --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- The effects of TNF on basal level of cGMP --- p.108 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- The effects of TNF on protein phosphorylation --- p.111 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- The effects of TNF on calcium uptake --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter IV --- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION --- p.116 / References --- p.125

Consumption of supplements and energy drinks is common among athletes; however, there is a lack of research on the efficacy of energy drink consumption before and during short-duration, intense exercise. The purpose of this research was to investigate the acute effects of a low-calorie, caffeine-taurine, energy drink (AdvoCare Spark®) on repeated sprint performance and anaerobic power in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players. Twenty well-trained Division I football players (age: 19.7 ± 1.8 years, height: 184.9 ± 5.3 cm, weight: 100.3 ± 21.7 kg) participated in a double-blind, randomized crossover study in which they received the energy drink or an isoenergetic, isovolumetric, noncaffeinated placebo. The two trials were separated by 7 days. The Running Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), consisting of six 35-m sprints with 10 s of rest between each sprint, was used to assess anaerobic power. Sprint times were recorded with an automatic electronic timer. On average, there iv was no statistically significant difference between the placebo (15.06 ± 3.80 W·s-1) and beverage (15.3 ± 4.18 W·s-1) measurements of fatigue index. Neither were there statistically significant main effects of the beverage treatment on power F(1, 18) = 3.84, p = 0.066; or sprint time F(1, 18) = 3.06, p = 0.097. However, there was a significant interaction effect between caffeine use and the beverage for sprint times (F = 4.62, p = 0.045), as well as for anaerobic power (F = 5.40, p = 0.032), indicating a confounding effect. In conclusion, a caffeine-taurine energy drink did not improve the sprint performance or the anaerobic power of collegiate football players, but the level of caffeine use by the athletes likely influenced the effect of the drink.

Hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) aquaculture is a major commercial enterprise in the United States and internationally. Efforts to decrease diet costs and limit dependence on fishmeal, have led to the development of plant-based diets as an alternative aquafeed. Due to limiting concentrations of amino acids such as methionine, cystine, and taurine in plant meals such as soybean meal, supplementation of these plant-based diets with methionine or other sulfur amino acid compounds is typically required. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate different amino acid supplements in soybean-meal-based diets for hybrid striped bass for possible refinement of diets and reduction of production costs. One feeding trial evaluated methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) and Mintrex® which is MHA containing chelated zinc relative to L-methionine. The second trial evaluated the effects of supplemental taurine or arginine on fish performance and potential health benefits. In the first feeding trial, a basal soybean-meal-based diet (56% soybean meal and 15% fishmeal) marginally deficient in total sulfur amino acids (TSSA) (1.10% methionine and cystine) was supplemented with either L-methionine, Mintrex® or MHA calcium salt and fed to triplicate groups of juvenile hybrid striped bass for 10 weeks. The different methionine supplements provided similar weight gain, feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values that tended to be greater than observed in fish fed the basal diet. Mintrex® supplementation provided much higher plasma zinc concentrations compared to fish fed the other methionine supplements. In the second feeding trial, soybean-meal based diets which satisfied the requirement for TSAA were supplemented with either taurine or arginine at 1.5% of dry weight. Supplemental taurine or arginine did not provide any improvements in weight gain, FER, PER or survival compared to the basal diet. Thus, taurine or arginine supplementation of soybean-meal-based diets does not appear warranted. However, sulfur amino acid supplementation of plant-based diets is critical, and Mintrex® appears to be an effective supplement to meet the methionine and zinc needs of hybrid striped bass.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2005. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 165 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.