The GSM platform is a extremely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement. The GSM platform is growing and evolving and offers an expanded and feature-rich voice and data enabling services. General Packet Radio Service, (GPRS), will have a tremendous transmission rate, which will make a significant impact on most of the existing services. Additionally, GPRS stands ready for the introduction of new services as operators and users, both business and private, appreciate the capabilities and potential that GPRS provides. Services such as the Internet, videoconferencing and on-line shopping will be as smooth as talking on the phone. Moreover, the capability and ease of access to these services increase at work, at home or during travel. In this research the traffic channel of a GSM system was studied in detail and simulated in order to obtain a performance analysis. Matlab, software from Mathworks, was used for the simulation. Both the forward and the reverse links of a GSM system were simulated. A flat fading model was used to model the channel. Signal to Noise Ratio, (SNR), was the primary metric that was varied during the simulation. All the building blocks for a traffic channel, including a Convolutional encoder, an Interleaver and a Modulator were coded in Matlab. Finally the GPRS system, which is an enhancement of the GSM system for data services was introduced.

L'introduction des systèmes embarqués dans l'automobile à commandes électriques (X-by-Wire) pose des problèmes nouveaux et spécifiques pour la tenue des exigences de sûreté de fonctionnement. En effet, ils sont dépourvus de la redondance mécanique (barre de direction, circuit hydraulique...) capable d'offrir un service minimum en cas de dysfonctionnement important de l'électronique. Ces systèmes largement distribués sont particulièrement sensibles aux perturbations d'ordre électromagnétique, et chaque faute transitoire peut éventuellement être la cause d'une défaillance catastrophique.<br />Dans ce contexte, le travail présenté ici est d'ordre méthodologique. En particulier, nous proposons une méthode de vérification des contraintes temps réel en mode nominal (mode non perturbé), et une méthode de prévision quantitative de fautes (mode perturbé) dont l'objectif est de mesurer l'influence des fautes transitoires liées à l'environnement et des performances temps réel du système sur la sûreté (probabilité d'occurrences de défaillances catastrophiques par zone perturbée) de ce même système. Nos travaux ont été appliqués sur les systèmes de direction Steer-by-Wire, mais les méthodes d'évaluation proposées sont génériques. Pour l'instant, seule des préconisations internes aux entreprises sont ciblées. Ainsi, une exigence dont la garantie devrait être prouvée est, par exemple : la probabilité de défaillance catastrophique doit être inférieure à 1.10-9 par heure de fonctionnement. Grâce à la méthode que nous avons développée, cette garantie sera alors complétée par l'évaluation de la fiabilité comportementale du système. Fournissant des résultats quantitatifs, cette technique permet de réaliser plusieurs études de sensitivité, comme, par exemple, l'influence de la durée du cycle de communication sur un protocole de communication de type TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), l'influence de la diversification dans la redondance des sous-systèmes, ou encore l'influence d'un mécanisme de tolérance aux fautes proposé par TTP/C et FlexRay.

Pendant les dernières années, le réseau cellulaire est devenu accessible presque partout. Pour compléter ce réseau cellulaire terrestre, plusieurs systèmes basés sur des satellites à basse orbite (LEO Low Earth Orbit) et moyenne orbite (MEO Medium Earth Orbit) ont été développés pour offrir une couverture globale. Les services multimédias sont largement demandés sur une échelle globale.<br />Notre but est de développer une couche d'accès MAC au canal satellitaire tout en respectant les contraintes de la constellation LEO. Un grand nombre d'utilisateurs de différents types vont essayer d'accéder au canal satellite (sens montant) afin d'envoyer leurs paquets. Il faut distribuer les ressources disponibles entre les différents utilisateurs de façon à respecter la QoS de chaque utilisateur et à minimiser le gaspillage. Nous avons traité dans cette thèse les ponts suivants :<br />·Nous avons adopté les techniques CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) et TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) pour définir les protocoles d'accès proposés en système LEOS. Ces techniques sont adaptées afin d'être utilisées d'une manière efficace dans le cas spécifique de satellites LEO (long RTD (Round Trip Delay), Handover, ).<br />·Nous avons utilisé un contrôle d'admission pour les différents types de services qui agit au niveau d'appel afin d'accepter un maximum d'utilisateurs de différents types tout en respectant la QoS de chacun. Ce contrôle utilise une fonction à capacité équivalente adaptée aux différents contextes de nos études.<br />·Nous avons défini des services au niveau MAC d'une façon générique. Les services sont supportés au niveau MAC par des MTCs (MAC Transfer Capabilities) afin de garantir la QoS demandée par chaque service. Nous avons proposé des MTCs qui supportent tous les services et applications possibles.<br />·Nous avons étudié le système pour des utilisateurs hétérogènes ce qui rend l'intégration de services nécessaire. La comparaison dépend de l'intégration et de la QoS de chaque utilisateur. Le but est toujours de maximiser la capacité totale du système.<br />·Nous avons étudié le multiplexage de services et l'allocation de ressources pour les différents protocoles d'accès. Des techniques d'ordonnancement et de partage de ressources sont proposées afin d'atteindre pour un protocole d'accès donné la performance maximale.<br />L'intégration de satellite avec l'UMTS et l'utilisation de l'ATM au sein du réseau de cur sont deux facteurs essentiels qui dirigent nos propositions sur la couche MAC. Les services vus par cette couche sont appelés les MTCs (MAC Transfer Capabilities) et doivent se coordonner avec les services de l'UMTS et l'ATM. Le choix est basé aussi sur les sources de trafics utilisées dans les différents chapitres.

Esta tesis tiene como objetivo final la propuesta de un protocolo de acceso al medio imbricado con los parámetros de nivel físico que dan soporte a dicho protocolo. Puesto que la propuesta se basa en un esquema TDMA, se eligen como base del análisis los sistemas de segunda generación GSM, TETRA y DECT, a partir de los cuales se extrapolan determinados parámetros a fin de sintonizarlos con los sistemas de tercera generación en su especificación TDMA. Se evalúan dichos sistemas a nivel físico sobre diferentes modelos de canal de propagación y distintas técnicas de compensación implementadas en el receptor: ecualizadores implementados sobre filtros transversales y antenas adaptativas. Además, se implementan y evalúan algoritmos de ecualización sencillos como LMS o RLS y más complejos como algoritmos bidireccionales sobre ecualizadores DFE. La elección de una u otra opción condicionará fuertemente el diseño del protocolo de acceso propuesto en el subnivel MAC. / This thesis has as final aim the proposal of a medium access protocol (MAC) closely related to the physical layer parameters that support such protocol. As the proposal is based on a TDMA scheme, three representative systems belonging to the second generation of mobile communication systems have been chosen: GSM, TETRA and DECT, which are employed to extract some parameters in order to tune them with the third generation systems in its TDMA specification. Such systems are evaluated at physical layer over different propagation channel models with several compensation techniques implemented on the receiver. As well, equalizers based on digital filters and adaptive antennas are utilized. The equalization algorithms evaluated include from the simplest ones like LMS or RLS to bidirectional algorithms over DFE structure. Choosing one or another option will strongly condition the design of the proposed access protocol within the MAC sublayer.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 62 pages / Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The GSM platform is a extremely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement. The GSM platform is growing and evolving and offers an expanded and feature-rich voice and data enabling services. General Packet Radio Service, (GPRS), will have a tremendous transmission rate, which will make a significant impact on most of the existing services. Additionally, GPRS stands ready for the introduction of new services as operators and users, both business and private, appreciate the capabilities and potential that GPRS provides. Services such as the Internet, videoconferencing and on-line shopping will be as smooth as talking on the phone. Moreover, the capability and ease of access to these services increase at work, at home or during travel. In this research the traffic channel of a GSM system was studied in detail and simulated in order to obtain a performance analysis. Matlab, software from Mathworks, was used for the simulation. / ABSTRACT: Both the forward and the reverse links of a GSM system were simulated. A flat fading model was used to model the channel. Signal to Noise Ratio, (SNR), was the primary metric that was varied during the simulation. All the building blocks for a traffic channel, including a Convolutional encoder, an Interleaver and a Modulator were coded in Matlab. Finally the GPRS system, which is an enhancement of the GSM system for data services was introduced. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

ITC/USA 2012 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Eighth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2012 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / As the integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) program prepares for developmental flights tests, refinements are being made to the Radio Access Network Standard that ensures interoperability of networked radio components. One key aspect of this interoperability is the definition of Telemetry Network System (TmNS) RF Data Link Layer functionality for conducting efficient communications between radios in a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) channel sharing scheme. This paper examines the overall structure of the TmNS RF Data Link Layer and provides an overview of its operation. Specific topics include Medium Access Control (MAC) scheduling and framing in the context of a burst-oriented TDMA structure, link layer encryption, the priority-enabled Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocol, high-level network packet and link control message encapsulation, payload segmentation and reassembly, and radio Link Layer Control Messaging.

Aerosol particles affect the Earth’s climate, although their impact is associated with large uncertainties. Primary marine aerosol represents a significant fraction of the global aerosol budget considering the Earth’s 70-percentage coverage by oceans. They are produced when bubbles burst at the ocean surface and can consist of sea salt, organic matter and bacteria. An experimental approach was here used to investigate the primary marine aerosol production from the bubble-bursting mechanism using water from four different geographical locations. The main findings include: Similar and stable aerosol number size distributions at all locations, centered close to 0.2 μm. Largely varying aerosol organic fractions, both with size and location. Clear tendency for increased water temperature to negatively influence the aerosol production. No covariance between surface water chlorophyll α and aerosol production on a 10-minute time scale, although decreased aerosol production was observed at times of elevated phytoplankton activity on longer time scales. Mainly external mixtures of sea salt and organics was observed. A high tendency for colony-forming marine bacteria to use bubble-bursting to reach the atmosphere. A clear diurnal cycle in aerosol production was found for both laboratory produced aerosol and in-situ aerosol fluxes, probably biologically driven. The first near coastal sea spray fluxes with limited fetch and low salinity. While the primary marine aerosol spectral shape is stable, emission concentration varies with environmental parameters. Above that, the organic fraction of the aerosol varies largely between locations. This shows that observations of primary marine aerosol emissions not necessarily can be applied to large time- or spatial scales. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

A wireless sensor network consists of a number of sensor devices and coordinator(s) or sink(s). A coordinator collects the sensed data from the sensor devices for further processing. In such networks, sensor devices are generally powered by batteries. Since wireless transmission of packets consumes significant amount of energy, it is important for a network to adopt a medium access control (MAC) technology which is energy efficient and satisfies the communication performance requirements. Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), which is a popular access technique because of its simplicity, flexibility and robustness, suffers poor throughput and energy inefficiency performance in wireless sensor networks. On the other hand, time division multiple access (TDMA) is a collision free and delay bounded access technique but suffers from the scalability problem. For this reason, this thesis focuses on design and analysis of hybrid channel access schemes which combine the strengths of both the CSMA/CA and TDMA schemes. In a hybrid CSMA/CA-TDMA scheme, the use of the CSMA/CA period and the TDMA period can be optimized to enhance the communication performance in the network. If such a hybrid channel access scheme is not designed properly, high congestion during the CSMA/CA period and wastage of bandwidth during the TDMA period result in poor communication performance in terms of throughput and energy efficiency. To address this issue, distributed and centralized channel access schemes are proposed to regulate the activities (such as transmitting, receiving, idling and going into low power mode) of the sensor devices. This regulation during the CSMA/CA period and allocation of TDMA slots reduce traffic congestion and thus improve the network performance. In this thesis work, time slot allocation methods in hybrid CSMA/CA-TDMA schemes are also proposed and analyzed to improve the network performance. Finally, such hybrid CSMA/CA-TDMA schemes are used in a cellular layout model for the multihop wireless sensor network to mitigate the hidden terminal collision problem.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Florianópolis, 2011 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T16:54:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 296722.pdf: 2285068 bytes, checksum: 9d2dc2ca0efc188ccce4ec6c2477a046 (MD5) / Esta tese propõe um protocolo MAC híbrido para redes ad hoc móveis denominado HCT-MAC (Hybrid Contention/TDMA MAC). A principal característica deste protocolo é o fato do mesmo suportar a mobilidade de nodos e ao mesmo tempo oferecer meios para atender prazos de entrega de mensagens. Para tanto, o HCT-MAC implementa um mecanismo de reserva de recursos oportunístico e de curto alcance, que se adapta continuamente às mudanças de topologia de uma rede com dispositivos móveis. A reserva de recursos se ampara na auto-organização dos dispositivos móveis em grupos denominados clusters, cujos membros realizam um acesso ao meio do tipo TDMA. No caso de dispositivos que não pertencem a clusters, o acesso ao meio se realiza com disputa do tipo CSMA. A formação de clusters é obtida com uma abordagem que agrupa iterativamente e de forma adaptativa dispositivos com base em suas estimativas de qualidade de enlace. O protocolo proposto foi testado e avaliado por meio de uma implementação prática e também de simulações. Os resultados dos experimentos mostraram que o uso do HCT-MAC proporcionou melhoras significativas na utilização do meio e taxa de mensagens entregues comparados a um protocolo CSMA, graças a reserva de recursos oportunística obtida com a auto-organização das redes simuladas. Outra contribuição deste trabalho é um método para analisar a capacidade tempo-real probabilística de uma rede em que o acesso ao meio funciona em ciclos de ativação e desativação, como no caso do uso do HCT-MAC em uma rede com dispositivos móveis. / This thesis proposes the HCT-MAC (Hybrid Contention/TDMA MAC), a hybrid MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The main characteristic of this protocol is to cope with mobility while also providing means to cope with message deadlines. Thereby it provides a short range and opportunistic resource-reservation mechanism, which adapts continuously to topology changes that occur in a network composed by mobile devices. Resourcereservation is supported by the fact that devices are self-organized in groups called clusters. Members of clusters access the medium in a contention-free manner similar to TDMA, and nodes which are not members of cluster access the medium with CSMA. Clusters are formed iteratively and adaptively based on measurements of link quality between nodes. The proposed protocol was tested and evaluated with simulations and a real prototype. Results of the simulation experiments showed that the HCT-MAC protocol provided a significant improvement in medium utilization and ratio of delivered messages compared to a CSMA protocol. That was related to the opportunistic resource-reservation in the self-organized networks of the experiments. Another contribution of this thesis is a method to analyze the probabilistic real-time capacity of a network which uses a MAC protocol with intermittent communication links, as is the case of the HCT-MAC protocol in a mobile network.

User-programmable, integrated circuits (ICs) e.g. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly popular for embedded, high-performance data exploitation. They combine the parallelization capability and processing power of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with the exibility, scalability and adaptability of software-based processing solutions. FPGAs provide powerful processing resources due to an optimal adaptation to the target application and a well-balanced ratio of performance, efficiency and parallelization. One drawback of FPGA-based data exploitation is the limited memory capacity of reconfigurable integrated circuits. Large-scale Digital Signal Processor (DSP) FPGAs provide approximately 4MB on-board random access memory (RAM) which is not sufficient to buffer the broadband sensor and result data. Hence, additional external memory is connected to the FPGA to increase on-board storage capacities. External memory devices like double data rate three synchronous dynamic random access memories (DDR3-SDRAM) provide very fast and wide bandwidth interfaces that represent a bottleneck when used in highly parallelized processing architectures. Independent processing modules are demanding concurrent read and write access. Within the master thesis, a concept for the integration of an external DDR3- SDRAM into an FPGA-based parallelized processing architecture is developed and implemented. The solution realizes time division multiple access (TDMA) to the external memory and virtual, low-latency memory extension to the on-board buffer capabilities. The integration of the external RAM does not change the way how on-board buffers are used (control, data-fow).