das Jahrbuch der Technischen Universität Chemnitz 2014/2015 / the yearbook of Technische Universität Chemnitz 2014/2015

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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever de que modo está sendo promovida a aprendizagem de idiomas, mais especificamente de língua francesa, através de aplicativos para smartphones. Os aplicativos, isto é, as aplicações de software possuem uma infinidade de objetivos e são usadas atualmente em diversos contextos, podendo funcionar como um acesso às redes sociais ou como uma plataforma para a aprendizagem. A m-learning (mobile-learning) consiste na aprendizagem por meio de TIMS (Tecnologias da Informação Móveis e Sem fio) representadas pelos tablets e os smartphones. As TIMS surgem para complementar as já conhecidas TIC (Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação), isto é, os computadores, televisores, rádio e etc., e a m-learning para complementar a e-learning (eletronic-learning), a aprendizagem via TIC. Estima-se que hoje existam cerca de 7 bilhões de telefones celulares ativos em todo mundo nas mãos de uma população mundial de 7,1 bilhões e a penetração dos smartphones no Brasil já chega a 64% da população (CONSUMER BAROMETER WITH GOOGLE, 2016). No ensino-aprendizagem de línguas adicionais, a utilização de TIC já é um campo bastante discutido, entretanto, no caso das TIMS, apesar da popularização dos dispositivos móveis, as pesquisas ainda são muito recentes. Contudo, a criação de aplicativos voltados a aprendizagem de idiomas não deixa de aumentar, assim como o seu público. De modo a propiciar um debate sobre o futuro da aprendizagem móvel entre professores de línguas, linguistas e desenvolvedores de aplicativos para dispositivos móveis, este trabalho buscou relatar e analisar alguns dentre os aplicativos mais populares presentes na Google Play Store para dispositivos móveis voltados à aprendizagem de língua francesa. Com a presença de QrCodes e printscreens da tela de um smartphone MotoX, sistema Android 5.1, sete aplicativos que se anunciavam como cursos de francês foram descritos e avaliados tanto pelos fatores ligados à didática quanto aos relativos à interface; são eles o Mondly, Duolingo, Memrise, Mosalingua, Babbel, Busuu e Le Bon Mot. Foram analisadas as atividades presentes na primeira lição de cada aplicativo selecionado, evidenciando e comparando o construto e a metodologia anunciada na Google Play Store ao que realmente é desenvolvido durante a utilização de cada aplicativo. Em um segundo momento, a partir da utilização dos aplicativos, foram analisadas questões ligadas à interface e usabilidade dos aplicativos, isto é, a presença e o funcionamento de recursos de imagem, áudio e vídeo em cada aplicativo, as dificuldades em relação ao uso da plataforma, etc. A partir desta descrição e desta análise minuciosa, pode-se concluir que apesar dos aplicativos serem, de uma forma geral, inovadores quanto às questões ligadas à interface, com uma boa usabilidade, no quesito didático-metodológico se anunciam como seguidores do método comunicativo na Google Play Store, mas utilizam abordagens tradicionais e estruturalistas. Nota-se, desse modo, a persistência de um ensino focado somente na repetição e na aprendizagem de vocabulário que, apesar de acompanhado de plataformas e interfaces bem construídas, não correspondem às necessidades comunicativas dos aprendizes do século XXI. / This research aims to describe how language learning, specifically French, is being promoted through mobile applications.Applications, that is, software that can be installed in MICT (Mobile Information and Communication Technologies), possess lots of goals and are currently used in various contexts. Furthermore, they can function as access to social networks or as platforms for learning. The M-learning (mobile-learning) is the learning through MICT, such as smartphones and tablets. MICT come to complement the already known ICT (Information and Communication Technologies), for instance, desktop computers, televisions and radio, and m-learning to complement e-learning (electronic-learning), i.e. learning via ICT. It is estimated that currently there are about 7 billion active mobile phones worldwide at the hands of a world population of 7.1 billion people, and smartphone penetration within Brazil already reaches 62% of its population (CONSUMER BAROMETER WITH GOOGLE, 2016) In the process of teaching and learning additional languages, the use of ICT is already a widely discussed field. As for MICT, despite the popularization of mobile devices, research is still relatively recent. However, the creation of applications aimed at language learning is increasing, as is its audience. As to endorse a joint debate on the future of mobile learning among language teachers, linguists, and mobile application developers, this work attempted to report and analyze some of the most popular applications on mobile devices related to French-language learning, which are available on Google Play Store. With this aim, a MotoX smartphone with Android 5.1 system was used as a support and seven applications (Mondly, Duolingo, Memrise, Mosalingua, Babbel, Busuu and Le Bon Mot), advertised as French courses, were described and evaluated regarding didactic and interface aspects. QR codes and print screens of the analysis are presented throughout this work to facilitate future reference and queries. The activities in the first lesson of each selected application were analyzed evidencing and comparing the construct and the methodology announced in Google Play Store with what is actually developed during the use of the application. In a second moment, from the use of the applications, questions related to the interface and usability of the applications were analyzed, such as the presence and operation of image, audio and video resources in each application and the difficulties regarding the use of the platform. From this description and analysis, it is noticed that the applications are, in general, innovative in the questions of interface and usability. However, in the didactic-methodological aspect, they are traditional and structuralist, although they were advertised as communicative in the Google Play Store. On theses apps, it is noticed a teaching method focused only on repetition and learning of vocabulary which, although accompanied by well-constructed platforms and interfaces, does not correspond to the communicative needs of the learners of the 21st century.

This thesis aims to address why the adoption of CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) within the language classroom is so varied, and its success so unclear, despite fifty years of investment and research. The huge promise of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) driven results has created an imbalance in language teaching, where initiatives are brought about from outside the classroom, with teachers held accountable for their adoption. My reading of the literature is that lack of consideration of the teacher’s role in implementation of classroom technology has led to mismatched expectations and performance. If the nature of the teacher’s contribution is recognized, I believe that this can lead to more effective use of ICT, which I have set out to show. My study, based on a survey of 319 EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers across the international group of 31 schools in which I work, seeks to put the teacher back into the picture by examining where their enacted beliefs in social constructivist pedagogy best align with classroom use of digital technology. I coin this emerging praxis ‘microblending’, a pedagogy rooted in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory and contemporary methodology, and I seek to demonstrate its relevance in this study I test the viability of measuring teacher’s microblending readiness through application of Technology Acceptance Modelling (TAM) in an EFL setting to produce a model that explains the variation in classroom use of ICT. My model is based on a critical replication of the WST (‘Will, Skill, Tool’) model, a TAM model which has so far only been used in mainstream classroom teaching. I have updated, created and piloted new instruments within the scope of the study, which are now already in use within the institution where I carried out my investigations. Using both linear regression and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques I explored how these measurements of the learning environment can explain a teacher’s application of technology. This first attempt appears to explain over 89% of the variation in classroom use of technology, which already exceeds the predictive power of several contemporary models in use in parallel fields of education. Given further work to refine and apply the model, a valuable improvement could be made in how teachers work with ICT in the language classroom for improved learning outcomes.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever de que modo está sendo promovida a aprendizagem de idiomas, mais especificamente de língua francesa, através de aplicativos para smartphones. Os aplicativos, isto é, as aplicações de software possuem uma infinidade de objetivos e são usadas atualmente em diversos contextos, podendo funcionar como um acesso às redes sociais ou como uma plataforma para a aprendizagem. A m-learning (mobile-learning) consiste na aprendizagem por meio de TIMS (Tecnologias da Informação Móveis e Sem fio) representadas pelos tablets e os smartphones. As TIMS surgem para complementar as já conhecidas TIC (Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação), isto é, os computadores, televisores, rádio e etc., e a m-learning para complementar a e-learning (eletronic-learning), a aprendizagem via TIC. Estima-se que hoje existam cerca de 7 bilhões de telefones celulares ativos em todo mundo nas mãos de uma população mundial de 7,1 bilhões e a penetração dos smartphones no Brasil já chega a 64% da população (CONSUMER BAROMETER WITH GOOGLE, 2016). No ensino-aprendizagem de línguas adicionais, a utilização de TIC já é um campo bastante discutido, entretanto, no caso das TIMS, apesar da popularização dos dispositivos móveis, as pesquisas ainda são muito recentes. Contudo, a criação de aplicativos voltados a aprendizagem de idiomas não deixa de aumentar, assim como o seu público. De modo a propiciar um debate sobre o futuro da aprendizagem móvel entre professores de línguas, linguistas e desenvolvedores de aplicativos para dispositivos móveis, este trabalho buscou relatar e analisar alguns dentre os aplicativos mais populares presentes na Google Play Store para dispositivos móveis voltados à aprendizagem de língua francesa. Com a presença de QrCodes e printscreens da tela de um smartphone MotoX, sistema Android 5.1, sete aplicativos que se anunciavam como cursos de francês foram descritos e avaliados tanto pelos fatores ligados à didática quanto aos relativos à interface; são eles o Mondly, Duolingo, Memrise, Mosalingua, Babbel, Busuu e Le Bon Mot. Foram analisadas as atividades presentes na primeira lição de cada aplicativo selecionado, evidenciando e comparando o construto e a metodologia anunciada na Google Play Store ao que realmente é desenvolvido durante a utilização de cada aplicativo. Em um segundo momento, a partir da utilização dos aplicativos, foram analisadas questões ligadas à interface e usabilidade dos aplicativos, isto é, a presença e o funcionamento de recursos de imagem, áudio e vídeo em cada aplicativo, as dificuldades em relação ao uso da plataforma, etc. A partir desta descrição e desta análise minuciosa, pode-se concluir que apesar dos aplicativos serem, de uma forma geral, inovadores quanto às questões ligadas à interface, com uma boa usabilidade, no quesito didático-metodológico se anunciam como seguidores do método comunicativo na Google Play Store, mas utilizam abordagens tradicionais e estruturalistas. Nota-se, desse modo, a persistência de um ensino focado somente na repetição e na aprendizagem de vocabulário que, apesar de acompanhado de plataformas e interfaces bem construídas, não correspondem às necessidades comunicativas dos aprendizes do século XXI. / This research aims to describe how language learning, specifically French, is being promoted through mobile applications.Applications, that is, software that can be installed in MICT (Mobile Information and Communication Technologies), possess lots of goals and are currently used in various contexts. Furthermore, they can function as access to social networks or as platforms for learning. The M-learning (mobile-learning) is the learning through MICT, such as smartphones and tablets. MICT come to complement the already known ICT (Information and Communication Technologies), for instance, desktop computers, televisions and radio, and m-learning to complement e-learning (electronic-learning), i.e. learning via ICT. It is estimated that currently there are about 7 billion active mobile phones worldwide at the hands of a world population of 7.1 billion people, and smartphone penetration within Brazil already reaches 62% of its population (CONSUMER BAROMETER WITH GOOGLE, 2016) In the process of teaching and learning additional languages, the use of ICT is already a widely discussed field. As for MICT, despite the popularization of mobile devices, research is still relatively recent. However, the creation of applications aimed at language learning is increasing, as is its audience. As to endorse a joint debate on the future of mobile learning among language teachers, linguists, and mobile application developers, this work attempted to report and analyze some of the most popular applications on mobile devices related to French-language learning, which are available on Google Play Store. With this aim, a MotoX smartphone with Android 5.1 system was used as a support and seven applications (Mondly, Duolingo, Memrise, Mosalingua, Babbel, Busuu and Le Bon Mot), advertised as French courses, were described and evaluated regarding didactic and interface aspects. QR codes and print screens of the analysis are presented throughout this work to facilitate future reference and queries. The activities in the first lesson of each selected application were analyzed evidencing and comparing the construct and the methodology announced in Google Play Store with what is actually developed during the use of the application. In a second moment, from the use of the applications, questions related to the interface and usability of the applications were analyzed, such as the presence and operation of image, audio and video resources in each application and the difficulties regarding the use of the platform. From this description and analysis, it is noticed that the applications are, in general, innovative in the questions of interface and usability. However, in the didactic-methodological aspect, they are traditional and structuralist, although they were advertised as communicative in the Google Play Store. On theses apps, it is noticed a teaching method focused only on repetition and learning of vocabulary which, although accompanied by well-constructed platforms and interfaces, does not correspond to the communicative needs of the learners of the 21st century.

Understanding base-ten numbers is one of the most important mathematics topics taught in the primary school, and yet also one of the most difficult to teach and to learn. Research shows that many children have inaccurate or faulty number conceptions, and use rote-learned procedures with little regard for quantities represented by mathematical symbols. Base-ten blocks are widely used to teach place-value concepts, but children often do not perceive the links between numbers, symbols, and models. Software has also been suggested as a means of improving children's development of these links but there is little research on its efficacy. Sixteen Queensland Year 3 students worked cooperatively with the researcher for 10 daily sessions, in 4 groups of 4 students of either high or low mathematical achievement level, on tasks introducing the hundreds place. Two groups used physical base-ten blocks and two used place-value software incorporating electronic base-ten blocks. Individual interviews assessed participants' place-value understanding before and after teaching sessions. Data sources were videotapes of interviews and teaching sessions, field notes, workbooks, and software audit trails, analysed using a grounded theory method. There was little difference evident in learning by students using either physical or electronic blocks. Many errors related to the "face-value" construct, counting and handling errors, and a lack of knowledge of base-ten rules were evident. Several students trusted the counting of blocks to reveal number relationships. The study failed to confirm several reported schemes describing children's conceptual structures for multidigit numbers. Many participants demonstrated a preference for grouping or counting approaches, but not stable mental models characterising their thinking about numbers generally. The independent-place construct is proposed to explain evidence in both the study and the literature that shows students making single-dimensional associations between a place, a set of number words, and a digit, rather than taking account of groups of 10. Feedback received in the two conditions differed greatly. Electronic feedback was more positive and accurate than feedback from blocks, and reduced the need for human-based feedback. Primary teachers are urged to monitor students' use of base-ten blocks closely, and to challenge faulty number conceptions by asking appropriate questions.