A presente tese trata da inserção da economia do Rio Grande do Sul no atual paradigma tecnoeconômico, sob uma perspectiva neoschumpeteriana/evolucionária. A hipótese assumida é que diante de um esforço tecnológico limitado na criação de vantagens competitiva dinâmicas no Brasil, com políticas de C,T&I pouco articuladas, emerge a maior necessidade de esforços estaduais no que tange a capacitação tecnológica das empresas do RS, mas que, no entanto, a indústria do Estado não tem apresentado esforços inovativos suficientes para compensar esse fraco dinamismo nacional, além de uma incipiente política estadual de inovação. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa assume, como de suma relevância, uma visão amparada nos sistemas de inovação e uma política estadual de C,T&I ativa, fortalecendo o processo inovativo. Usando como pano de fundo a economia brasileira e seu desempenho recente diante do paradigma das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) - com a maior importância dos processos de aprendizado, de produção de conhecimento, cooperação e de inovação -, o Rio Grande do Sul, por sua vez, apesar de ser um Estado que se destaca no cenário nacional, não vem logrando um desempenho satisfatório na produção de produtos de alta tecnologia, ligados ao atual paradigma tecnoeconômico. Os dados da PINTEC para o Rio Grande do Sul demonstram os insuficientes esforços inovativos, com pouca importância e reduzidos dispêndios em atividades internas de P&D, utilizando-se de poucos mecanismos de aprendizado e com insuficientes relações de cooperação. Além disso, corrobora substancialmente com a tese, os reduzidos gastos do governo estadual em C&T, pois enquanto outros Estados da Região Sul tem apresentado um aumento nos gastos em C&T, ao longo dos anos 2000, o RS está indo na direção contrária, abdicando de esforços que poderiam contribuir significativamente para o aumento da participação da indústria gaúcha em setores de alta tecnologia, denotando uma inserção deficiente no atual paradigma tecnoeconômico das TICs. Conclui-se que esse conjunto de fatores indica a manutenção de uma estrutura de produção vigente, não amparada numa visão sistêmica do processo inovativo e na construção de um sistema estadual de inovação, com uma política de C,T&I insuficiente no RS, diante dos requisitos impostos pelo atual paradigma das TICs. / This thesis aims to situate the economy of Rio Grande do Sul state in the current techno-economical paradigm, a neo-Schumpeterian/evolutionary approach. The assumption made is in front of limited technological efforts in the creation of dynamics competitive advantages in Brazil, with C, I & T policies not articulated, the states must have greater efforts regarding the technological abilities of their companies, but the companies of Rio Grande do Sul have not given sufficient innovative efforts to compensate this weak national dynamics as well as its incipient state innovation policy. In this sense, this research assumes great relevance in a vision anchored in an innovation system and T&I state policies active, able to strengthen the innovative process. Using the Brazilian economy and its recent performance on the paradigm of information and communication technologies (ICTs) as a backdrop – with greater importance to the learning process of knowledge production, cooperation and innovation – the Rio Grande do Sul state, despite of being a state that standouts on the national scene, is not achieving a satisfactory performance in the production of high technology products linked to the current techno-economical paradigm. The PINTEC data for Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate inadequate innovative efforts, with little importance and reduced spending on internal R & D, using a few learning mechanisms and insufficient cooperation relations. Moreover, these data corroborates substantially with the thesis, the reduced spending of state government in S & T, because while other states in the Southern Region has shown an increase in spending on S & T over the year 2000, the RS is going in the opposite direction, abdicating efforts that could contribute significantly to the increased participation of industry of the state in high-tech sectors, indicating a poor inclusion in the current economical paradigm of ICT. It concludes that this combination of factors indicates the maintenance of a structure of current production, not supported in a systemic view of the innovative process and in building a statewide system of innovation with a policy, I & T Insufficient RS, before the requirements imposed by the current paradigm of ICT.

El objetivo general de este trabajo es analizar, revisar y unir la investigación encontrada hasta a la fecha, acerca de la existencia del fenómeno llamado techo de cristal, que limita el ascenso laboral a las mujeres dentro de las empresas. Además de explicar la existencia del fenómeno del techo de cristal, la historia, panorama pasado y actual de la mujer en el ámbito laboral, así como sus hallazgos más notables. También, destacaremos la presencia e importancia de los factores externos que fomentan el techo de cristal tales como, la cosmovisión patriarcal, la sociedad machista, los estereotipos, los prejuicios, la cooptación, la conciliación entre la vida personal y familiar de la mujer, etc. Todos estos son aspectos que dan vida a las barreras invisibles que detienen el óptimo desarrollo académico y laboral del género femenino en las organizaciones públicas y privadas alrededor del mundo. Si bien estas condiciones externas impiden a mujeres capaces y profesionales de alcanzar puestos de mando en las empresas, no se pueden pasar por alto los factores internos, como la baja autoestima, creencias propias instaladas en la mente de cada mujer, baja autoeficacia en temas masculinos, etc. Estos son también influyentes e importantes a tomar en cuenta. Es así, como inicia la búsqueda de los factores más relevantes que fomentan el techo de cristal en América Latina. Un sub objetivo es brindar una perspectiva fresca, completa y distinta de las causas más relevantes del origen de este fenómeno con la esperanza de poder generar aporte en esta disyuntiva que resulta francamente anacrónica para cualquier sociedad del siglo XXI. / The objective of this study is to analyze and review the actual investigation of the existence of the phenomenon named “techo de cristal”, that limits the promotion at work for the women. Furthermore, to explain the existence of this phenomenon, its history and the actual and previous situation of the woman in the labor market. Also, to emphasize the presence and importance of the external factors promoting the “techo de cristal”, such as patriarchal perspective, male-dominated society, stereotypes, prejudices, work-life balance, among other things. All of them, are invisible barriers which are hampering the optimal academic and labour development of the female in the public and private organizations around the world. On the other hand, it is true that these external conditions preventing smart women to obtain high positions in the companies, but it is important to recognize the existence of internal factors, such as low self-esteem, beliefs, among other things. These aspects must be also considered. In this way, this paper searches the main factors that promote the “techo de cristal” in Latin America. A secondary objective of this study is to offer a complete and different perspective of the causes more relevant of the origin of this phenomenon. Also, to contribute to resolve this dilemma, that is inconsistent with a modern society of the XXI century. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Actualmente, las nuevas tendencias en la construcción exigen una gestión colaborativa, que se constituye como una metodología permitiendo la eficiencia de los procesos, reducción en los plazos, mejoras en la utilidad de los proyectos y satisfacción del cliente. Debemos considerar, que una buena planificación minimiza los desperdicios, aumenta los tiempos productivos y elimina los re-procesos del entregable final. La presente Tesis “Aplicación de la Metodología VDC en la Etapa de Diseño para la Construcción de Viviendas Económicas del Programa Techo Propio: Caso de Estudio Residencial Pacocha, ciudad de Ilo, Perú.”, tiene como propósito aplicar VDC en proyectos económicos, modalidad del programa Techo Propio, para cumplir con lo planificado desde su etapa de diseño, manteniendo o mejorando la utilidad del proyecto, así como los tiempos de construcción, con respecto al método de planificación tradicional. En la actualidad, las empresas constructoras se encuentran en la búsqueda de nuevas estrategias de trabajo, así como una integración moderna de diseño, construcción y operación desde las etapas tempranas de un proyecto, con el propósito de definir, alinear y alcanzar metas. En esta tesis se plantea la aplicación de la construcción virtual del proyecto como una ayuda para poder entender y plantear mejoras en los procesos de construcción, necesitando incluir a todas las partes interesadas en compromiso de trabajar en colaboración para lograr objetivos comunes. / Currently, new trends in construction demand collaborative management, which is constituted as a methodology allowing the efficiency of processes, reduction deadlines, improvements in the usefulness of projects and customer satisfaction. We must consider that good planning minimizes waste, increases production times and eliminates the re-processes of the final deliverable. The present Thesis "Application of the VDC Methodology in the Design Stage for the Construction of Economic Housing of the Techo Propio Program: Pacocha Residential Case Study, city of Ilo, Peru.", has a purpose to apply VDC in economic projects, modality of the Techo Propio program, to comply with what was planned from its design stage, maintaining or improving the usefulness of the project, as well as the construction times, in accordance to the traditional planning method. Currently, construction companies are in search of new work strategies, as well as a modern integration of design, construction and operation from the early stages of a project, with the purpose of defining, aligning and achieving goals. This thesis proposes the application of the virtual construction of the project as an aid to understand and propose improvements in the construction processes, needing to include all stakeholders in commitment to work collaboratively to achieve common objectives. / Tesis

El presente trabajo demuestra que es posible la disminución del déficit de viviendas en los sectores socioeconómicos C y D, implementando proyectos atractivos para la demanda y económicamente rentables para el promotor. El caso de estudio es el proyecto “Residencial Terra Blanca”, de la empresa Inmobiliaria Yaku, el cual se desarrolla en la ciudad de Pisco y va dirigido a los niveles socioeconómicos C y D. La tesis presenta dos partes, la primera, relacionada con la promoción inmobiliaria y el análisis económico del proyecto, donde en función al estudio de mercado y a la comparación con proyectos similares en la zona, el promotor propone un producto atractivo y accesible para la demanda de la ciudad. Asimismo, se hace un análisis económico dando como resultados indicadores de rentabilidad aceptables, concluyendo que el proyecto es viable. Como complemento a esta primera parte, se hace el análisis de sensibilidad con las tres variables más relevantes de los proyectos inmobiliarios: la velocidad de ventas, el precio promedio de las viviendas y el costo de construcción de la edificación para determinar los rangos en los cuales estas variables mantienen la viabilidad del proyecto. En la segunda parte, y como propuesta de valor, se propone una optimización del presupuesto de construcción de la edificación, empleando un modelo de construcción industrializado para la preparación, el transporte y la colocación del concreto preparado en obra, adicionalmente, se introduce una propuesta colaborativa que disminuye la carga tributaria del proyecto. De la aplicación de ambas propuestas, se ha determinado el impacto en el aumento de la rentabilidad del proyecto, producto del ahorro en el presupuesto de construcción. / This paper shows that the reduction of housing shortage in C and D socio-economic sectors is possible, through the implementation of attractive projects for demand and that are economically profitable for a developer. The study case is “Residencial Terra Blanca” project, from Inmobiliaria Yaku S.A.C, which is developed in the city of Pisco and it is intended for socio-economic levels C and D. The thesis has two parts, the first one is related to real state development and project economic analysis, which according to market research and comparing to similar projects in the area, the developer proposes an appealing and affordable product for the city’s demand. An economic analysis is also carried out resulting in acceptable profitability indicators, concluding that the project is viable. In addition to this first part, a sensitivity analysis is made with the three most important variables: sales velocity, average housing price and construction cost of the building, to determine the ranges in which these variables keep the project feasibility. The second part, and as value proposal, it is suggested a construction budget optimization of the building, using an industrialized building model for the preparation, transportation and placement of concrete mixed on site; additionally, it is introduced a collaborative proposal that reduces tax burden of the project. After applying both proposals, it has been determined an impact on increase of project profitability, as a consequence of savings in the construction budget. / Tesis

La fin des temps glaciaires est une période d’importants changements. La transition Tardiglaciaire-Holocène est marquée par de nombreuses variations climatiques qui rythment la recomposition de la faune et de la flore. Entre le XIIIe et le Xe millénaire avant notre ère, les sociétés humaines d’Europe occidentale connaissent elles aussi d’importantes mutations techno-économiques et sociales. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évolution des sociétés contemporaines du Dryas récent et, plus particulièrement, aux transformations des industries lithiques et à la signification paléohistorique de ces changements.L’assemblage lithique du niveau A4 de l’abri de Rochedane (Villars-sous-Dampjoux, Doubs) constitue le point de départ de notre réflexion. L’étude de ce corpus, à travers une approche typologique et techno-économique, a permis de confirmer et d’affiner le modèle d’organisation chrono-culturel proposé ces dernières années par A. Thévenin. Ainsi peut-on confirmer l’existence d’un faciès de type Rochedane et en préciser les caractéristiques. L’insertion de ces données dans un cadre chronologique et géographique plus large révèle que l’identité des industries de type Rochedane est double puisque ces industries appartiennent à la fois au monde épigravettien et au techno-complexe des Straight Blades and Bladelets Industries. / The end of glacial time is a period of change. The succession of different vegetations and faunas from the end of Lateglacial period to the beginning of the Holocene is marked by the large range and sometimes short time climatic fluctuations. Between the XIIIth and Xth millenniums BC, human societies of Western Europe experienced also significant techno-economic and social changes. This study focuses on the evolution of Younger Dryas societies and more specifically on the transformation of lithic industries and on the palaeohistoric meaning of these changes.The lithic material of the A4 level of Rochedane rock shelter (Villars-sous-Dampjoux, Doubs, France) constitutes a first rate corpus to reflect on this issue. The study of this corpus, which integrates the technological, typological and economical aspects of lithic industry, has allowed us to confirm and refine the chrono-cultural organizational model proposed those last years by A. Thévenin. Confronting results obtained from Rochedane to those groups located in bordering regions, this work has allowed the definition of “industries de type Rochedane”. The inclusion of these data within the European context has led to the understanding of population dynamics of the area and to the development of a reflection on the cultural and technical exchanges in Western Europe during the Late Glacial. Identity of “industries de type Rochedane” is double: those industries are part of epigravettian world and of Straight Blades and Bladelets Industries.