O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar uma proposta para o ensino de função afim, desenvolvendo-se todas as atividades em turmas de primeiro ano do terceiro ciclo, o equivalente ao sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental, a partir do emprego da Modelagem Matemática inserida em um cenário para investigação e compreendida como ambiente de aprendizagem. Pretende, também, verificar a pertinência de trabalhar tal conteúdo matemático com alunos dessa faixa etária. A turma investigada frequentava, na ocasião em que a proposta foi realizada, uma Escola de Ensino Fundamental da rede Municipal de Porto Alegre. Como referencial teórico, os estudos foram fundamentados, principalmente, nos conceitos de Modelagem Matemática, apresentados por Barbosa (2001), Biembengut (2000) e Skovsmose (2000). Para a investigação, a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi o Estudo de Caso. O tema da Modelagem Matemática teve como base uma investigação acerca dos planos de telefonia celular oferecidos pelas companhias existentes no Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de descobrir qual delas apresenta a proposta mais vantajosa, dependendo da necessidade do cliente. Durante os encontros, houve transição entre os diferentes ambientes de aprendizagem de Skovsmose (2000), bem como entre os diferentes casos propostos por Barbosa (2001). O desempenho dos alunos durante as aulas e os resultados por eles apresentados no final da sequência de atividades mostrou que a proposta desenvolvida é válida e adequada para a faixa etária em questão, bem como que, através da Modelagem Matemática, ocorre uma melhor compreensão da Matemática envolvida no trabalho. Como produto final, há ainda o material elaborado durante a realização do trabalho, o qual pode ser utilizado futuramente por professores que busquem valer-se de atividades semelhantes em suas aulas. / The main goal of this dissertation is to describe a proposal for teaching affine functions to first year classes of the third education cycle (equivalent to seventh grade of elementary school), through the application of Mathematical Modeling inserted on a research scenario and understood as a learning environment. It also aims to determine the pertinence of working the referred subject with students from the involved age group. The class under analysis was, during the time of the proposal deployment, part of the Elementary City School, located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Concerning the theoretical framework, the study was primarily substantiated on the concepts of Mathematical Modeling, as defined by Barbosa (2001), Biembengut (2000) and Skovsmose (2000). The methodology chosen for the research process was the case study. For the model development, the work with the students was based on a research about cell phone plans offered by mobile operators from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with the goal of finding out which one of them offers the most advantageous proposal, according to the customer’s needs. During the meetings, transitions among learning environments as defined by Skovsmose (2000), as well as among different cases as proposed by Barbosa (2001) took place. The students’ performance during classes and their results obtained at the end of the sequence of activities demonstrated that the implemented proposal is valid and proper for the age group under analysis, and that through Mathematical Modeling there is a better comprehension of the Mathematic subjects involved in the work. As a final product, there is still the material developed during the course of work, which can be used in the future for teachers who desire to make use of similar activities in their classes.

When adding Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA) to a multi-user VoIP (Voice over IP) system, performance and quality are at risk. The aim of this study is twofold. Firstly, it describes current methods suitable to secure voice streams within a VoIP system and make them available in an Asterisk-based VoIP environment. (Asterisk is a well established, open-source, TDM/VoIP PBX.) Secondly, this study evaluates the performance cost incurred after implementing each security method within the Asterisk-based system, using a special testbed suite, named DRAPA, which was developed expressly for this study. The three security methods implemented and studied were IPSec (Internet Protocol Security), SRTP (Secure Real-time Transport Protocol), and SIAX2 (Secure Inter-Asterisk eXchange 2 protocol). From the experiments, it was found that bandwidth and CPU usage were significantly affected by the addition of CIA. In ranking the three security methods in terms of these two resources, it was found that SRTP incurs the least bandwidth overhead, followed by SIAX2 and then IPSec. Where CPU utilisation is concerned, it was found that SIAX2 incurs the least overhead, followed by IPSec, and then SRTP.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / SIP is receiving much attention these days and it seems to be the most promising candidate as a signaling protocol for the current and future IP telephony services. Realizing this, there is the obvious need to provide a certain level of quality comparable to the traditional telephone service signalling system. Thus, we identified the major costs of SIP, which were found to be delay and security. This thesis discusses the costs of SIP, the solutions for the major costs, and the development of a low cost SIP application. The literature review of the components used to develop such a service is discussed, the networks in which the SIP is used are outlined, and some SIP applications and services previously designed are discussed. A simulation environment is then designed and implemented for the instant messaging service for wireless devices. This environment simulates the average delay in LAN and WLAN in different scenarios, to analyze in which scenario the system has the lowest costs and delay constraints. / South Africa

Telephony used to mean using a telephone to call another telephone on the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), and data networks were used purely to allow computers to communicate. However, with the advent of the Internet, telephony services have been extended to run on data networks. Telephone calls within the IP network are known as Voice over IP. These calls are carried by a number of protocols, with the most popular ones currently being Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and H.323. Calls can be made from the IP network to the PSTN and vice versa through the use of a gateway. The gateway translates the packets from the IP network to circuits on the PSTN and vice versa to facilitate calls between the two networks. Gateways have evolved and are now split into two entities using the master/slave architecture. The master is an intelligent Media Gateway Controller (MGC) that handles the call control and signalling. The slave is a "dumb" Media Gateway (MG) that handles the translation of the media. The current gateway control protocols in use are Megaco/H.248, MGCP and Skinny. These protocols have proved themselves on the edge of the network. Furthermore, since they communicate with the call signalling VoIP protocols as well as the PSTN, they have to be the lingua franca between the two networks. Within the VoIP network, the numbers of call signalling protocols make it difficult to communicate with each other and to create services. This research investigates the use of Gateway Control Protocols as the lowest common denominator between the call signalling protocols SIP and H.323. More specifically, it uses MGCP to investigate service creation. It also considers the use of MGCP as a protocol translator between SIP and H.323. A service was created using MGCP to allow H.323 endpoints to send Short Message Service (SMS) messages. This service was then extended with minimal effort to SIP endpoints. This service investigated MGCP’s ability to handle call control from the H.323 and SIP endpoints. An MGC was then successfully used to perform as a protocol translator between SIP and H.323.

O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar uma proposta para o ensino de função afim, desenvolvendo-se todas as atividades em turmas de primeiro ano do terceiro ciclo, o equivalente ao sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental, a partir do emprego da Modelagem Matemática inserida em um cenário para investigação e compreendida como ambiente de aprendizagem. Pretende, também, verificar a pertinência de trabalhar tal conteúdo matemático com alunos dessa faixa etária. A turma investigada frequentava, na ocasião em que a proposta foi realizada, uma Escola de Ensino Fundamental da rede Municipal de Porto Alegre. Como referencial teórico, os estudos foram fundamentados, principalmente, nos conceitos de Modelagem Matemática, apresentados por Barbosa (2001), Biembengut (2000) e Skovsmose (2000). Para a investigação, a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi o Estudo de Caso. O tema da Modelagem Matemática teve como base uma investigação acerca dos planos de telefonia celular oferecidos pelas companhias existentes no Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de descobrir qual delas apresenta a proposta mais vantajosa, dependendo da necessidade do cliente. Durante os encontros, houve transição entre os diferentes ambientes de aprendizagem de Skovsmose (2000), bem como entre os diferentes casos propostos por Barbosa (2001). O desempenho dos alunos durante as aulas e os resultados por eles apresentados no final da sequência de atividades mostrou que a proposta desenvolvida é válida e adequada para a faixa etária em questão, bem como que, através da Modelagem Matemática, ocorre uma melhor compreensão da Matemática envolvida no trabalho. Como produto final, há ainda o material elaborado durante a realização do trabalho, o qual pode ser utilizado futuramente por professores que busquem valer-se de atividades semelhantes em suas aulas. / The main goal of this dissertation is to describe a proposal for teaching affine functions to first year classes of the third education cycle (equivalent to seventh grade of elementary school), through the application of Mathematical Modeling inserted on a research scenario and understood as a learning environment. It also aims to determine the pertinence of working the referred subject with students from the involved age group. The class under analysis was, during the time of the proposal deployment, part of the Elementary City School, located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Concerning the theoretical framework, the study was primarily substantiated on the concepts of Mathematical Modeling, as defined by Barbosa (2001), Biembengut (2000) and Skovsmose (2000). The methodology chosen for the research process was the case study. For the model development, the work with the students was based on a research about cell phone plans offered by mobile operators from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with the goal of finding out which one of them offers the most advantageous proposal, according to the customer’s needs. During the meetings, transitions among learning environments as defined by Skovsmose (2000), as well as among different cases as proposed by Barbosa (2001) took place. The students’ performance during classes and their results obtained at the end of the sequence of activities demonstrated that the implemented proposal is valid and proper for the age group under analysis, and that through Mathematical Modeling there is a better comprehension of the Mathematic subjects involved in the work. As a final product, there is still the material developed during the course of work, which can be used in the future for teachers who desire to make use of similar activities in their classes.

No presente trabalho são aplicadas ferramentas estatísticas quantitativas clássicas no setor de telefonia móvel brasileiro a fim de comparar os seus resultados. Uma metodologia é proposta para a aplicação destas ferramentas de um modo prático em uma de uma operadora de telefonia celular brasileira. Após são aplicados os métodos de previsão às séries históricas de demanda de acessos da telefonia móvel brasileira, estratificadas de acordo com as tecnologias utilizadas (TDMA, CDMA e GSM), no período de agosto de 2002 a julho de 2007. De acordo com o desempenho, são obtidos os modelos de cada método estatístico proposto. Entre estes, se escolheu aquele que melhor descreveu cada série e previsões foram geradas. Os modelos ARIMA apresentaram o melhor desempenho dentre os métodos aplicados nas séries estudadas. / The activity of planning ahead their systems in an appropriate manner is fundamental to telecommunication sector agents in order to manage the resources allocation and to meet the quality requirements in the provision of mobile telephony services. As the networks and production systems deployment takes time, there is the need of a service demand forecast. Therefore, in this study, classical quantitative statistics tools are applied to the Brazilian mobile telephony sector to compare their results. A methodology for the application of such tools in a practical way within a business environment of this sector is proposed. Afterwards, forecasting methods are applied to the time series referred to Brazilian mobile telephony demand, stratified according to the technologies (TDMA, CDMA and GSM) in the period from August 2002 to July 2007. The models of each statistical method proposed, based on the performance results, are obtained and, among these methods, it is chosen a model that best described each time series. The ARIMA model had the best performance among the methods applied in the time series studied and forecasts were made.

p. 1 - 85 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-23T20:12:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 555555.pdf: 614882 bytes, checksum: e0137f51dbdf71770cb3980a43e799a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-23T20:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 555555.pdf: 614882 bytes, checksum: e0137f51dbdf71770cb3980a43e799a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / A telefonia celular tem se desenvolvido e no decorrer da sua evolução, o telefone celular antes visto apenas como um mero dispositivo de voz, agora passa a ser um protagonista na vida das pessoas desempenhando outras várias funções. Uma destas funcionalidades, o envio de SMS (Short Message Service)1, se tornou um padrão de comunicação usando apenas mensagens de texto para comunicação entre indivíduos. Aproveitando esta capacidade de enviar mensagens de texto para indivíduos com o intuito de divulgar e promover marcas e conceitos, surge o mobile marketing2 e mobile advertising3 que apresentam uma inovação no conceito de interação entre empresas e clientes. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória referente aos conceitos acerca do tema além de modelos de análise que tratam sobre os fatores de influência da receptividade de mensagens publicitárias enviadas através de SMS. / Salvador

No presente trabalho são aplicadas ferramentas estatísticas quantitativas clássicas no setor de telefonia móvel brasileiro a fim de comparar os seus resultados. Uma metodologia é proposta para a aplicação destas ferramentas de um modo prático em uma de uma operadora de telefonia celular brasileira. Após são aplicados os métodos de previsão às séries históricas de demanda de acessos da telefonia móvel brasileira, estratificadas de acordo com as tecnologias utilizadas (TDMA, CDMA e GSM), no período de agosto de 2002 a julho de 2007. De acordo com o desempenho, são obtidos os modelos de cada método estatístico proposto. Entre estes, se escolheu aquele que melhor descreveu cada série e previsões foram geradas. Os modelos ARIMA apresentaram o melhor desempenho dentre os métodos aplicados nas séries estudadas. / The activity of planning ahead their systems in an appropriate manner is fundamental to telecommunication sector agents in order to manage the resources allocation and to meet the quality requirements in the provision of mobile telephony services. As the networks and production systems deployment takes time, there is the need of a service demand forecast. Therefore, in this study, classical quantitative statistics tools are applied to the Brazilian mobile telephony sector to compare their results. A methodology for the application of such tools in a practical way within a business environment of this sector is proposed. Afterwards, forecasting methods are applied to the time series referred to Brazilian mobile telephony demand, stratified according to the technologies (TDMA, CDMA and GSM) in the period from August 2002 to July 2007. The models of each statistical method proposed, based on the performance results, are obtained and, among these methods, it is chosen a model that best described each time series. The ARIMA model had the best performance among the methods applied in the time series studied and forecasts were made.

This thesis evaluates and shows an implementation of a video telephony solution for network connected set-top boxes based on the SIP protocol for managing sessions. Unlike other video telephony implementations the set-top box does not handle both audio and video, but only video. A separate phone is used to handle audio. To maintain compatibility with other video telephony implementations, which expect a single SIP device with both audio and video capabilities, a mechanism to merge the audio (SIP-phone) and video (set-top box) into a single entity was developed using a back-to-back user agent. Due to the set-top boxes'limited hardware it could be impossible to have video compression and decompression performed by the set-top boxes. However, numerous performance tests of compression algorithms showed that the computational power available in the set-top boxes is sufficient to have acceptable frame rate and image quality in a video telephony session. A faster CPU or dedicated hardware for video compression and decompression would however be required in order to compete with dedicated video telephony systems available today. The implemented video telephony system is based on open standards such as SIP, RTP and H.261, which means interoperability with other video telephony implementations, such as Microsoft's Windows Messenger 4.7, is good.

Esta pesquisa reflete sobre o ambiente de mobilidade decorrente da popularização das tecnologias móveis, com redes sem fio, no contexto das Novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (NTICS). O telefone celular, símbolo da mobilidade informacional-virtual na qual estamos inseridos, cria impactos em diferentes práticas sociais, ao trazer a promessa de permanente conexão a outras pessoas e informações, a qualquer momento e em qualquer lugar. As interações entre telefonia celular e mobilidade, consumo e comunicação são o objeto da pesquisa, que tem o objetivo de analisar o processo comunicacional que envolve a produção de sentido por parte das marcas das operadoras de telefonia celular e suas expressões publicitárias, por um lado, e a apropriação dos significados da mobilidade pelo consumidor e presentes visualmente no espaço público, por outro lado. Este processo é cada vez mais dialógico, numa dinâmica negociada entre as instâncias de produção e consumo, configurando um sistema complexo e integrado. Do ponto de vista da comunicação marcária, nosso recorte se concentra na análise das expressividades publicitárias que valorizam os benefícios da mobilidade, a partir de um roteiro analítico que utiliza a semiótica peirceana como fundamento. Em relação ao consumo, realizamos entrevistas em profundidade para investigar os impactos das tecnologias móveis para os indivíduos consumidores em seus processos identitários. Adicionalmente, exploramos a presença visual da mobilidade nos espaços e na cultura urbana, com a realização de trajetos fotoetnográficos. Esta dinâmica comunicacional e de consumo da telefonia móvel foi pesquisada de forma comparativa, avaliando semelhanças e especificidades a partir de contextos socioeconômicos diferentes, que representam igualmente distintos estágios na adoção da tecnologia móvel. Para isso, escolhemos três países (Angola, Brasil e Portugal) que representam estes estágios de adoção, embora partilhem de raízes históricas entrelaçadas, simbolizadas pela língua portuguesa. Pudemos concluir que embora a telefonia móvel traga uma série de significados que pareçam associados intrinsecamente a sua tecnologia, a manipulação ativa de consumidores e marcas criam diferentes relações de sentido de acordo com as características de cada localidade. Além disso, percebemos um processo de evolução nos signos associados à telefonia móvel de acordo com a evolução da popularização dos serviços. Finalmente, propomos a utilização das tríades da semiótica peirceana para propor um modelo de gestão evolutiva de marca, composto por um gradiente sígnico de acordo com o estágio de adoção da telefonia celular, correlacionando-o a cada país pesquisado. Pretendemos organizar os efeitos de uma naturalização da tecnologia que impacta gradativamente os significados da mobilidade, e demonstrar que estes são renovados e ressignificados por marcas e consumidores em alta velocidade, de forma semelhante ao que ocorre com o desenvolvimento das próprias tecnologias de informação e comunicação. / This research reflects on mobility environment due to the popularization of mobile technologies (wireless networks) in the context of New Information and Communication Technologies (NICT). The cell phone, symbol of informational-virtual mobility, has created impacts in different social practices, raising promise of permanent connection to other people and information, at anytime and anywhere. The interactions related to mobile telephony and mobility, consumption and communication are the object of this survey, which aims to analyze the communication process involving the production of sense by brands of cell phone operators and their advertising expressions, on the one hand, and the appropriation of meanings by mobility consumers and visually present in public places, on the other hand. This process has been increasingly dialogical, a dynamic negotiation involving the instances of production and consumption, setting up a complex, integrated system. From the point of view of brand communication, this study focuses on analysis of advertising expressiveness that values the benefits of mobility, based on peircean semiotics. In terms of consumption, we investigated the impacts of mobile technologies on consumers, conducting in-depth interviews. In addition, we explored the visual presence of mobility in urban areas, collecting photoetnographic data. This communicational and consumption dynamics of mobile telephony was investigated in a comparative form, assessing similarities and specificities from different socioeconomic contexts, which also represent distinct stages in adoption of mobile technology. For this reason, we chose three Portuguese speaking countries (Angola, Brazil and Portugal) representing these adoption stages, while sharing intertwined historical roots. We can conclude that although the mobile telephony has brought a series of meanings that might seem intrinsically associated to its technology, the active manipulation of consumers and brands may create relations of sense according to characteristics of each locality. Besides that, we noticed a process of evolution in signs related to mobile telephony according to the evolution of popularization of services. Finally, we propose the use of peircean semiotics triads to design a brand evolution model, composed by a signic gradient according to the stage of adoption of mobile telephony, correlating it to each surveyed country. Furthermore, we intend to organize the effects of a naturalization of the services offered by the operators that gradually impact the senses of mobility, and also to demonstrate that these senses are renovated and reinterpreted by brands and consumers at the same speed as it happens in the development of information and communication technologies.