O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar uma proposta para o ensino de função afim, desenvolvendo-se todas as atividades em turmas de primeiro ano do terceiro ciclo, o equivalente ao sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental, a partir do emprego da Modelagem Matemática inserida em um cenário para investigação e compreendida como ambiente de aprendizagem. Pretende, também, verificar a pertinência de trabalhar tal conteúdo matemático com alunos dessa faixa etária. A turma investigada frequentava, na ocasião em que a proposta foi realizada, uma Escola de Ensino Fundamental da rede Municipal de Porto Alegre. Como referencial teórico, os estudos foram fundamentados, principalmente, nos conceitos de Modelagem Matemática, apresentados por Barbosa (2001), Biembengut (2000) e Skovsmose (2000). Para a investigação, a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi o Estudo de Caso. O tema da Modelagem Matemática teve como base uma investigação acerca dos planos de telefonia celular oferecidos pelas companhias existentes no Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de descobrir qual delas apresenta a proposta mais vantajosa, dependendo da necessidade do cliente. Durante os encontros, houve transição entre os diferentes ambientes de aprendizagem de Skovsmose (2000), bem como entre os diferentes casos propostos por Barbosa (2001). O desempenho dos alunos durante as aulas e os resultados por eles apresentados no final da sequência de atividades mostrou que a proposta desenvolvida é válida e adequada para a faixa etária em questão, bem como que, através da Modelagem Matemática, ocorre uma melhor compreensão da Matemática envolvida no trabalho. Como produto final, há ainda o material elaborado durante a realização do trabalho, o qual pode ser utilizado futuramente por professores que busquem valer-se de atividades semelhantes em suas aulas. / The main goal of this dissertation is to describe a proposal for teaching affine functions to first year classes of the third education cycle (equivalent to seventh grade of elementary school), through the application of Mathematical Modeling inserted on a research scenario and understood as a learning environment. It also aims to determine the pertinence of working the referred subject with students from the involved age group. The class under analysis was, during the time of the proposal deployment, part of the Elementary City School, located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Concerning the theoretical framework, the study was primarily substantiated on the concepts of Mathematical Modeling, as defined by Barbosa (2001), Biembengut (2000) and Skovsmose (2000). The methodology chosen for the research process was the case study. For the model development, the work with the students was based on a research about cell phone plans offered by mobile operators from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with the goal of finding out which one of them offers the most advantageous proposal, according to the customer’s needs. During the meetings, transitions among learning environments as defined by Skovsmose (2000), as well as among different cases as proposed by Barbosa (2001) took place. The students’ performance during classes and their results obtained at the end of the sequence of activities demonstrated that the implemented proposal is valid and proper for the age group under analysis, and that through Mathematical Modeling there is a better comprehension of the Mathematic subjects involved in the work. As a final product, there is still the material developed during the course of work, which can be used in the future for teachers who desire to make use of similar activities in their classes.

No presente trabalho são aplicadas ferramentas estatísticas quantitativas clássicas no setor de telefonia móvel brasileiro a fim de comparar os seus resultados. Uma metodologia é proposta para a aplicação destas ferramentas de um modo prático em uma de uma operadora de telefonia celular brasileira. Após são aplicados os métodos de previsão às séries históricas de demanda de acessos da telefonia móvel brasileira, estratificadas de acordo com as tecnologias utilizadas (TDMA, CDMA e GSM), no período de agosto de 2002 a julho de 2007. De acordo com o desempenho, são obtidos os modelos de cada método estatístico proposto. Entre estes, se escolheu aquele que melhor descreveu cada série e previsões foram geradas. Os modelos ARIMA apresentaram o melhor desempenho dentre os métodos aplicados nas séries estudadas. / The activity of planning ahead their systems in an appropriate manner is fundamental to telecommunication sector agents in order to manage the resources allocation and to meet the quality requirements in the provision of mobile telephony services. As the networks and production systems deployment takes time, there is the need of a service demand forecast. Therefore, in this study, classical quantitative statistics tools are applied to the Brazilian mobile telephony sector to compare their results. A methodology for the application of such tools in a practical way within a business environment of this sector is proposed. Afterwards, forecasting methods are applied to the time series referred to Brazilian mobile telephony demand, stratified according to the technologies (TDMA, CDMA and GSM) in the period from August 2002 to July 2007. The models of each statistical method proposed, based on the performance results, are obtained and, among these methods, it is chosen a model that best described each time series. The ARIMA model had the best performance among the methods applied in the time series studied and forecasts were made.

Orientador: Leonardo de Souza Mendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T15:12:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barison_Dherik_M.pdf: 8956445 bytes, checksum: 9549370d08573863a0f2bab25d076945 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A proposta desta dissertação é avaliar a qualidade de chamadas VoIP cifradas com diferentes algoritmos de criptografia através do OpenVPN, com o objetivo de identificar as diferenças de resultados entre os algoritmos de criptografia e também entre as chamadas cifradas e as não cifradas. Esta avaliação ocorrerá utilizando o MOS (Mean Opinion Score), um método que permite indicar a satisfação do usuário quanto a qualidade da comunicação. As chamadas VoIP cifradas irão ocorrer em diferentes cenários de rede que apresentam diversos problemas, tais como perda de pacotes, pacotes fora de seqüência, atraso, largura de banda de rede, etc. Estes cenários foram baseados em algumas situações reais de uso e serão emulados através da ferramenta Traffic Control do Linux, capaz de manipular os pacotes enviados por qualquer uma das interfaces de rede. Os cenários também terão diferentes larguras de banda de rede, para avaliar a influência das mesmas em algumas situações. / Abstract: The purpose of this work is to evaluate the quality of encrypted VoIP calls with different cipher algorithms through OpenVPN software, in order to identify differences in results between encryption algorithms and also differences between non-encrypted and encrypted calls. This evaluation will do by the MOS (Mean Opinion Score), a method to indicate user satisfaction of communication quality. The encrypted VoIP calls will occur in different network scenarios that present different problems, like packet loss, out-of-order packets, delay, network bandwidths, etc. These scenarios were based on some real situations of use and will be emulated with the Traffic Control tool from Linux, able of handling the packages sent by any available network interface. The scenarios will also have different network bandwidths to assess its importance in some situations. / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Leonardo de Souza Mendes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T06:08:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Breda_GeanDavis_D.pdf: 1331471 bytes, checksum: 2da1c624e2979dd429fa334b961a9280 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O presente trabalho concentra-se na área de detecção de falhas em sistemas de comunicações utilizando como base de informações arquivos de bilhetes contidos nas centrais. Estes arquivos, na grande maioria dos casos, são utilizados pelas operadoras de telecomunicação apenas para fins de cobrança dos usuários. A tese apresenta algoritmos para detecção de falhas e conseqüente geração de alarmes. Os algoritmos são analisados e classificados conforme o seu desempenho. O objetivo central da detecção de falhas com uma maior eficiência é diminuir as deficiências na qualidade de serviço do sistema, reduzindo as perdas econômicas e melhorando a satisfação dos clientes. Indicadores de mercado apontam que de 3% a 15% do faturamento das empresas de Telecom são perdidos por falhas na rede. Os algoritmos buscam maneiras eficientes de detectar falhas nos elementos de um sistema de comunicação / Abstract: The present work is focused in the area of fault detection in communications systems using billing tickets archives as base of information. In most of the cases, these archives are used by the telecommunication carriers only for billing purposes. The thesis presents algorithms for fault detection and consequence alarms generation. The algorithms are analyzed and classified according to their performance. The main objective of the fault detection with a bigger efficiency is to diminish the deficiencies in system¿s QoS, reducing economic losses and improving customers satisfaction. Market indicators show that from 3% to 15% of Telecommunication companies gains are lost for system failures. The algorithms search efficient ways to detect faults in the elements of a communication system / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Celso de Almeida / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T17:31:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramos_RodrigoPereira_D.pdf: 950853 bytes, checksum: f7285f4019c5e070e6dc3c92e1e16464 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: o desempenho dos sistemas de comunicações móveis baseados na técnica de acesso múltiplo CDMA é limitado pela interferência. Nesta tese, propomos um algoritmo de escolha de seqüências com comprimento fixo para a redução de interferência em sistemas CDMA em canais com desvanecimento seletivo em freqüência, que se baseia na minimização da probabilidade de erro de bit média do sistema. Dentre as classes de seqüências abordadas, podemos citar a de Walsh, a de Gold, a de comprimento máximo e também um novo tipo de seqüência de espalhamento baseado nas seqüências de comprimento máximo. Analisamos o desempenho de sistemas CDMA com arranjo de antenas na recepção e técnicas de diversidade de transmissão, mais especificamente codificação espaço-temporal. Desenvolvemos um limitante superior para a probabilidade de erro de bit média para estes sistemas. Também apresentamos a generalização do algoritmo proposto, para o caso com múltiplas antenas de transmissão e recepção. Com o objetivo de tornar o algoritmo de escolha mais efetivo no enlace reverso, é proposta uma sincronização dos usuários neste enlace / Abstract: The performance of mobile communication systems based on the CDMA technique is limited by interference. In this thesis, we propose a selection algorithm of spreading sequences with fixed length for interference mitigation on CDMA systems over frequency-selective fading channels, that is based on the minimization of the overall mean bit error probability of the system. The classes of sequences considered are Walsh, Gold, maximum length, and a new type of spreading sequences based on the maximum length sequences. We analyse CDMA systems performance with antenna array at the reception and diversity transmission techniques, specifically space-time coding. An upper-bound for the mean bit error probability of those systems is obtained. We also present a generalization of the proposed algorithm for multiple transmission and reception antennas. With the objective of making the selection algorithm more effective on the reverse link, it is proposed synchronization of the users on this link / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

In today's world, more and more phone calls are made over IP. This results in an increasing demand for scalable IP telephony equipment. Ingate Systems AB produces firewalls specialized in handling IP telephony. They have an inherent limit in the number of concurrent phone calls that they can handle. This can be a bottleneck at high loads. There is a load balancing solution available in the platform, but it has a number of drawbacks, such as media latency and client capability requirements, limiting its usage. Many companies provide load balancing solutions for SIP. However, it appears few handle all the problematic scenarios that the Ingate firewall does. This master's thesis aims to add load balancing functionality to the Ingate firewall, so that it can handle all types of clients. By splitting the firewall into two completely separate layers - a SIP layer and a firewall layer - the concept of a virtual machine emerges. A machine is no longer restricted to its physical SIP and firewall layers. Instead, virtual machines are used to process calls. They still have SIP and firewall layers, but the layers can reside on different physical machines. This thesis demonstrates the operation of an innovative load balancing implementation. The implementation was evaluated, and using four machines the test setup performed 50% better than the original Ingate platform, while still retaining all functionality -- something that was not possible with the original platform. This surpassed both the company's and my own expectations.

Statistical distributions are used to model behaviour of real VoIP traffic. We investigate call holding and inter-arrival times as well as speech patterns. The consequences of using an inappropriate model for network dimensioning are briefly discussed. Visual examination is used to compare well known distributions with empirical data. Our results support the general opinion that the Exponential distribution is not appropriate for modelling call holding time. We find that the distribution of talkspurt periods is well modelled by the Lognormal distribution and the silence periods by the generalized Pareto distribution. It is also observed that the call inter-arrival times tend to follow a heavy tailed distribution.

The market for IP telephony has increased over the years, more organizations integrate this technology with their existing networks. The advantages with IP telephony are the possibility to integrate different networks and transfer voice, data and video. However, the technology does not differ from other new technologies when it comes to handling security problems. The risks may increase when voice and data are transferred in the same network. Therefore it is important to elucidate the security aspects for IP networks. This thesis evaluates the technology by performing a comparison between traditional telephony and IP telephony in order to analyze the maintenance and security aspects of these two technologies. The comparison is based on the security services, authentication, integrity, confidentiality, non-repudiation and availability since these are the fundamental security aspects of IP telephony according to the authors. The result of the comparison indicates that IP telephony fulfils the most important security services, i.e. authentication, integrity and confidentiality. The PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) is seen as a secure network, because it is closed, e.g. only the operator has access.

National culture has a significant influence on how innovations are adopted and diffuse throughout society. Existing innovation literature often employ Hofstede’s cultural difference dimensions to predict technology diffusion, which is critical to international marketers who are interested in tapping into this region. However, whilst Hofstede initially clustered the Arab nations into one region, past works have failed to compare and predict the diffusion of innovations amongst the Middle East and North African (MENA) nations. To address this research gap and to challenge Hofstede’s assumption of the MENA region as one cultural homogenous group, this study proposes to 1) measure the cultural differences of the seven nations, including Kuwait, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, and Lebanon within the MENA region and 2) explore the relationship between national culture and the diffusion of innovations amongst the seven countries. Using Hofstede’s latest national culture instrument, the Value Survey Model 2013 (VSM13), 775 survey data is collected from university students based in the seven nations to obtain new national cultural profiles on six dimensions, which are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, indulgent versus restraint, long-term orientation and masculinity femininity index. Empirical evidence shows that all seven nations differ significantly on each of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, particularly on the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, indulgent versus restraint, and long term orientation dimension. The Bass Model is employed to estimate each of the seven nation’s diffusion patterns based on their mobile subscription data, and then correlated with their national culture ranks along with other variables such as socioeconomic indicators and telecommunication sector specific variables. The findings indicate that out of the six national culture indices, only the power distance index, indulgent versus restraint, long term orientation, and uncertainty avoidance dimensions show significant correlations with the innovation and imitations levels on the national level, suggesting that these particular cultural scales can effect and limit the innovation levels and the speed of the diffusion process of innovations. Results also indicate that literacy rate and urbanization are significantly correlated with the speed of the diffusion process and imitation levels on the national level. This research sheds new light on cross national diffusion literature by empirically revealing the innovative and imitative profiles of seven Arab States that were previously underrepresented and untested. The present study also provides fresh insights into the diffusion and national culture relationship by analysing the MENA region, which presents a theoretical contribution to cross cultural diffusion studies by advancing our understanding of the process by which Hofstede’s dimensions are associated with innovative and imitative levels. International marketing managers are thus advised to adopt a waterfall strategy when approaching the MENA region, in which innovative countries, such as Kuwait, are first targeted for introducing innovative products and services, through mass media and advertising. Whilst imitative countries, such as Egypt, are targeted for last entry, with a marketing communication plan that utilizes brand ambassadors and influencers, so as to reduce the risk and uncertainty of the innovation in question.

Le secteur des transports est confronté au défi posé par la mobilité durable. Alors qu’il est indispensable du point de vue socio-économique, les externalités négatives sociales et économiques (dépendance au pétrole) et environnementales (émissions de GES dans l’atmosphère) qu’il provoque pose la question de sa pérennité. Face à ce constat, les décideurs politiques proposent, essentiellement à l’échelle communautaire, diverses pistes d’actions destinées à relever ce défi. Une d’entre elle vise à optimiser les flux physiques via l’utilisation des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) L’idée est que leur utilisation pendant le trajet permet d’optimiser les déplacements physiques des voyageurs. Cette thèse se propose de vérifier la véracité de ce postulat en prenant comme exemple le cas des applications géolocalisées sur téléphonie mobile. L’analyse de la littérature académique ne permet pas de répondre à cette question car elle est trop focalisée autour des usages filaires des TIC ainsi que, dans le cas de la géolocalisation, sur les terminaux dédiés GPS. Pour répondre à cette question, une étude qualitative portant sur des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 30 acteurs clés à été réalisée. Les résultats obtenus montrent que loin d’être un instrument d’optimisation, celles-ci favorisent une augmentation des flux physiques et l’apparition de nouvelles externalités environnementales. De plus, la capacité de ces services à modifier à court-terme les schémas de déplacements de leurs utilisateurs paraît grandement surévaluée. Le déploiement des applications géolocalisées sur téléphonie mobile ne semblent pas constituer pas une réponse au défi posé par la mobilité durable. / Transportation sector is confronted to the challenge of sustainable mobility. In spite of its importance in the social and economic views, its durability is challenged by its reliance on a fossil energy (oil) and its greenhouse gas emissions in the Earth’s atmosphere. Public policies call for optimizing transport sector, notably by using Information and communications technologies (ICT) in order to rationalize human’s journeys. This study proposes to verify if the use of these technologies can lead to more sustainable mobility by optimizing transports. That’s why we will discuss the case of the relationship between mobile phone positioning applications and travel. A qualitative study has been conducted based on 30 interviews on key actors. The results show that the uses of these applications do not actually optimise travel, but rather increase its environmental cost, particularly leading to more travel and energy consumption. Furthermore, the ability of these applications to modify travel behavior is highly overestimated. Consequently, mobile positioning applications fall short of supporting sustainable mobility.