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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2000. / Title from title screen (viewed February 12, 2009). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science. Degree awarded 2000; thesis submitted 1999. The 2 in the title is in subscript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1995. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Warren E. Yasso. Dissertation Committee: O. Roger Anderson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-109).

The attribution of recent global warming to anthropogenic emissions is now well established. However, the relation of recent changes in other properties of the climate system to human activities is not as clearly understood. The aim of this thesis is to improve our understanding of this relation in the case of two of these properties, namely the diurnal temperature range (DTR) and modes of tropospheric variability. The DTR, the difference between daily maximum and minimum temperatures, has decreased over global land areas at a rate comparable to the mean warming. Model simulations including the effects of human emissions produce a comparable change, albeit of smaller magnitude. This decrease results from increased reflection of solar radiation by clouds moderated by decreasing soil moisture, mostly through its effect on the ground heat capacity. Recent trends in indices of some modes of atmospheric variability suggest the possibility that forced climate change may manifest itself through a projection onto these pre-existing modes. Model simulations indicate that this is plausible in the case of sea level pressure, but only partly so in the case of surface air temperature. On the interannual time scale examined in this thesis, these projections are consistent with a linear interpretation, rather than a nonlinear one. These results are, however, sensitive to the representation of small scale processes in the models. For instance, the DTR response depends strongly on the representation of cloud and land surface processes. Further examination of the response of one of the tropospheric modes, namely the Southern Annular Mode which represents the meridional shift of the mid latitude jet in the Southern Hemisphere, indicates that it is sensitive to the parametrisation of sub-grid scale mixing in the ocean. Nevertheless, these results suggest that the recent changes are consistent with enhanced greenhouse warming, and indicate that they are likely to continue into the foreseeable future. / Graduate

The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a coupling of five different models which are combined to simulate the dynamic interactions between and within the Earth's atmosphere, ocean, land, land-ice, and sea-ice. In this work, the installation and testing of CESM on Portland State University's Cluster for Climate Change and Aerosol Research (CsAR) is described and documented, and two research applications of the model are performed. First, the improved treatment of cloud microphysics within recent versions of CESM's atmospheric module is applied to an examination of changes in shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) and results are compared to output from older versions of the model. Second, the CESM model is applied to an examination of the effect that increased methane (CH4) concentrations have had on the catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone (O3) by ozone depleting compounds (ODCs) such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxide (N2O).

This study focuses on two main broad areas of active research on climate: climate variability and climate change and their implications on regional precipitation characteristics. All the analysis is carried out for a climate change-sensitive region, the state of Florida, USA. The focus of the climate variability analysis is to evaluate the influence of individual and coupled phases (cool and warm) of Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and El Niäno southern oscillation (ENSO) on regional precipitation characteristics. The two oscillations in cool and warm phases modulate each other which have implications on flood control and water supply in the region. Extreme precipitation indices, temporal distribution of rainfall within extreme storm events, dry and wet spell transitions and antecedent conditions preceding extremes are evaluated. Kernel density estimates using Gaussian kernel for distribution-free comparative analysis and bootstrap sampling-based confidence intervals are used to compare warm and cool phases of different lengths. Depth-duration-frequency (DDF) curves are also developed using generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions characterizing the extremes. ... This study also introduces new approaches to optimally select the predictor variables which help in modeling regional precipitation and further provides a mechanism to select an optimum spatial resolution to downscale the precipitation projections. New methods for correcting the biases in monthly downscaled precipitation projections are proposed, developed and evaluated in this study. The methods include bias corrections in an optimization framework using various objective functions, hybrid methods based on universal function approximation and new variants. / by Aneesh Goly. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama temperatūros įtaka plieninių strypinių konstrukcijų darbui. Darbas susideda iš teorinės ir eksperimentinės dalių. Teorinėje dalyje atlikta literatūros apžvalga. Aptarti naujai pasiūlyti strypinių sistemų ir atskirų elementų, bei jų sujungimo skaičiavimo metodai ir eksperimentiniai rezultatai, veikiant aukštoms (gaisro) temperatūroms. Aprašyta temperatūros pokyčio įtaka elemento deformacijai, pateikiamas matematinis modelis tamprioms-plastinėms strypinėms konstrukcijoms skaičiuoti, įvertinant temperatūros pokyčius. Eksperimentinėje dalyje atliekama rėmo, kai elementus veikia visame skerspjūvio aukštyje vienoda temperatūra, ir kai apatiniuose ir viršutiniuose elementų sluoksniuose ji skiriasi, analizė. Skaičiavimams atlikti panaudotas simbolinės matematikos paketas Matlab. Aprašomi rezultatai, suformuluojamos išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbą sudaro šios dalys: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, matematinio modelio sudarymas, skaitinis eksperimentas, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 90 p. teksto, 54 iliustracijos, 9 lentelės, 37 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. / This final master thesis deals with the impact of temperature on steel-framed structures. The thesis consists of theoretical and experimental parts. The theoretical part covers the review of literature. New methods of calculations and experimental results of steel-framed structures, separate members and connections at elevated temperatures are analysed. The impact of temperature changes on deformation of the elements is described, the mathematical model for calculating elastic-plastic bar structures with estimation of temperature changes is given. The experimental part covers the analysis of the frame, when the temperature is the same throughout the whole cross-section of members and when it is different in the bottom and top parts of sections. Software pack Matlab was used for calculations. Results of calculations are given, conclusions and suggestions presented. Structure: introduction, review of literature, mathematical model, experimental part, conclusions and suggestions, references. Volume of the thesis: 90 pages of text, 54 pictures, 9 tables, 37 references.

SMHI:s data tyder på att temperaturen i Sverige kommer att öka. Dessutom kommer det framtida temperaturintervallet att vara mindre. Dessa två beräknade förändringar kommer att påverka den dimensioneringsprocess som idag används för vägar. Idag tar trafikverket hänsyn till temperaturen i ett bitumenbundet lager samt klimatperiodernas längder och båda dessa variabler kommer att förändras med tiden. Detta kommer att påverka val av material, materialåtgång vid nybyggnation, underhållsåtgärder samt vägens beräknade livslängd och kraven på de bitumen som skall används i framtiden. Förutom detta kan trafikverket behöva se över ett antal tabellvärden samt den klimatzonsindelning organisationen för närvarande använder sig utav. / The data from Sweden’s meteorological and hydrological institute suggests the temperatures in Sweden will rise in the future. It also suggests that the future temperature intervals will be smaller than they are today. This will affect the methods that are used for designing roads. Currently Trafikverket takes into account the temperature of the asphalt and the number of days of a specific climate period when considering climate temperature. Both these variables will have to be checked and possibly redone. This change will affect several areas that are important for the design, among these are the choice of materials, the amount of materials used, the cost of building and maintaining a road, a roads expected lifetime and the requirements for future asphalt layers. Add to that Trafikverket will probably need to recheck several table values and the climate zones that the organization uses today.

In this work over 200 temperature proxy data sets have been analyzed to determine if periodic and or quasi-periodic patterns exist in the data sets. References to the journal articles where data are recorded are provided. Chapter 1 serves an introduction to the problem of temperature determination in providing information on how various proxy data sources are derived. Examples are given of the techniques followed in producing proxy data that predict temperature for each method used. In chapter 2 temperature proxy data spanning the last 4000 years, from 2,000 BCE to 2,000 CE, are analyzed to determine if overarching patterns exist in proxy data sets. An average of over 100 proxy data sets was used to produce Figure 4. An overview of the data shows that several “peaks” can be identified. The data were then subjected to analysis using a series of frequency modulated cosine waves. This analysis led to a function that can be expressed by equation 3. The literature was examined to determine what mathematical models had been published to fit the experimental proxy data for temperature. A number of attempts have been made to fit data from limited data sets with some degree of success. Some other papers have used a sinusoidal function to best fit the changes in the temperature. After consideration of many published papers and reviewing long time streams of proxy data that appeared to have sine wave patterns, a new model was proposed for trial. As the patterns observed showed “almost” repeating sine cycles, a frequency modulated sine wave was chosen to obtain a best fit function. Although other papers have used a sinusoidal function to best fit the changes in the temperature, the “best fit” was limited. Thus, it was decided that a frequency modulated sine wave may be a better model that would provide a more precise fit. This proved to be the case and the more than 240 temperature proxy data sets were analyzed using Equation 3. In chapter 3 the time span for the proxy data was extended to cover the period of time 12,000 BCE to 2000 CE. The data were then tested by using the equation above to search for periodic/quasi-periodic patterns. These results are summarized under select conditions of time periods. In chapter 4 the interval of time is extended over 1,000,000 years of time to test for long period “periodic” changes in global temperature. These results are provided for overall analysis. The function f(x) as described above was used to test for periodic/quasi-periodic changes in the data. Chapter 5 provides an analysis of temperature proxy data for an interval of time of 3,000,000 years to establish how global temperature has varied during the last three million years. Some long-term quasi-periodic patterns are identified. Chapter 6 provides a summation of the model proposed for global temperature that can be expected if similar trends continue over future years as have prevailed for the past few million years. Data sets that were used in this work are tabulated in the appendices of this paper.