Denna studie berör studenters preferenser när det gäller transporter som görs med cykel. Studien begränsas till området Öst på stan med universitetsområdet och centrum som start och målpunkt inom Umeå kommun. Studien bygger på en fallstudie där ett 70-tal studenters resonemang och åsikter behandlas utifrån vad som är mer och mindre attraktiva inslag rörande cykelvägars utformning. Samt om det finns andra beståndsdelar som är viktiga vid val av cykelväg förutom utformningen. Deras åsikter preciseras både genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning samt en kvalitativ gruppintervju. Vidare genomfördes en tematisering för att strukturera den data som framkommit från respondenterna.   Respondenterna utrycker att cykelvägarna bör erbjuda god framkomlighet och standard för att dessa ska anses värda att användas. Exempel på positiv utformning är: God sikt, underhåll av vägens hårda ytor samt hantering av snö och vatten. Även vägbredd och separering är attraktiva inslag för god utformning. Utöver utformning är kopplingar mellan målpunkter viktigt för att vägen ska anses användarvänlig. De slutsatser som dras inom studien är att Öst på stans fyra cykelvägar erbjuder olika standard sinsemellan. Kvalitén på vägarna anses ändå så pass bra att detta inte inverkar i valet av färdväg. Vad som spelar in i valet av färdväg för respondenterna är istället den upplevda kopplingen mellan de två målpunkter som behandlas för denna fallstudie. Samt den upplevda tid det tar att nyttja en väg. Den upplevda kopplingen är i sin tur baserad på den lokalkännedom som studenterna har om platsen. Detta innebär således att valet av cykelväg grundas främst på den kännedom studenter har om möjliga vägar och i andra hand vilka punkter dessa vägar kopplar samman för detta studieområde.

The program AutoCAD is a standard software solution to design of some surface routes. The thesis shows a right elaboration of a cart-road with using the program AutoCAD. The work should be the educational aid for a education of a technical subject. As a result of this thesis is a complete design documentation that is necessary for the administrative and technical realization of the cart-road.

Cycling contributes to public health because it requires physical effort [1] and offers economic and environmental advantages over motorized transport [2]. However, 41,000 cyclists die every year in traffic crashes, 3% of the total worldwide [3]. Most fatal bicycle crashes are collisions with motor vehicles. Severe injuries among cyclists, however, are mostly due to single bicycle crashes and their numbers are increasing [4, 5]. An international review showed that the share of hospitalised casualties due to single-bicycle crashes varied from 3% to 41 % of the total number of hospitalised casualties [ 6]. ... The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between cycle track width and lateral position. We conducted an experiment in which the cycle track width was manipulated to determine its effect on lateral position. The results have been compared with previous findings from literature. [From: Introduction]

National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter have been promulgated since April, 1971. While effects of stationary sources on these standards have been examined, little research has been accomplished on the effects of fugitive particulate. This thesis examines the environmental impact of a fugitive dust source, Highway Construction. Using the High-Volume reference method for particulate sampling, the effect of Highway construction was determined. An analysis of concentrations, distance influences, meteorological influences, particle sizes and construction influences is presented. The data obtained from this study indicates the major influence of concentrations is a function of distance and sampling height. Particle sizes were observed to be larger than normal "urban" particles. While many air quality violations were noted, recommendations to reduce these occurrences are made.

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of unsignalised intersection geometry on the rates of the various types of accidents occurring at unsignalised intersections. A literature review has identified that there is little consistency between the results of previous studies. Some studies found that particular parameters had an opposite effect to what was expected. With this in mind, the research identified reasons for these results and developed two basic approaches to mitigate some of the problems with multi-factor type studies. These approaches are 'maximise the efficiency of data collection' and 'develop techniques for analysing less than perfect data'. A database consisting of 206 unsignalised intersection sites from throughout Queensland was used for analysis. The outcome of this research confirms the validity of several of the current design standards for unsignalised intersections, in addition to identifying new engineering procedures.

SMHI:s data tyder på att temperaturen i Sverige kommer att öka. Dessutom kommer det framtida temperaturintervallet att vara mindre. Dessa två beräknade förändringar kommer att påverka den dimensioneringsprocess som idag används för vägar. Idag tar trafikverket hänsyn till temperaturen i ett bitumenbundet lager samt klimatperiodernas längder och båda dessa variabler kommer att förändras med tiden. Detta kommer att påverka val av material, materialåtgång vid nybyggnation, underhållsåtgärder samt vägens beräknade livslängd och kraven på de bitumen som skall används i framtiden. Förutom detta kan trafikverket behöva se över ett antal tabellvärden samt den klimatzonsindelning organisationen för närvarande använder sig utav. / The data from Sweden’s meteorological and hydrological institute suggests the temperatures in Sweden will rise in the future. It also suggests that the future temperature intervals will be smaller than they are today. This will affect the methods that are used for designing roads. Currently Trafikverket takes into account the temperature of the asphalt and the number of days of a specific climate period when considering climate temperature. Both these variables will have to be checked and possibly redone. This change will affect several areas that are important for the design, among these are the choice of materials, the amount of materials used, the cost of building and maintaining a road, a roads expected lifetime and the requirements for future asphalt layers. Add to that Trafikverket will probably need to recheck several table values and the climate zones that the organization uses today.

The purpose of this study is to compare the safety of cyclists in five bicycle facility layouts in signalized intersections at various traffic volumes in order to assess if some layouts are better than others with regards to cyclist safety and to develop methods to facilitate this comparison. The five layouts included two full-length bicycle tracks with and without separate right-turning lane, two truncated bicycle tracks – one in which cyclists and right-turning vehicles merge in the right-turning lane, one continued into a narrow bicycle lane – and a recessed bicycle track. Using two different definitions of traffic conflicts the safety of cyclists in each layout is calculated as the risk of a cyclist being involved in a conflict with left- and right-turning vehicles at low, medium and high vehicle volumes, respectively. In total, around 35,500 left-turning vehicles, 38,000 right-turning vehicles and 16,000 cyclists going straight ahead were observed, resulting in 12 left-hook and 25 right-hook traffic conflicts for the reaction-based indicator and 25 left-hook and 80 right-hook traffic conflicts for the time-based indicator. The results show that regardless of which of the two conflict indicators were used, the number of conflicts was too small to make firm conclusions about which layout is safest for cyclists at various traffic volumes, although the study was based on 80 h of video recordings from each of the five intersections. However, a recessed bicycle track seems to be safer than the other geometric layouts. In order to facilitate the detection of conflicts, we developed watchdog video analysis software to reduce the amount of video. This software compressed 400 h of video into 64 h, i.e. 16% of its original length. The use of this software is particularly important to provide enough conflicts for an analysis if even larger traffic conflict studies should be carried out.

Esta pesquisa avalia a aplicabilidade de modelos matemáticos para analisar a compatibilidade de tráfego de caminhões e combinações de veículos de carga com trechos de rodovias. Os modelos avaliados permitiram a elaboração de um simulador de tráfego de veículos rodoviários de carga em trechos de rodovias, permitindo determinar o perfil de velocidades com base nas características mecânicas do veículo e o perfil da rodovia. O método permite ainda obter os valores de aceleração, potência utilizada, e consumo de combustível. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se consistentes com observações de campo e recomendações de manuais de projeto de rodovias. Outros fatores associados à compatibilidade entre veículos e rodovias, como capacidade de frenagem motora, capacidade de frenagem de emergência, requisitos de sobrelargura, estabilidade veicular, influência do comportamento do condutor sobre as simulações, consumo de combustíveis e emissões de poluentes são discutidos. Conclui-se que o simulador tem utilidade tanto como ferramenta de análise da compatibilidade de tráfego de veículos de carga em trechos de rodovias, como para identificar deficiências de projeto geométrico de rodovias para autorizar o tráfego de determinadas configurações veiculares. / This research evaluates the applicability of mathematical models to analyze the traffic compatibility of trucks or cargo combination vehicles with road segments. The evaluated models led to a cargo vehicle locomotion simulator along a road segment, that calculates the speed profile of the vehicle as a function of its mechanical characteristics and the road profile. The method also calculates values of acceleration, used power, and fuel consumption. The results obtained are consistent with field observations and recommendations of road design manuals. Others factors associated with the traffic compatibility of cargo vehicles with geometric characteristics of a road segment like engine braking capability, emergency braking capability, overwidht requirements, vehicle stability, conductor influence, fuel consumption, and emissions rates are also discussed. The conclusion is that the simulator can be used as a tool for traffic compatibility analysis of cargo vehicles with road sections or to identify road design deficiencies to certify traffic of certain vehicle configurations.

Esta pesquisa avalia a aplicabilidade de modelos matemáticos para analisar a compatibilidade de tráfego de caminhões e combinações de veículos de carga com trechos de rodovias. Os modelos avaliados permitiram a elaboração de um simulador de tráfego de veículos rodoviários de carga em trechos de rodovias, permitindo determinar o perfil de velocidades com base nas características mecânicas do veículo e o perfil da rodovia. O método permite ainda obter os valores de aceleração, potência utilizada, e consumo de combustível. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se consistentes com observações de campo e recomendações de manuais de projeto de rodovias. Outros fatores associados à compatibilidade entre veículos e rodovias, como capacidade de frenagem motora, capacidade de frenagem de emergência, requisitos de sobrelargura, estabilidade veicular, influência do comportamento do condutor sobre as simulações, consumo de combustíveis e emissões de poluentes são discutidos. Conclui-se que o simulador tem utilidade tanto como ferramenta de análise da compatibilidade de tráfego de veículos de carga em trechos de rodovias, como para identificar deficiências de projeto geométrico de rodovias para autorizar o tráfego de determinadas configurações veiculares. / This research evaluates the applicability of mathematical models to analyze the traffic compatibility of trucks or cargo combination vehicles with road segments. The evaluated models led to a cargo vehicle locomotion simulator along a road segment, that calculates the speed profile of the vehicle as a function of its mechanical characteristics and the road profile. The method also calculates values of acceleration, used power, and fuel consumption. The results obtained are consistent with field observations and recommendations of road design manuals. Others factors associated with the traffic compatibility of cargo vehicles with geometric characteristics of a road segment like engine braking capability, emergency braking capability, overwidht requirements, vehicle stability, conductor influence, fuel consumption, and emissions rates are also discussed. The conclusion is that the simulator can be used as a tool for traffic compatibility analysis of cargo vehicles with road sections or to identify road design deficiencies to certify traffic of certain vehicle configurations.

The cost of a road construction over its service life is a function of design, quality of construction as well as maintenance strategies and operations. An optimal life-cycle cost for a road requires evaluations of the above mentioned components. Unfortunately, road designers often neglect a very important aspect, namely, the possibility to perform future maintenance activities. Focus is mainly directed towards other aspects such as investment costs, traffic safety, aesthetic appearance, regional development and environmental effects. This doctoral thesis presents the results of a research project aimed to increase consideration of road maintenance aspects in the planning and design process. The following subgoals were established: Identify the obstacles that prevent adequate consideration of future maintenance during the road planning and design process; and Examine optimisation of life-cycle costs as an approach towards increased efficiency during the road planning and design process. The research project started with a literature review aimed at evaluating the extent to which maintenance aspects are considered during road planning and design as an improvement potential for maintenance efficiency. Efforts made by road authorities to increase efficiency, especially maintenance efficiency, were evaluated. The results indicated that all the evaluated efforts had one thing in common, namely ignorance of the interrelationship between geometrical road design and maintenance as an effective tool to increase maintenance efficiency. Focus has mainly been on improving operating practises and maintenance procedures. This fact might also explain why some efforts to increase maintenance efficiency have been less successful. An investigation was conducted to identify the problems and difficulties, which obstruct due consideration of maintainability during the road planning and design process. A method called “Change Analysis” was used to analyse data collected during interviews with experts in road design and maintenance. The study indicated a complex combination of problems which result in inadequate consideration of maintenance aspects when planning and designing roads. The identified problems were classified into six categories: insufficient consulting, insufficient knowledge, regulations and specifications without consideration of maintenance aspects, insufficient planning and design activities, inadequate organisation and demands from other authorities. Several urgent needs for changes to eliminate these problems were identified. One of the problems identified in the above mentioned study as an obstacle for due consideration of maintenance aspects during road design was the absence of a model for calculating life-cycle costs for roads. Because of this lack of knowledge, the research project focused on implementing a new approach for calculating and analysing life-cycle costs for roads with emphasis on the relationship between road design and road maintainability. Road barriers were chosen as an example. The ambition is to develop this approach to cover other road components at a later stage. A study was conducted to quantify repair rates for barriers and associated repair costs as one of the major maintenance costs for road barriers. A method called “Case Study Research Method” was used to analyse the effect of several factors on barrier repairs costs, such as barrier type, road type, posted speed and seasonal effect. The analyses were based on documented data associated with 1625 repairs conducted in four different geographical regions in Sweden during 2006. A model for calculation of average repair costs per vehicle kilometres was created. Significant differences in the barrier repair costs were found between the studied barrier types. In another study, the injuries associated with road barrier collisions and the corresponding influencing factors were analysed. The analyses in this study were based on documented data from actual barrier collisions between 2005 and 2008 in Sweden. The result was used to calculate the cost for injuries associated with barrier collisions as a part of the socio-economic cost for road barriers. The results showed significant differences in the number of injuries associated with collisions with different barrier types. To calculate and analyse life-cycle costs for road barriers a new approach was developed based on a method called “Activity-based Life-cycle Costing”. By modelling uncertainties, the presented approach gives a possibility to identify and analyse factors crucial for optimising life-cycle costs. The study showed a great potential to increase road maintenance efficiency through road design. It also showed that road components with low investment costs might not be the best choice when including maintenance and socio-economic aspects. The difficulties and problems faced during the collection of data for calculating life-cycle costs for road barriers indicated a great need for improving current data collecting and archiving procedures. The research focused on Swedish road planning and design. However, the conclusions can be applied to other Nordic countries, where weather conditions and road design practices are similar. The general methodological approaches used in this research project may be applied also to other studies.