Este trabalho busca conhecer o tempo histórico da Idade Média, através do livro das Posturas Antigas de Lisboa. A partir de regras, costumes e leis que consubstanciam a referida obra, questiona-se sobre o significado daquele tempo para a humanidade. Apesar de não se ter como objectivo um cotejamento entre a Idade Média e a Idade Moderna, determinações do próprio tempo conduzem a pensar no que há de comum entre ambas, especialmente no que se refere à divisão de classes, em diversas passagens. Observam-se por exemplo, que na Idade Media o Cristianismo glorificava o fim do mundo, assim como capitalistas glorificam o fim da história, ambos objectivando a mautenção do status quo. O estudo confirma a enorme influência do Cristianismo na conformação do tempo histórico medieval, sendo notável o enrelaçamento entre a fé cristã e a organização de economia. Sob o signo do medo e da esperança a igreja responde pela preservação do atraso e da ignorância que também carcterizam o medievo. Verifica-se que cada formação tem uma estrutura distinta, mas pode-se afirmar a existência de um traço comum a todas as sociedades de classe, qual seja caminhar pari e passou com adesigualdade. Dentre outras constatções, o que de mais fundamental há nesta pesquisa é a (re)afirmação de que as relações entre os homens são históricas, sociasi e transitórias.

In the recent years, Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has emerged as a very promising technique for enhancing the sensitivity of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging (MRSI). A number of nuclei, namely 13C, 15N, 29Si, 89Y, and 129Xe, have been successfully polarized and a few of them have been employed in the in-vivo studies for functional imaging and metabolism. Hyperpolarized 13C-labeled compounds have wide applications in the metabolic and perfusion studies and can be used for early stage disease diagnosis, response to treatment, prognosis etc. DNP has been demonstrated in the 31P nucleus in nucleotides triphosphates as an application for the structural analysis and identification techniques. In this work, 31P DNP has been successfully applied, optimized and demonstrated in Dimethyl Methyl Phosphonate (DMMP) for the first time. DMMP is a freely diffusible tracer and hyperpolarized DMMP can potentially be used in the perfusion studies using MR imaging and spectroscopic techniques. The polarization buildup and signal enhancements were optimized for two different radicals, a nitroxyl radical TEMPO and a trityl radical OX063. Microwave frequency sweeps were done for both the radicals to find out the optimum frequencies for maximum polarization, Maximum signal enhancement (¡Ö2300 folds) and maximum percent polarization buildup (2.15%) were achieved by polarizing DMMP with the radical OX063 at the microwave frequency of 94.080 GHz with a glassing matrix containing D2O and glycerol and by using D2O in the dissolution step. DMMP was hyperpolarized at the optimum conditions and injected in a mouse for in-vivo spectroscopy and imaging. The results show that hyperpolarized DMMP is a potential candidate for functional imaging and metabolism.

Este trabalho investiga o futuro subjuntivo em orações relativas restritivas no português brasileiro considerando noções de modo, tempo e aspecto. Partindo de Quer (1998, 2008), assumimos que o modo subjuntivo em orações relativas indica sempre uma leitura não-referencial/atributiva do antecedente e observamos que o futuro do subjuntivo nesse ambiente só é selecionado quando há alguma referência de futuro na matriz, como um verbo no futuro do presente ou um predicado intensional como querer. Para questões temporais, tomamos por base a teoria referencial de tempo de Partee (1993) e o conceito de tempo de tópico de Klein (1994, 2009) e propomos que o futuro do subjuntivo deve ser considerado um tempo referencial não-passado a) relacionado a um tempo de tópico evidente no contexto; b) concomitante ou posterior ao momento de fala; c) também concomitante ou anterior ao tempo da matriz, nunca posterior a ele. Abordamos as classes de aspecto lexical propostas por Vendler (1957) para investigar os contrastes entre presente e futuro do subjuntivo em orações relativas, duas formas subjuntivas que autores como Comrie e Holmback (1984) e Marques (2010) consideram competidoras entre si no sistema verbal do português. Concluímos que o contraste entre eles pode parecer pouco relevante a princípio, em especial em casos de predicados estativos, mas que ele se torna mais claro à medida em que se evidencia o tempo de tópico relacionado ao futuro do subjuntivo. Por último, com fins descritivos, voltamos nossa atenção a noções de aspecto gramatical, partindo da relação entre o tempo de situação e o tempo de tópico também proposta por Klein (1994, 2009) para definir o futuro do subjuntivo como um tempo referencial não-passado em que, em oposição aos tempos pretéritos do português, não há marcação morfológica de aspecto perfectivo ou imperfectivo. / This work investigates the future subjunctive in relative restrictive clauses in Brazilian Portuguese considering notions of mood, tense and aspect. From Quer (1998, 2008) we assume that subjunctive mood in relative clauses indicates a non-referential / attributive reading of the antecedent. We also observe that the future subjunctive in this environment is only selected when there is some future reference in the matrix clause, as a verb in the simple future or an intensional predicate as to want. In discussing temporal features, we take Partee\'s (1993) referential theory of tense and the concept of topic time by Klein (1994, 2009) to propose that the future subjunctive should be considered a non-past referential tense a)related to a topic time highlighted in the context; b)concomitant or subsequent to the speech moment; c)also concomitant or prior to the time of the matrix clause. We approach the aspectual classes proposed by Vendler (1957) to investigate the contrasts between present and future subjunctive in relative clauses, two subjunctive forms that authors like Comrie and Holmback (1984) and Marques (2010) consider to be competitors in the Portuguese verbal system. We conclude that the contrast between them may seen little relevant at first, specially with stative predicates, but it becomes clearer if the topic time related to the future subjunctive is evidenced. At last, for descriptive purposes, we turn our attention to grammatical aspectual notions, considering the relation between the time of the situation and the topic time also proposed by Klein (1994, 2009), to define the future subjunctive as a non-past referential tense in which, in opposition to the past tenses in portuguese, there is no morphological marker of perfective or imperfective aspect.

<p>På senare år har intresset för att föra in estetik i MDI-teorin ökat kraftigt. Insikten om att användares känslor inför interaktiva artefakter spelar stor roll för tillfredställelsen och användarupplevelsen har medfört ett fokusskifte inom området och flertalet teorier om användares estetiska upplevelser av interaktion har framkommit. Detta arbete har tagit som utgångspunkt de teorier som siktar på att stödja designers arbete med att utforma estetiska interaktioner genom att identifiera manipulerbara attribut i artefakters interaktionsestetiska gestalt. En explorativ användarstudie har genomförts med målet att belysa hur upplevelsen av hastighet och tempo förändras genom införandet av animationer i ett gränssnitt. Resultaten visar på att toningsanimationer i övergångar i ett interaktivt system kan leda till ett långsammare och mjukare intryck av systemet men även att långsamma animationer i vissa fall kan leda till att systemet upplevs som snabbare. Upplevelsen av väntan har identifierats som en viktig faktor i ett systems uttryck av tempo och hastighet. Studien visar också att ett systems estetiska gestalt är en komplex konstruktion där såväl attribut i interaktionen som användarnas erfarenheter och förväntningar spelar in.</p>

In the present day, the music becomes more popular due to the following three reasons: (1) the evolution of the MP3 compression technology, (2) the growth of the public platform, and (3) the development of the MP3 portable discs. Most people follow the music to hum or follow the rhythm to tap sometimes. The meanings of a music style may be various if it is explained or felt by different people. Therefore we cannot obtain a very explicit answer if the notation of the music cannot be exactly made. We need some techniques and methods to analyze the music, and obtain some of its embedded information. Tempo and beats are very important elements in the perceptual music. Therefore, tempo estimation and beat tracking are fundamental techniques in automatic audio processing, which are crucial to multimedia applications. In this thesis, we first develop an artificial neural network to classify the music excerpts into the evaluation preference. And then, with the preference classification, we can obtain accurate estimation for tempo and beats, by either Ellis's method or Dixon's method. We test our method with a mixed data set which contains ten music genres extracted from the "ballroom dancer" database. Our experimental results show that the accuracy of our method is higher than that of only one individual Ellis's method or Dixon's method.

Temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)/ poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) copolymer are synthesiszed by radical polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. The catalytic oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones using the NIPAM/PTMA copolymer as a catalyst was investigated. The copolymer were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The results of temperature-dependent UV/Vis absorption show that the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is around 32-42 ¢J as the molecular percentage of PTMA is 0-6%. When the molecular percentage of PTMA is high than 6%, the LCST is not observed. The yield of the catalytic oxidation using the PNIPAM/PTMA copolymer as a catalyst is high than 99% within 30 min. The temperature-responsive PNIPAM/PTMA copolymer can be precipitated and purified by increasing temperature of the reaction solution higher than the LCST.

SYNTHESIS OF MACROMOLECULAR CATALYST SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS Oguzkaya, Funda PhD., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Cihangir Tanyeli September 2011, 144 pages The thesis mainly proposed to design macromolecular catalyst systems. Such catalysts should follow the way of &quot / Green Chemistry&quot / with including no metallic ions and have also the ability of reusability. Hence, nitroxide chemistry was chosen as the key point. Catalysts were synthesized with surely including TEMPO as the functional part as the most preferable nitroxide derivative. As a skeleton, norbornene was chosen firstly. Following obtaining 3-(methoxycarbonyl) bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid (49), 4-aminoTEMPO was attempted to be inserted in the structure. In this case, 4-aminoTEMPO was preferred as a TEMPO derivative so as to include reactive amine functional group. As a result, two different monomers were obtained. Then, Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization via first generation Grubbs catalyst was adjusted to reach target macromolecules. Furthermore, as a second type skeleton for the catalyst, Thiophene-Pyrrole-Thiophene (SNS) structure was chosen, since these well-known structures have the ability to polymerize easily. Anelli Oxidation protocol including corresponding catalysts in combination with NaOCl+NaHCO3 (pH 9.1) and KBr resulting in remarkable high activity with low catalyst concentrations typically 1 mol % was chosen for the oxidation of alcohols so as to reach to target aldehydes and ketones. Investigation of other applicable areas via collaborative studies was thought to open the way of electrochromic and biosensor studies as the different points of view. Electropolymerization was performed in a three-electrode cell consisting of an Indium Tin Oxide coated glass slide (ITO) as the working electrode, platinum wire as the counter electrode and Ag wire as the pseudo reference electrode. As the biosensor part, glucose oxidase (GOx) was used as the model enzyme for glucose oxidation in the presence of molecular oxygen. Poly-SNS-based carboxylic acid served as an excellent immobilization matrix for glucose sensing. Key words: TEMPO, Anelli Oxidation

Diss.--Philosophy--New York (NY)--Graduate School of arts and sciences, Columbia Univ., 1995. / Sources et bibliogr. p. 400-421.

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Oklahoma, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references. Discography: leaf 233.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2001. / Includes abstract. "MQ-66385"--Fiche header. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-40).